BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Maternal substance use during pregnancy heightens risk of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID), including through unsafe sleep practices. Families impacted by substance use frequently experience disproportionate social drivers of poor health and family vulnerability likely contributory to fatality risk. Characteristics of sleep-related SUID among infants born prenatally substance

Juvenile parkinsonism is an exceedingly rare condition in which clinical signs of parkinsonism manifest before 21 years of age. Although the genetic underpinnings of this disorder are increasingly recognized, the full range of inherited metabolic contributors remains undefined. We present the first case of levodopa-responsive juvenile parkinsonism associated with dihydropyrimidinase deficiency caused

Cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of pediatric visual impairment in nations with developed economies and is increasing in those with developing economies. Because vision is the predominant sense used for learning, delay in diagnosis of CVI can negatively affect education, making early detection and management important. The American Academy of Pediatrics has published the

Nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU), the use of controlled prescription medications for purposes other than initially intended by the prescriber, is common among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Prescription stimulants, sedatives, and opioid medications are the 3 main categories of controlled medications nonmedically used by AYAs. The intent of this clinical report is to provide an overview

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although sickle cell disease (SCD)-related childhood mortality in the United States significantly improved in the 1990s, unclear is the trend in SCD-related mortality more recently given the continued disparities faced by this minoritized population. In this analysis, we aimed to (1) compare the overall and age-specific mortality rates from 1999 to 2009 vs 2010 to 2020 with

OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing among a population-based cohort of perinatally exposed children and identify factors associated with testing. METHODS Using a population-based surveillance cohort of perinatally exposed children born from 2018 to 2020 from 4 US jurisdictions (Georgia; Massachusetts; Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; and Los Angeles County, California)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric urgent care (PUC) centers may bolster immunization campaigns by offering vaccination during acute care visits, but few such programs have been described. METHODS We conducted a quality improvement initiative at an academically affiliated federally qualified health center that provides primary, specialty, and PUC services to children. Our PUC began offering routine

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Clinical pathways translate best evidence into the local context of a care setting through structured, multidisciplinary care plans. Little is known about clinical pathway programs in pediatric settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinical pathway programs and describe similarities and differences. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional web

Drowning is the third leading cause of death from unintentional injury worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. In the United States, drowning is the leading cause of death in children 1 to 4 years of age and second leading cause of death due to unintentional injury in those aged 5 to 14 years. Drowning generally progresses from initial respiratory arrest due to submersion-related

BACKGROUND Strabismus is known to negatively affect patients' self-confidence and ability to interact with society. Strabismus is commonly depicted in animated films marketed to children, potentially influencing the perception of strabismus by young impressionable audiences. METHODS We reviewed all animated films released by Walt Disney Animation Studios from 1989 to 2022 and all films released by

A 17-year-old female was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and started on infliximab. A few weeks after starting infliximab, she developed a recurrence of daily fevers associated with an intermittent dry cough, which worsened over the course of a month. A chest radiograph, abdominal ultrasound, and computed tomography scan of the chest and abdomen revealed a heterogeneous spleen with multiple

Nearly 1 in 5 families with children in the United States are food insecure. Hospitalization of a child can exacerbate food insecurity, both during the hospitalization and after discharge. Although some hospitals provide free or subsidized meals during hospitalization, few address food insecurity in the immediate posthospitalization period. To address this gap, we developed an innovative Inpatient

CONTEXT Mixed evidence exists on whether physical exercise interventions influence intelligence measures in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of exercise interventions on intelligence in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES Relevant articles were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus (until February 22, 2024). STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE At our large, university-affiliated primary care clinic, we aimed to enhance the quality of well-child checkups (WCCs) to align with Bright Futures/American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. Our primary goal was to increase the rate of complete WCCs from 45.6% to 80% by April 2024. Our secondary aims were to ensure WCC improvement for all language groups and to increase referrals to

OBJECTIVES A previous study reported that increased state and local government expenditures were associated with decreased infant mortality rates (IMRs). However, reported estimates of the association between expenditures and IMR represented the degree to which the association changed each year, not the main effect. We reproduced the original results, reporting this main effect and replicated the analysis

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common and can impact health across the life course. Thus, it is essential for professionals in child- and family-serving roles, including pediatric and adult primary care clinicians, to understand the health implications of childhood adversity and trauma and respond appropriately. Screening for ACEs in health care settings has received attention as a potential

