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Bézay N, Wagner L, Kadlecek V, et al. Optimisation of dose level and vaccination schedule for the VLA15 Lyme borreliosis vaccine candidate among healthy adults: two randomised, observer-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre, phase 2 studies. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24: 1045–58—The appendix of this Article has been updated as of Dec 19, 2024.

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BackgroundDiarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases

BackgroundNovel antimalarials are needed to address emerging resistance to artemisinin and partner drugs. We did two trials to evaluate safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and activity against blood stage Plasmodium falciparum for the drug candidate MMV533. MethodsA phase 1a first-in-human (FIH) trial was conducted at Nucleus Network (Melbourne, VIC, Australia). Part 1 was a double-blind, randomised

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BackgroundPneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) that are ten-valent (PCV10) and 13-valent (PCV13) became available in 2010. We evaluated their global impact on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence in all ages. MethodsSerotype-specific IPD cases and population denominators were obtained directly from surveillance sites using PCV10 or PCV13 in their national immunisation programmes and with

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is predicted to outstrip malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis combined as the leading infectious cause of death by 2050. Strengthening the knowledge and evidence base for AMR with surveillance and research is one of the five main objectives of the WHO Global Action Plan on AMR. While recent efforts to strengthen diagnosis and surveillance have been encouraging, these are unlikely

BackgroundWidespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) has reduced vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). We describe the serotype distribution of IPD after extensive use of ten-valent PCV (PCV10; Synflorix, GSK) and 13-valent PCV (PCV13; Prevenar 13, Pfizer) globally. MethodsIPD data were obtained from surveillance sites participating in the WHO-commissioned Pneumococcal Serotype

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BackgroundCeftolozane–tazobactam and ceftazidime–avibactam are preferred treatment options for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections; however, real-world comparative effectiveness studies are scarce. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences between the agents might affect clinical response rates. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of ceftolozane–tazobactam and ceftazidime–avibactam

The west Africa Ebola disease epidemic (2014–16) marked a historic change of course for patient care during emerging infectious disease outbreaks. The epidemic response was a failure in many ways—a slow, cumbersome, and disjointed effort by a global architecture that was not fit for purpose for a rapidly spreading outbreak. In the most affected countries, health-care workers and other responders felt

A key lesson from the west Africa (2014–16) Ebola disease epidemic was that outbreak responses fail when they respond to patients through a narrow clinical lens without considering the broader community and social context of care. Here, in the second of two Series papers on the modern landscape of Ebola disease, we review progress made in the last decade to improve patient-centred care. Although the

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BackgroundTwo pre-erythrocytic vaccines (R21/Matrix-M and RTS,S/AS01) are now approved for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. However, neither induces blood-stage immunity against parasites that break through from the liver. RH5.1/Matrix-M, a blood-stage P falciparum malaria vaccine candidate, was highly immunogenic in Tanzanian adults and children. We therefore assessed the safety and efficacy of RH5

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BackgroundA multicomponent meningococcal serogroups ABCWY vaccine (MenABCWY) could provide broad protection against disease-causing meningococcal strains and simplify the immunisation schedule. The aim of this trial was to confirm the effect of the licensed meningococcal serogroup B (MenB) vaccine, 4CMenB, against diverse MenB strains, and to assess the breadth of immune response against a panel of

The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Clinical trials versus the real world in tuberculosis control. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; 24: 1287—In this Editorial, the link for further reading on the trial on 4-month therapy of tuberculosis in San Francisco, CA, USA, should have been Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11: ofae178. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofae178. This correction has been made to the online version as

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Tuberculosis remains a public health concern, and electronic monitors show promise in improving treatment adherence and health outcomes among patients with tuberculosis. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the implementation barriers and facilitators of electronic monitors for patients with tuberculosis, by use of an implementation science framework. A literature search was

BackgroundDespite antifungal treatment, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate rates of mortality and its predictors in CPA. MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted across MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science to identify studies in English, reporting mortality

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BackgroundQuabodepistat (formerly OPC-167832) showed potent activity in preclinical studies and in the first stage of an early bactericidal activity study in adults with smear-positive, drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis. Stage 2 of this study was designed to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and early bactericidal activity of quabodepistat in combination with delamanid, bedaquiline

We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials of treatment for rifampicin-susceptible tuberculosis to evaluate the representativeness of participants compared with characteristics of the global population of people with tuberculosis, and the adequacy of adverse event reporting. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic

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Section snippets Escherichia coli in the USAPublic health officials are investigating an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections in 13 states in the USA. As of Oct 30, 2024, 90 cases have been reported, including 27 hospitalisations, two cases of haemolytic uraemic syndrome, and one death. All reported cases have been linked to individuals eating at the fast-food chain McDonald's. Initially

Section snippets mRNA vaccine targeting Clostridioides difficileResearchers in the USA investigated an mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccine platform to prevent Clostridioides difficile infection and disease. The vaccine constructs contained TcdA, TcdB, and PPEP-1 sequences that were well conserved across genetically diverse strains of C difficile. In mice, a bivalent (TcdA–TcdB) or trivalent (TcdA–TcdB–PPEP-1)

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Section snippets ContributorsAP, TG: data curation, formal analysis, investigation, methodology, resources. All authors: validation, visualisation, writing – original draft, and writing – review & editing. NA, MK, TG: software, supervision. TG: project administration, conceptualisation. Written informed consent for publication was obtained from the patient. Declaration of interestsWe declare no competing

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BackgroundCoadministration of a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine with seasonal influenza or SARS-CoV-2 vaccines could reduce health-care visits and increase vaccination uptake in older adults who are at high risk for severe respiratory disease. The RSV mRNA-1345 vaccine demonstrated efficacy against RSV disease with acceptable safety in the ConquerRSV trial in adults aged 60 years and older

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BackgroundOropouche virus (OROV) is an arbovirus endemic in the Amazon region that closely resembles other arboviruses in terms of human disease, leading to potential misdiagnoses. The virus ecology has mostly restricted its occurrence to the Amazon biome; however, after a large 2023–24 OROV epidemic in the Brazilian Amazon region, outbreaks are being reported across Brazil and in other countries in

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BackgroundArthropod vectors feeding on the blood of individuals treated with ivermectin have substantially increased mortality. Whether this effect will translate into a useful tool for reducing malaria burden at scale is not clear. Our trial aimed to assess whether using ivermectin as an adjunct to mass drug administration (MDA) with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine would further reduce malaria prevalence

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Refugees and asylum seekers might have an increased risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) carriage or infection due to several factors, with conflict and war known to accelerate the spread of AMR. However, data are scarce on prevalence and risk factors for AMR among refugees and asylum seekers and how they are affected globally; in addition, how their risk compares to that of the host-country population

Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed and potentially fatal tick-borne viral disease with no licensed specific treatments or vaccines. In 2019, WHO published an advanced draft of a research and development roadmap for CCHF that prioritised the development and deployment of the medical countermeasures most needed by CCHF-affected countries. This Personal View presents updated

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