The treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) has evolved drastically with the introduction of targeted agents, including covalent Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (cBTKis) and B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors (BCL2is) [1]. However, the development of cBTKi resistance (leading to disease progression) and intolerance due to adverse events limits durable

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) has been known as a neurological complication in patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). PRES is an acute or subacute syndrome with various neurological symptoms such as headache, encephalopathy, visual disturbance and seizures [1]. Neuroimaging may show subcortical white matter vasogenic edema typically in bilateral

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an acquired bleeding disorder characterized by a reduced platelet count of less than 100 × 109/L, with an estimated incidence of 2–5/100 000 children per year [1]. Since 2014, the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) has approved five TPO-RAs for treating ITP in China. Among these, eltrombopag (ELT) and avatrombopag (AVA) are the two most evidence-based

A 60-year-old male presented with spontaneous hematomas and cervical adenopathy. Laboratory workup revealed hemoglobin 12.3 g/dL, platelet 56 × 109/L, and leukocyte 14.7 × 109/L. The automated cell counter (Sysmex XN) reported 9% neutrophils (1.32 × 109/L) and 86% lymphocytes (12.6 × 109/L), suggestive of a lymphoproliferative disorder. Blood smear showed atypical lymphoid cells with normal size, mature

A 75-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with progressive abdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea after taking levofloxacin for a respiratory tract infection. On evaluation, she was in clinical shock, with blood pressure 88/58 mmHg and heart rate 122 beats per minute. A complete blood count provided by the Sysmex XN-1000 analyzer showed leukocytosis (13.8 × 109/L, 95% neutrophils) and

Immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (iTTP) is a rare form of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) caused by an autoantibody-mediated deficiency of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) cleaving protease ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-1 motifs, 13th Member) [1]. Without treatment, the disease is almost always fatal. In the last decades, the combination of therapeutic

Spiculated erythrocytes come in a variety of forms, which are of diagnostic importance. They can be broadly classified as echinocytes, acanthocytes, keratocytes, and schistocytes. However, complexity is added by the superimposition of one abnormality on another. Other spiculated cells can, for example, undergo an echinocytic or acanthocytic change. In addition, other poikilocytes, for example, spherocytes

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Lunning MA, Wang HL, Hu ZH, et al., “Benefit of Axicabtagene Ciloleucel Versus Chemoimmunotherapy in Older Patients and/or Patients With Poor ECOG Performance Status With Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma After 2 or More Lines of Prior Therapy,” American Journal of Hematology 99, no. 5 (2024): 880–889. In Figure 1C, a typographical error was made reporting incorrect median overall survival

Anemia is prevalent among women of reproductive age, with iron deficiency (ID) being the primary etiology. ID can lead to fatigue and reduced quality of life, particularly in the context of abnormal menstrual bleeding [1]. Abnormal menstrual bleeding refers to a set of symptoms collectively known as abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and includes heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), experienced by up to around

Additional mutations at chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) diagnosis have been shown to variably affect tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) response [1], and were inconstantly detected at loss of response [2]. Contradictory observations may have resulted from difficulties in reliably inferring CML clonal architecture from mutations quantified by NGS, BCR::ABL1 by qRT-PCR, and ABL1-tyrosine kinase domain (ABL1-TKD)

β-Thalassemia is characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis (IE), anemia, and iron overload. It involves both intramedullary apoptosis and the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) owing to membranes developing abnormalities as a result of an excess of unpaired globin chains [1]. RBC destruction caused by IE or hemolysis shortens the lifespan of these cells. Although laboratory indicators can detect

Chronic hemolysis potentially elevates the risk of gallstones in several types of congenital red blood cell (RBC) disorders. However, the magnitude of the risk is unknown. We investigate the risk of gallstone disease in congenital RBC disorder patients, compared with general population comparators. Patients were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry covering all Danish hospitals and

Patient safety is paramount and ingrained in our mission at Alexion, and with our leadership in complement biology for over 30 years, we strive to provide the most efficacious and safe therapeutic products for patients. It must be remembered that the most significant risks to patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) come from intravascular hemolysis (IVH) and thrombosis, and these are

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Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) have revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), with significantly improved outcomes for both treatment-naïve (TN) and relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients. BTKis bind irreversibly to the cysteine 481 (C481) residue of the BTK molecule inhibiting B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated intracellular signals crucial for CLL-cell survival [1]