A previously healthy 17-year-old female patient initially presented with symptoms of anterior neck pain. After multiple emergency department visits, she was found to have unilateral enlargement of her thyroid gland. Laboratory studies were consistent with hyperthyroidism. Symptoms were initially attributed to subacute thyroiditis, and she was discharged with steroids and propranolol. She presented

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diet quality has improved over time for US adults and youth aged ≥2 years. Trends over time and disparities in the diet quality of toddlers 12 through 23 months old have not been documented. Our objective was to investigate the direction and magnitude of toddler diet quality trends from 1999 to 2018 overall and by household socioeconomic status. METHODS This serial cross-sectional

CONTEXT The prevention of urinary tract infection recurrence (UTI) in children has been a challenge yet to be solved. Current practice in children with recurrent UTI (RUTI) suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis may prevent further episodes of UTI and future complications. OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing prophylaxis options for the

BACKGROUND Limited research exists on suicide among children aged 5 to 9 years. The objective of this study was to examine characteristics of suicide in children younger than 10 years. METHODS Data are from the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System (NFR-CRS) for years 2006 through 2021 for children aged 6 to 9 years who died by suicide. No suicide deaths were reported in NFR-CRS for children

OBJECTIVE Develop guidelines for child death review teams that will improve the consistency in classifying child maltreatment (CM) and distinguish between classification of exposure to hazards and neglect for sleep-related sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUID). METHODS Sleep-related SUID (n = 25 797) were identified from the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System between 2004 and 2018. Key

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is a major contributor to infant death and a persistent public health issue. After an initial decline after the 1994 "Back to Sleep" campaign, SUID numbers plateaued. Currently, ∼10 infants die suddenly and unexpectedly each day in the United States. In 2019, we established a surveillance system for SUID in Cook County, Illinois, partnering our academic medical

Sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) is the leading cause of postneonatal infant mortality in the United States, with disproportionately high rates in Baltimore City and Baltimore County in Maryland. This Advocacy Case Study describes the collaboration between the City and County Child Fatality Review teams to decrease infant mortality. B'more for Healthy Babies, formed in 2009 by the Bureau of Maternal

OBJECTIVES Significant inequities in pediatric injury outcomes exist. We aim to develop a process to assist child death review (CDR) teams in identifying upstream factors that lead to inequitable outcomes in pediatric injuries. METHODS We spent 6 months (November 2021-April 2022) working with 3 CDR teams in Massachusetts to understand their tools and processes for CDR. During that time, we began to

OBJECTIVES This study describes characteristics of children ages 1 to 17 years who died of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in 2020 to 2022 and whose deaths were reviewed by child death review (CDR) teams across the United States. METHODS We used data in the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System to examine children who died of COVID-19. Deaths were determined because of COVID-19 from death

OBJECTIVES Sexual- and gender-diverse youth face unique stressors that negatively impact their health. The objective of this study was to use National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System data to epidemiologically describe fatalities among identified sexual- and gender-diverse youth to inform future prevention efforts. METHODS We used 2015 to 2020 data from the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting

BACKGROUND Sudden unexpected postnatal collapse (SUPC) is a category of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID), limited to previously well infants born at ≥34 weeks' gestation who die suddenly and unexpectedly at ≤6 days of age. We compared SUPC risk factors to SUID at older ages. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study of 2010-2020 SUID deaths in the National Fatality Review Case

Fetal, infant, and child death reviews are a longstanding public health effort to understand the circumstances of individual deaths and use individual and aggregate findings to prevent future fatalities and improve overall child health. Child death review (CDR) began in the United States in the late 1970s to better identify children who died of abuse or neglect; fetal and infant mortality review (FIMR)

OBJECTIVES Contextual factors that contribute to firearm injuries among children aged 0 to 10 are not well understood. METHODS A retrospective review of the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System was conducted for firearm deaths of children aged 0 to 10 from 2004 to 2020. Descriptive analyses characterized child and parent demographics, incident details, firearm characteristics, and firearm

OBJECTIVES There is little understanding of the circumstances behind fatal pediatric opioid poisonings. Our objective was to characterize opioid fatalities according to child, family, and household factors. METHODS We used data from the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System to describe the circumstances behind the deaths of children 0 to 17 years of age who died of an opioid poisoning (ie

