Aims/hypothesis The majority of hybrid closed-loop systems still require carbohydrate counting (CC) but the evidence for its justification remains limited. Here, we evaluated glucose control with simplified meal announcement (SMA) vs CC in youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes using the mylife CamAPS FX system. Methods We conducted a two-centre, randomised crossover, non-inferiority trial in

Aims/hypothesis We aimed to analyse TrialNet Anti-CD3 Prevention (TN10) data using oral minimal model (OMM)-derived indices to characterise the natural history of stage 2 type 1 diabetes in placebo-treated individuals, to describe early metabolic responses to teplizumab and to explore the predictive capacity of OMM measures for disease-free survival rate. Methods OMM-estimated insulin secretion, sensitivity

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived pancreatic alpha and beta cells can be used to develop cell replacement therapies to treat diabetes. However, recent published differentiation protocols yield varying amounts of alpha and beta cells amidst heterogeneous cell populations. To visualize and isolate hESC-derived alpha and beta cells, we generated a GLUCAGON-2AmScarlet and INSULIN-2A-EGFP dual fluorescent

The obesity diagnosis by body mass index (BMI) exhibits considerable interindividual heterogeneity in metabolic phenotypes and risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the association of proteomic signature of BMI and T2D and examined whether the proteomic signature of BMI improves prediction of T2D risk. This study included 41,427 adults in the UK Biobank who were free of T2D at baseline

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists fail to reduce weight and improve glucose control in a sizable minority of people with type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis by GLP-1R agonists, thus inducing cortisol secretion, could explain this unresponsiveness to GLP-1R agonists. To assess the effects of GLP-1R agonist treatment on the

Identified genetic loci for C-peptide and age at diagnosis (AAD) in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) explain only a small proportion of their variation. Here, we aimed to perform large metagenome-wide association studies (GWAS) of C-peptide and AAD in T1D; and to identify the HLA allele/haplotypes associated with C-peptide and AAD. 7,252 and 7,923 European individuals with T1D were included in

Embedded in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis, maternal hyperglycemia in utero, from pre-existing diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus, predisposes the offspring to excess adiposity and heightened risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes development. This transmission creates a vicious cycle increasing the presence of diabetes from one generation to another, leading to

Maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) is a monogenic mitochondrial disorder caused by a pathogenic variant in the MT-TL1 gene encoding for a leucine transfer RNA. We propose a new hypothesis that explains how the MT-TL1 variant causes impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in MIDD. We suggest that diabetes in MIDD primarily depends on a variable combination of insulin resistance and impaired

High-affinity islet autoantibodies predict type 1 diabetes in mice and humans and implicate germinal centers (GCs) in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are increased in type 1 diabetic individuals and alterations in Tfh-like cells in the peripheral blood predicted individual responses to abatacept. Tfh cells support GC responses and depend on the transcriptional repressor

BackgroundMorbidities related to obesity are usually associated with its severity and duration. Yet, the onset of serious morbidities in early adulthood among otherwise healthy adolescents with obesity is understudied. We aimed to investigate the association between adolescent BMI and serious morbidities before age 25 years. MethodsIn this nationwide, retrospective cohort study, we included Israeli

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Non-sugar sweeteners (NSS), low- or no-calorie alternatives to sugar, are marketed for weight loss and improved blood glucose control in people with diabetes. However, their health effects remain controversial. This review provides a brief overview of sweet taste perception and summarizes experimental findings of the impact of NSS on cardiometabolic health in animal models and humans. We also review

OBJECTIVE To examine trends in peripheral artery disease (PAD), lower-extremity (LE) revascularization, and LE amputation in patients with incident type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cohort study included patients in Denmark diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 1996–2015 and followed until 2020. Patients were age and sex matched with as many as three general population individuals. Outcomes

Children who develop diabetes in their first years of life risk being exposed to many decades of hyperglycemia, hence having a high risk of early complications and premature death. An additional age-dependent risk is that dysglycemia, especially hyperglycemia, negatively affects the developing brain. In evaluating the outcome of insulin treatment at an individual and group level, cutoff thresholds

OBJECTIVE To assess the association between impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) and interoceptive awareness in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 154 adults with type 1 diabetes completed IAH surveys and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2). Logistic regression was performed for assessment of associations between IAH and MAIA-2, accounting

Resolving metabolic heterogeneity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) gives them access to precision medicine. Despite ethnic diversity in pathophysiological processes in individuals with T2DM, studies on subtypes of diabetes related to clinical characteristics in Asians are insufficient. This study aims to identify metabolic patterns in middle-aged patients with T2DM in Republic of Korea

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been shown to inhibit β-cell apoptosis, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A2 (COX6A2) is expressed in β-cells. Here, we sought to investigate the role of COX6A2 in β-cell apoptosis, especially following RYGB. We found that RYGB significantly reduced β-cell apoptosis, accompanied by decreased COX6A2 expression

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BackgroundSetmelanotide, a melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonist, has been shown to reduce hunger and weight in patients aged 6 years and older with proopiomelanocortin (POMC) deficiency (including biallelic variants in proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 [PCSK1]), leptin receptor (LEPR) deficiency, or Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). No approved therapies for patients younger than 6 years old

Despite the diverse nature of obesity, there is compelling genetic, clinical, and experimental evidence that endorses the important contribution of brain circuits to this condition. The hypothalamus contains major regulatory circuits for bodyweight homoeostasis, the deregulation of which can lead to obesity. Although functional perturbation of hypothalamic pathways could lie at the basis of common