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a frequent complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and remains among the leading causes of post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Acute GvHD (aGvHD) affects 30%–50% of HSCT patients, while chronic GvHD (cGvHD) affects 30%–70%. In vivo T depletion using rabbit antithymocyte globulins (ATG) during conditioning has been shown to reduce the occurrence

Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is an extrahepatic key enzyme involved in estrogen metabolism, steroid synthesis, and pro-carcinogen activation. CYP1B1 is strongly overexpressed in multiple human malignancies and has been used as a target for cancer chemotherapy and immunotherapy. CYP1B1 is also overexpressed in acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma [1]. In allogeneic

Prophylaxis strategies for Graft versus host disease (GVHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) frequently encompass a combination of a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) with either methotrexate (MTX) or mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). The aim of this retrospective, EBMT registry-based study was to determine outcome differences for chronic myeloid malignancies and secondary acute myeloid

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is characterized by a clonal proliferation of plasmacytoid B-cells in the bone marrow and monoclonal IgM gammopathy, that ultimately require treatment in symptomatic patients. Moreover, a small subset of patients undergoes histological transformation (HT) [1], mainly in the form of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). They usually present with high-risk features

1 Introduction To the Editor: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute leukemia of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) comprise a diverse variety of acute leukemias that are defined by their morphologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features. AML is characterized by clonal expansion of immature hematopoietic precursors of myeloid lineage in the peripheral blood and bone marrow. AML may arise de novo, evolve from

Basophils are hematopoietic cells derived from myeloid progenitor cells and are found in increased numbers in some myeloid neoplasms, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Marked basophilia is a poor prognostic indicator in CML and defines accelerated phase according to the revised 4th edition World Health Organization (WHO4R) classification and the International Consensus Classification (ICC)

Higher-risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), as defined by the revised international prognostic scoring system (IPSS-R), requires more aggressive treatment. Despite the use of hypomethylating agents (HMAs), response rates remain low, underscoring the need for more effective therapies. Venetoclax is a potent, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein, which acts synergistically

Pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia (pCML) is a rare childhood malignancy, representing 2%–3% of all childhood leukemia. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have greatly improved survival but pose challenges due to their long‐term effects on growth and bone health in children. We prospectively studied treatment‐free remission (TFR) in 45 children with pCML in chronic phase on imatinib. Eligibility criteria

Lymphoma is one of the leading causes of cancer and cancer deaths and yet has not been amenable to population screening. The role of methylated DNA markers (MDMs) in the detection of lymphoma has not been extensively studied. We aimed to discover, validate, and test tissue–derived MDMs of lymphoma in archival plasma specimens. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) was performed on a discovery

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is complicated by silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs), for which anemia is an important risk factor. Despite normal oxygen delivery (OD), cerebral vascular reserve (CVR), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) are diminished in SCD, possibly causing the formation of SCIs. Voxelotor inhibits polymerization by increasing the hemoglobin oxygen binding, ameliorating hemolytic

We retrospectively evaluated the impacts of using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and its timing on posttransplant outcomes for 9766 adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) between 2013 and 2022 using a Japanese database. We separately evaluated three distinct cohorts based on graft type: 3248 received bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 3066 received peripheral blood stem cell transplantation

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a rare genetic disease characterized by high phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity, and extreme chromosome fragility. To better understand the natural history of FA, identify genetic risk and prognostic factors, and develop novel therapeutic strategies, the Spanish Registry of Patients with FA collects data on clinical features, chromosome fragility, genetic subtypes, and DNA

Treatment is indicated in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) when clinical manifestations arise due to the IgM paraprotein or lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate.1 The main classes of drugs used for WM treatment include monoclonal antibodies, chemotherapeutic agents, proteasome inhibitors, and Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (BTKi). The most frequently used chemotherapeutic agent is bendamustine, which

PIEZO1 encodes a mechanoreceptor, a cation channel activated by mechanical stimuli. Gain-of-function (GoF) variants in PIEZO1 cause dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS), or xerocytosis, a pleiotropic syndrome characterized by anemia and iron overload. DHS patients develop hepatic iron overload independent of the degree of anemia and transfusion regimen. PIEZO1-GoF variants suppress hepcidin expression

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with translocation t(8;16)(p11;p13) represents a rare entity that has been categorized as a disease-defining recurring cytogenetic abnormality with adverse risk in the 2022 European LeukemiaNet classification. This rating was mainly based on a retrospective analysis comprising patients from several large clinical trials, which, however, included only 21 patients treated

