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BackgroundOropouche virus (OROV) is an arbovirus endemic in the Amazon region that closely resembles other arboviruses in terms of human disease, leading to potential misdiagnoses. The virus ecology has mostly restricted its occurrence to the Amazon biome; however, after a large 2023–24 OROV epidemic in the Brazilian Amazon region, outbreaks are being reported across Brazil and in other countries in

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BackgroundArthropod vectors feeding on the blood of individuals treated with ivermectin have substantially increased mortality. Whether this effect will translate into a useful tool for reducing malaria burden at scale is not clear. Our trial aimed to assess whether using ivermectin as an adjunct to mass drug administration (MDA) with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine would further reduce malaria prevalence

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Refugees and asylum seekers might have an increased risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) carriage or infection due to several factors, with conflict and war known to accelerate the spread of AMR. However, data are scarce on prevalence and risk factors for AMR among refugees and asylum seekers and how they are affected globally; in addition, how their risk compares to that of the host-country population

Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widely distributed and potentially fatal tick-borne viral disease with no licensed specific treatments or vaccines. In 2019, WHO published an advanced draft of a research and development roadmap for CCHF that prioritised the development and deployment of the medical countermeasures most needed by CCHF-affected countries. This Personal View presents updated

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BackgroundYezo virus (YEZV) is an emerging tick-borne pathogen, which was initially reported in Japan in 2021. Only one patient had been reported in China so far. We aimed to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings of a series of patients, and to characterise the viral genomes of YEZV. MethodsIn this active surveillance and genomic analysis, we conducted active surveillance

BackgroundMeningococcal disease remains an important public health problem globally. We assessed the non-inferiority and the lot-to-lot consistency of a pentavalent meningococcal ACYWX conjugate vaccine (NmCV-5; Serum Institute of India, Pune, India) versus a quadrivalent meningococcal ACWY conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-D) in healthy adults. MethodsIn this observer-blind, randomised, active-controlled

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Heil EL, McCreary EK. REVISITing treatment of metallo-β-lactamases. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; published online Oct 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00561-9—In this Comment, two corrections have been made. The correct treatment difference for clinical cure rate at the test-of-cure visit is 2·7% (95% CI –6·6 to 12·4). The loading dose for aztreonam–avibactam was clarified to state it was how the

Disease associated with Cladophialophora bantiana infection is uncommon but can be characterised by severe and life-threatening CNS involvement. Diagnosis is challenging due to both the infection's rarity and non-specific clinical presentation, which can mimic malignancy and infection caused by more common organisms. Transmission can occur via inhalation or inoculation through compromised skin, followed

Babiker A, Warner S, Li X, et al. Adjunctive linezolid versus clindamycin for toxin inhibition in β-lactam-treated patients with invasive group A streptococcal infections in 195 US hospitals from 2016 to 2021: a retrospective cohort study with target trial emulation. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; published online Oct 10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00507-3—In this Article, the members of the NIH-Antimicrobial

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BackgroundDrug-resistant tuberculosis remains a major obstacle in ending the global tuberculosis epidemic. Deployment of molecular tools for comprehensive drug resistance profiling is imperative for successful detection and characterisation of tuberculosis drug resistance. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of a new class of molecular diagnostics for drug-resistant tuberculosis. MethodsWe conducted

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Strongyloidiasis is a soil-transmitted helminthiasis that is estimated to affect 300–600 million people across Asia, Africa, South and central America, and the Pacific. This neglected parasitic disease is most known for its ability to persist as a lifelong infection due to autoinfection and its risk of hyperinfection and disseminated disease during immunosuppression, which has a more than 60% case

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BackgroundDengue is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease and a major public health problem worldwide. Most primary infections with the four dengue virus serotypes (DENV1–4) are inapparent; nonetheless, whether the distribution of symptomatic versus inapparent infections by serotype varies remains unknown. Here, we present (1) the evaluation of a DENV1–4 envelope domain III multiplex microsphere-based

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BackgroundThe RTS,S/AS01E malaria vaccine showed lower antibody response and protective efficacy in infants aged 6–12 weeks compared with children aged 5–17 months (for whom this vaccine is recommended). We aimed to study the effect of previous Plasmodium falciparum exposure on the antibody responses to RTS,S/AS01E vaccination in infants and children, and the mediating effect of baseline (including

