BACKGROUND The incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing in immune-competent and immune-compromised patients. An examination of the recent literature related to the treatment of fungal infections was performed to address two clinical questions. First, in patients with proven or probable invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, should combination therapy with a mold-active triazole plus echinocandin

BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension in children often progresses despite optimal therapy. This document provides an evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the management of children with progressive pulmonary hypertension despite optimal therapy. METHODS A multidisciplinary panel identified pertinent questions regarding the management of children with pulmonary hypertension that has progressed

BACKGROUND The optimal strategy to prevent reintubation in obese patients remains uncertain. We aimed to determine whether noninvasive ventilation (NIV) with active humidification is superior to high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) in preventing reintubation in obese patients at intermediate risk. METHODS Randomized controlled trial in two intensive care units in Spain (June 2020‒June 2021). We included

RATIONALE The global burden of sepsis is concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, where inciting pathogens are diverse and HIV co-infection is a major driver of poor outcomes. Biological heterogeneity inherent to sepsis in this setting is poorly defined. OBJECTIVES To identify dominant pathobiological signatures of sepsis in sub-Saharan Africa and their relationship to clinical phenotypes, patient outcomes

RATIONALE Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) hinders lung transplant success. A 2019 consensus refined CLAD diagnosis, introducing probable or definite CLAD based on persistence of lung function decline. Outcomes and risks for probable CLAD remain uncertain. OBJECTIVES Determine the prognosis and clinical risks for probable CLAD in a prospective multicenter cohort. METHODS Clinical Trials in

Rationale/Objective: Acute exacerbations (AEs) of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Whether mucus plugs are associated with prospective exacerbations has not been examined extensively. METHODS Mucus plugs were visually-identified on baseline chest computed tomography (CT) scans from smokers with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive

RATIONALE Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition that is usually treated by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy, but poor adherence is common and is associated with worse patient outcomes and experiences. Patient satisfaction is increasingly adopted as a quality indicator by healthcare systems. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that peer-driven intervention effected through

RATIONALE Serum Immunoglobulin G (IgG) deficiency is associated with morbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but it is unclear whether concentrations in the lower end of the normal range still confer risk. OBJECTIVES To determine if levels above traditional cutoffs for serum IgG deficiency are associated with exacerbations among current and former smokers with or at risk for COPD

RATIONALE Lung ultrasound may be useful for prognostication of acute lung disease. OBJECTIVES To assess whether the lung ultrasound score is associated with the severity of lung disease and may predict prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation in critically ill children. METHODS Prospective observational multicenter study in children aged 1 month to 18 years who required respiratory support in the

RATIONALE Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) have high morbidity and mortality; thus, novel treatments are needed. OBJECTIVES Assess efficacy and safety of admilparant (BMS-986278), an oral lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 antagonist, in patients with IPF and PPF. METHODS This phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial included parallel cohorts

RATIONALE Due to effects of aging on the respiratory system, it is conceivable that the association between driving pressure and mortality depends on age. OBJECTIVE We endeavored to evaluate whether the association between driving pressure and mortality of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) varies across the adult lifespan, hypothesizing that it is stronger in older, including