According to current recommendations, older AML patients in first complete remission (CR) after induction chemotherapy should receive consolidation with intermediate-dose cytarabine (IDAC). However, no study has demonstrated the superiority of IDAC over other regimen. In this retrospective study, we compared the efficacy of mini-consolidations (idarubicin 8 mg/m2 day 1, cytarabine 50 mg/m2/12 h, day

Despite the introduction of JAK inhibitors, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant remains the only potentially curative treatment for patients with myelofibrosis but has considerable treatment‐related complications. Whether the incorporation of JAK inhibition into the transplant algorithm leads to improved outcomes is still unclear. Here, we analyzed different transplant platforms in myelofibrosis

Relapse is the major cause of treatment failure in Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a prophylactic tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) strategy on relapse in this population. Patients were assigned to prophylactic or control groups based on measurable

High-grade B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (HGBCL, NOS) has overlapping morphological and genetic features with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma (BL), leading to uncertainty in its diagnosis and clinical management. Using functional genomic approaches, we previously characterized HGBCL and NOS, that demonstrate gene expression profiling (GEP), and genetic signatures

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A 76-year-old man with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with lung fibrosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease underwent computed tomography imaging of the chest due to increasing dyspnea. The bones appeared sclerotic, and a bone scan showed diffuse tracer uptake throughout the axial and appendicular skeleton. The prostate showed no features of malignancy on magnetic

1 BACKGROUND Globalization of clinical trials, defined operationally as conduct in the international arena, has grown over the past few decades. The pharmaceutical industry is expanding its activities not only in High-Income countries but also in Low- and Middle-Income countries (LMICs).1 For pharmaceutical companies, this shift can be associated with several benefits: a larger pool of potential participants

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor is now the standard of care for both treatment-naïve (TN) and relapsed/refractory (R/R) chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL). Zanubrutinib, a next-generation BTK inhibitor with better BTK specificity and less off-target inhibition, has demonstrated superior efficacy and improved safety profile compared with first-generation BTK inhibitor

Based on results from the randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 VIALE-A (NCT02993523) and VIALE-C (NCT03069352) trials,1-4 venetoclax in combination with hypomethylating agents or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) has become standard of care in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who are ineligible for intensive chemotherapy. Cytopenias are common adverse events with venetoclax and

Acute splenic sequestration crisis (ASSC) is one of the earliest acute clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia (SCA), with a median age at first episode of 1.8 years [range: 0.4–12.9] as reported for our recently published regional longitudinal newborn cohort, beginning with the introduction of newborn screening (1986) and ending just before the introduction of preventive intensification with

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT Francesco Onida received lecture fees from Menarini StemLine, Takeda, Kyowa Kirin and MEDAC.

Acidosis and increased tonicity in plasma can mediate pathologic changes in the membrane and cytoplasm of sickle red blood cells (sRBCs). These changes contribute to intravascular hemolysis, endothelial damage, and endothelial adhesion with propensity to microvascular occlusion, resulting in vaso-occlusive episodes (VOE) and end organ damage.1 Kidney dysfunction, in particular, is common among adults

A 70-year-old woman with a history of successfully resected pancreatic cancer 10 years ago presented with dyspnea and fever. Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis (white cell count 20.8 × 109/L) and elevated C-reactive protein (87 mg/L) with normal hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (137 g/L) and platelet count (242 × 109/L). Computed tomography identified a hepatic abscess. The abscess was drained and

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a group of acquired autoimmune disorders characterized by red blood cell hemolysis. In a phase 2, open-label, multicenter study, adults with warm AIHA, cold agglutinin disease, or mixed-type AIHA were administered once-daily 1.0 or 2.5 mg parsaclisib (selective phosphoinositide 3-kinase δ inhibitor) orally for 12 weeks, followed by an extension period. Dose increases

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) continuously produce blood cells while maintaining their self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation potential. Normal blood cell production is balanced between myeloid and lymphoid progeny. With aging, the number of HSCs increases but their differentiation potential declines.1 One of the hallmarks of aged HSCs is a myeloid differentiation bias, with less capability

BCR::ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) can evolve to secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML) or blast-phase (BP) MPN, a very severe condition with lack of effective therapy.1 Leukemic transformation (LT) of MPNs displays a variable incidence according to MPN phenotype: 9%–13% in primary myelofibrosis (PMF), 3%–7% in polycythemia vera (PV), and 1%–4% in essential thrombocythemia (ET)