BackgroundWe previously showed that ARCT-154, a self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, had improved immunogenicity and antibody persistence compared with conventional mRNA or adenovirus vector vaccines. In this study, we compared ARCT-2301, a bivalent self-amplifying mRNA vaccine (Asp614Gly and omicron BA.4/5 variant), with the bivalent Comirnaty omicron BA.4-5 vaccine, to determine whether this improved

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Section snippets Cholera in BulgariaIn September, 2024, the Sofia Regional Health Inspectorate registered an imported case of cholera in Bulgaria. This is the first confirmed case of cholera in Bulgaria in 103 years. The patient travelled to New Delhi, India, from Aug 13 to Sept 2, and started experiencing symptoms on Sept 3, upon his return to Bulgaria. His cholera diagnosis was later confirmed by

Section snippets Novel antibodies identified against Klebsiella pneumoniaeKlebsiella pneumoniae, a common cause of hospital-acquired infections, often infects immunocompromised patients whose adaptive immune system is weakened; however, many of these individuals retain a functioning complement system as part of their innate immunity. Development of complement-enhancing antibodies against specific bacteria

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Section snippets ContributorsAll authors were involved in the patient's care. BP and QL wrote the manuscript under SG's supervision. The patient provided written consent for the publication of this Clinical Picture. Declaration of interestsWe declare no competing interests.

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Oda Y, Kumagai Y, Kanai M, et al. 12-month persistence of immune responses to self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: ARCT-154 versus BNT162b2 vaccine. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; published online Oct 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00615-7—In this Correspondence, the figure labels have been corrected with ARCT-154 labelled red and BNT162b2 as blue. These corrections have been made to the online

Brickley EB, Miranda-Filho DdB, Ximenes RAdA, on behalf of the MERG, ZBC-Consortium, and LIFE Zika Study members. Preparing for the rapid research response to the possible vertical transmission of Oropouche virus: lessons from a decade of congenital Zika research. Lancet Infect Dis 2024; published online Sept 27. https://doi.org.10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00618-2—For this Correspondence, Maria das Graças

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BackgroundIn 2021, a novel group of Chlamydia strains in wild birds was classified as avian Chlamydia abortus, with unknown zoonotic potential. We report relevant features of avian C abortus infections from a Dutch family cluster and unrelated historical cases using clinical, epidemiological, and microbiological data. MethodsAn outbreak of avian C abortus started in the Netherlands in December, 2022

BackgroundOropouche virus is an arthropod-borne virus that has caused outbreaks of Oropouche fever in central and South America since the 1950s. This study investigates virological factors contributing to the re-emergence of Oropouche fever in Brazil between 2023 and 2024. MethodsIn this observational epidemiological study, we combined multiple data sources for Oropouche virus infections in Brazil

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BackgroundOropouche fever, an orthobunyavirus disease endemic in Brazilian Amazon, has caused many febrile epidemics. In 2024, an epidemic of Oropouche fever spread in Brazil, with more than 7930 cases reported between Jan 1 and Aug 31. Infections in pregnant people have suggested the possibility of negative fetal consequences, therefore we tested newborns with microcephaly for known congenital pathogens

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BackgroundNirsevimab, a long-acting monoclonal antibody, has been approved for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in infants. In France, more than 210 000 single doses were administered in infants younger than 1 year during the 2023–24 season. In this context, the selection and spread of escape variants might be a concern. Here, we aimed to characterise RSV associated with

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BackgroundExisting studies on SARS-CoV-2 infection have mainly focused on severe clinical outcomes; understanding of the clinical severity profile of general community infections is poor. We aimed to assess and compare the clinical profiles of infections with SARS-CoV-2 omicron (B.1.1.529) subvariants in a representative community cohort in Hong Kong during periods of BA.2, BA.4/5, and XBB dominance

Streptococcus pyogenes, or group A streptococcus, remains a major global pathogen, responsible for a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from pharyngitis to severe invasive group A streptococcus (iGAS) infections.1 Central to the virulence of S pyogenes are its many anti-phagocytic proteins and toxins, including the superantigens. Emergence of new S pyogenes lineages are associated with both increased