ImportanceSystemic postnatal corticosteroids have been shown to reduce rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants born preterm, but both corticosteroids and BPD are associated with cerebral palsy.ObjectiveTo describe how the association between systemic postnatal corticosteroids and survival free of cerebral palsy varies with the risk of BPD in infants born preterm, and if the association

ImportancePediatric patients with cancer experience severely bothersome symptoms during treatment. It was hypothesized that symptom screening and provision of symptom reports to the health care team would reduce symptom burden in pediatric patients with cancer.ObjectiveTo determine if daily symptom screening and provision of symptom reports to the health care team was associated with lower total symptom

ImportanceDual language learners (DLL) (ie, children learning 2 or more languages) present lower school readiness than non-DLL children, putting DLL children at risk of later school difficulties and adverse outcomes. However, it is unclear whether participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services may reduce this gap.ObjectiveTo assess whether ECEC exposure may reduce the school readiness

ImportanceExposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) before the age of 18 years is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability.ObjectiveTo meta-analyze data from samples with children 18 years or younger to estimate the average prevalence of ACEs, identify characteristics and contexts associated with higher or lower ACE exposure, and explore methodological factors that

This cross-sectional study assesses the associations of decedent demographic characteristics and cause of death with place of death among children, adolescents, and young adults.

ImportanceEnvironmental heat and cold exposure (EHCE) remains the principal preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents globally.ObjectiveTo report EHCE-related burden and analyze its temporal trends among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

This cohort study evaluates the association between screen time and autism spectrum disorder by considering socioeconomic factors as instrumental variables.

ImportanceDespite its relevance for pediatric blood pressure (BP) screening, the long-term predictive utility and natural progression of pediatric BP classification remain understudied.ObjectiveTo evaluate BP tracking from childhood to midadulthood using the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) thresholds and estimate transition probabilities among BP classifications over time considering multiple

ImportanceA meta-analysis published in 2001 suggested that exposure to infections measured by day care attendance may be important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Several new studies on the topic have since been published.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between day care attendance and risk of type 1 diabetes and to include all available literature up to March 10, 2024.Data SourcesData

This cross-sectional study assesses a language model’s ability to discern between messages from adolescent patients and those from their parents/guardians and subsequently generate appropriate responses.

This cross-sectional study examined whether parental job lock and other financial and employment factors are associated with access to care for children with cystic fibrosis.

ImportanceIn 2017, New York, New York, launched the United States’ first right-to-counsel program, guaranteeing lawyers to low-income tenants in select zip codes, which was associated with reducing eviction risk by half. Given documented associations between evictions during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, the right-to-counsel program may be associated with improved birth outcomes.ObjectiveTo

This survey study compares employment decisions among caregivers of preterm infants during the first 3 years of an infant’s life by gestational age and birth weight.

ImportanceCannabis use during pregnancy is increasingly common in the US and may affect the development and behavior of preschool-aged children.ObjectiveTo prospectively investigate the association of prenatal cannabis exposure with executive function and aggressive behavior at age 5 years.Design, Setting, ParticipantsThis cohort study was conducted from 2016 through 2020. Data analysis was conducted

ImportanceParenting is associated with brain development and long-term health outcomes, although whether these associations depend on the developmental timing of exposure remains understudied. Identifying these sensitive periods can inform when and how parenting is associated with neurodevelopment and risk for mental illness.ObjectiveTo characterize how harsh and warm parenting during early, middle

This cohort study uses data from the Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux trial to assess estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) changes in participants with vs without recurrent urinary tract infections.

This time series analysis assesses trends in infant mortality after the Dobbs decision overturned the constitutional right to abortion.

ImportanceChildhood asthma is characterized by pervasive disparities, including 3-fold higher hospitalization rates and 7-fold higher death rates for Black children compared with White children. To address asthma disparities, one must intervene in all lived environments.ObjectiveTo determine if a community health worker (CHW) intervention to connect the primary care, home, and school for low-income

ImportanceThere is a need to improve the evidence base for gender-affirming medical care provided to adolescents, including the experiences of those who have received this care.ObjectiveTo examine rates of satisfaction, regret, and continuity of care in adolescents who received puberty blockers and/or gender-affirming hormones as part of gender-affirming medical care.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis

ImportanceToddler screen time has been associated with poorer sleep and differences in attention. Understanding the causal impact of screen time on early development is of the highest importance.ObjectiveTo test (1) the feasibility of the 7-week parent-administered screen time intervention (PASTI) in toddlers (aged 16-30 months) who have screen time in the hour before bed and (2) the impact of PASTI

This cross-sectional study examines the incidence of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and HPV vaccination rates from 2007 to 2022 in the US.

ImportanceAdverse birth outcomes in the US, including preterm birth and low birth weight, are strongly tied to socioeconomic disadvantage and disproportionately impact infants of Black mothers. Increasing investments in social programs represents a potential policy approach to addressing disparities in birth outcomes.ObjectiveTo examine state-level associations of government expenditures on social

ImportanceChildren experience accelerated gains in body mass index (BMI) during the summer months when school is not in session. Children from low-income households are most susceptible. Accelerated BMI gain in summer may be due to the removal of the health-promoting structure provided by schools. During summer, a common form of health-promoting structure is summer day camps (SDCs). Summer day camps

ImportanceGlucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1R) are increasingly being used for the treatment of obesity in adolescents. It is currently unknown whether GLP1R treatment is associated with suicidal ideation or attempts in this population.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between GLP1R initiation and suicidal ideation or attempts in adolescents with obesity.Design, Setting, and Par

This survey study evaluated whether concerns about parental access to online health information through patient portals altered the amount of sensitive health information by young adults and the likelihood of opening a portal account.

This Viewpoint describes the problems with litigation related to infant formula and necrotizing enterocolitis, such as the inadequacy of the evidence and the patient safety issues raised by the court’s rulings.

ImportanceCannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood may affect academic achievement; however, the magnitude of association remains unclear.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review evaluating the association between cannabis use and academic performance.Data SourcesCINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to November 10, 2023.Study SelectionObservational

ImportanceIndividuals exposed to discrimination may exhibit greater epigenetic age acceleration (ie, cellular indicators of premature aging) over time, but few studies have examined longitudinal changes in epigenetic age acceleration, the heterogeneity in these changes for diverse groups of youths, and contextual explanations (ie, discrimination) for differences by ethnicity or race.ObjectiveTo provide

ImportanceNearly 6 million children in the US have asthma, and over one-third of US children are insured by Medicaid. Although 23 state Medicaid programs have experimented with accountable care organizations (ACOs), little is known about ACOs’ effects on longstanding insurance-based disparities in pediatric asthma care and outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine associations between Massachusetts Medicaid ACO

ImportanceThe prevalence estimates of physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep (collectively known as movement behaviors) in 3- and 4-year-old children worldwide remains uncertain.ObjectiveTo report the proportion of 3- and 4-year-old children who met the World Health Organization guidelines for physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep across 33 countries.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsPooled

ImportanceChildhood exposure to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is common. Individuals with a childhood history of mTBI experience more frequent criminal justice involvement in mid to late adolescence and adulthood. No study had been conducted to examine whether the link is causal or spurious.ObjectiveTo determine whether mTBI in childhood causes criminal justice involvement in mid to late adolescence