MG53 is predominantly expressed in striated muscles. The role of MG53 in diabetes mellitus has been gradually elucidated but is still full of controversy. Some reports have indicated that MG53 is upregulated in animal models with metabolic disorders, and that muscle-specific MG53 upregulation is sufficient to induce whole-body insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome through targeting both the insulin

Aims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is a complex and heterogeneous disease and the aetiological components underlying the heterogeneity remain unclear in the Chinese and East Asian population. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether specific pathophysiological pathways drive the clinical heterogeneity in type 2 diabetes. Methods We employed newly developed type 2 diabetes hard-clustering and soft-clustering

Aims/hypothesis Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 14% of all pregnancies worldwide and is associated with cardiometabolic risk. We aimed to exploit high-resolution wearable device time-series data to create a fine-grained physiological characterisation of the postpartum GDM state in free-living conditions, including clinical variables, daily glucose dynamics, food and drink consumption, physical

Aims/hypothesis Prediabetes (HbA1c 39–47 mmol/mol [5.7–6.4%] or fasting glucose 5.6–6.9 mmol/l) is associated with elevated risks of microvascular and macrovascular complications. It is unknown to what extent these risks in prediabetes remain after accounting for progression to diabetes. Methods In 10,310 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study (aged 46–70 years, ~55%

A patient with longstanding type 1 diabetes mellitus has achieved insulin independence for at least 1 year after transplantation of autologous stem cell islets. These cells were differentiated from inducible pluripotent stem cells from adipose tissue and were transplanted into the rectus sheath of the abdominal wall.

BackgroundPopulation-based incidence data on young-adult-onset type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are limited. We aimed to examine secular trends in the incidence of diagnosed type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes with an age of onset between 15 and 39 years. MethodsIn this multicountry aggregate data analysis, we assembled eight administrative datasets from high-income jurisdictions and countries (Australia

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OBJECTIVE Both air pollution and diabetes are key urban challenges. The association between particulate matter with a diameter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) exposure and prediabetes/diabetes in adults is well documented, but the health effects of life course exposure remain unclear. This study evaluated the impact of PM2.5 exposure throughout various life stages on the prevalence of prediabetes/diabetes in adulthood

Shared medical appointments (SMAs) for diabetes and group prenatal care (GPC) for pregnant patients, have emerged as innovative care delivery models. They have the potential to transform diabetes care by overcoming many of the time limitations of traditional one-on-one clinical visits. There is compelling evidence that SMAs improve glycemic control for non-pregnant patients with diabetes, GPC reduces

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and influence numerous biological processes. Aberrant miRNA expression is linked to diseases such as diabetes mellitus; indeed, miRNAs regulate pancreatic islet inflammation in both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Traditionally, miRNA research has focused on canonical sequences and offers a two-layer

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Engineering pancreatic tissue transplants to treat diabetes mellitus will require knowledge of how different cell types regulate pancreatic development. A study in Cell Stem Cell characterizes the nuclear transcriptome in the second-trimester human fetal pancreas and shows that macrophages support pancreatic endocrine cell differentiation, proliferation and survival in vitro. To investigate whether

This October, the first joint meeting between the Irish Endocrine Society (IES) and the British Society for Endocrinology (SfE) was held in Belfast. On the opening morning, Miguel Debono (University of Sheffield) spoke to a packed room about the challenges of managing mild autonomous cortisol secretion. He discussed whether conservative management or adrenalectomy provided the best outcome for patients

The immune system is known to have a circadian rhythm; however, how circadian rhythms might affect immune homeostasis and physiology more broadly is unclear. A new paper now provides evidence that γδ T cells (a type of innate T cell) produce IL-17 in a rhythmic fashion, which is essential for de novo lipogenesis in adipose tissue and influences whole-body homeostasis. To confirm that IL-17A and IL-17F

Previously characterized as inert fat depots, adipocytes are now recognized as dynamic mediators of inflammatory tone, metabolic health, and nutrient homeostasis. As endocrine organs, specialized depots of adipose tissue engage in crosstalk between the gut, liver, pancreas, and brain to coordinate appetite, thermogenesis, and ultimately body weight. These functions are tightly linked to the inflammatory

Recent genetic studies have implicated an active role for intrahepatic lipid accumulation in the pathogenesis of both polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and cardiovascular disease. These new insights may provide novel (non)pharmacological opportunities for the prevention and treatment of PCOS and cardiovascular disease at both the societal and clinical level.

Small glycemic increments (≤0.5 mmol/L) can exert suppressive actions on endogenous glucose production (EGP) however it is unclear if this is an insulin dependent or independent process. Here, we performed a low-rate glucose infusion in control participants without diabetes and in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to better understand this phenomenon. Glucose kinetics, hormones and metabolites were

Mammalian cellular machinery has evolved to function best at ~37 °C, making maintenance of core body temperature (at ~37 °C) critical for optimal organ function. The physiological importance of thermoregulation has been appreciated for many years, but our mechanistic understanding of the diversity and functioning of thermogenic mechanisms has advanced considerably in the past century. A brief analysis

OBJECTIVE To evaluate total, insulin-mediated, and non–insulin-mediated glucose disposal (TGD, IMGD, and NIMGD) after ingesting glucose in people with obesity and different glycemic status. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We developed and validated a new glucose tracer model in conjunction with an oral glucose tolerance test to determine IMGD, NIMGD, and TGD (sum of IMGD and NIMGD) after glucose ingestion