OBJECTIVES Drowning is the leading cause of death during flood disasters. Little is known about these deaths. Child death review teams review details of child deaths to understand circumstances and risk factors to inform prevention. METHODS Using data entered in 2005 to 2021 for children ages 0 to 17 years from the National Fatality Review-Case Reporting System, we identified 130 drowning deaths directly

OBJECTIVES To describe sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs) occurring in safe sleep environments and explore differences in selected characteristics. METHODS We examined SUID from 22 jurisdictions from 2011 to 2020 and classified them as unexplained, no unsafe sleep factors (U-NUSF). Data were derived from the Sudden Unexpected Infant Death and Sudden Death in the Young Case Registry, a population-based

The fetal and infant mortality review (FIMR) process is a community-oriented strategy focused on improving the health services systems for pregnant persons, infants, and their families. FIMR helps communities to understand and change systems that contribute to racial disparities in birth outcomes. FIMR equally values the medical and social services delivery records and the personal narratives of families

The National Fatality Review Case Reporting System (NFR-CRS) is a web-based data collection tool for child death review and fetal and infant mortality review teams. The NFR-CRS captures information from the multidisciplinary review, including the social and community risk factors that may have impacted the death. The NFR-CRS is a nimble data system that has evolved throughout the past 20 years. The

CONTEXT Reducing unnecessary imaging in emergency departments (EDs) for children with minor traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) has been encouraged. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically review the effectiveness of interventions to decrease imaging in this population. DATA SOURCES Eight electronic databases and the gray literature were searched. STUDY SELECTION Comparative studies assessing ED

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Falling asleep while feeding (FAF) infants is common. Our primary objectives were to examine (1) maternally reported prevalence of FAF and if planned; (2) association between FAF and sociodemographic factors, feeding method, and sleep location; and (3) if receipt of education about safe sleep and bedsharing risks was associated with FAF. METHODS In the Social Media and Risk-reduction

BACKGROUND Diarrhea is a leading cause of death among children <5 years of age and can have long-term adverse consequences for human development. The World Health Organization has recommended the therapeutic use of zinc for the treatment of diarrhea, along with oral rehydration solutions, since 2004. We studied recent trends in the use of zinc to treat diarrhea in 23 low- and middle-income countries

Vaping-associated spontaneous pneumothorax (VASP) is a new diagnosis created to describe spontaneous pneumothorax associated with the use of vape devices. We describe a case of bilateral VASP in a previously healthy 15-year-old male who was vaping cannabis concentrate. This is the first case report of VASP involving the sole usage of cannabis concentrate. This patient reported vaping for only 6 months

OBJECTIVE Previous Pediatrician Life and Career Experience Study (PLACES) 2016 data revealed that female pediatricians reported earning ∼94% of what male pediatricians reported, after adjusting for factors that might impact income. Has this disparity persisted? METHODS Data from PLACES, a national longitudinal study, was used to examine pediatrician-reported income from 2017 to 2022. A regression analysis

OBJECTIVE Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are preventable, potentially traumatic events with lifelong negative impacts. Population-level data on ACEs among adolescents have historically relied on parent reports and excluded abuse-related ACEs. We present the self-reported prevalence of ACEs among a large population-based sample of US high school students. METHODS Using cross-sectional, state-representative

Paid family and medical leave (PFML) helps parents balance the competing obligations of work, personal illness, and family. PFML is needed when adding a new member of the family or when a family member or individual becomes acutely or chronically ill. The United States lacks universally available PFML, despite the benefits for child and family health and well-being. Universally available PFML is a

CONTEXT Tethered cord syndrome is associated with motor and sensory deficits. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to summarize evidence regarding the diagnosis, prophylactic surgery, symptomatic treatment, and repeat surgery of tethered spinal cord in a systematic review (CRD42023461296). DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION We searched 13 databases, reference-mined reviews, and contacted authors to identify diagnostic

BACKGROUND Prompt follow-up for positive depression screen results is important in providing high-quality care for adolescents. We sought to improve follow-up within 30 days for adolescents (≥12 years) with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores ≥10, or those with a positive question 9, from 25% to 40%. METHODS We conducted a quality improvement project at 6 primary care locations serving ∼33,300 patients

A 6-week-old boy is brought to the hospital for fussiness and abdominal distension. He was febrile on presentation and was admitted to the hospital for further evaluation. On subsequent examinations, he continued to demonstrate abdominal distension and tenderness to palpation. Ultrasonography of the abdomen was performed and revealed a heterogeneous liver mass. With further diagnostics, a diagnosis