Importance The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) higher-risk criteria for brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) have a low positive predictive value (4.8%) and misclassify most infants as higher risk (>90%). New BRUE prediction rules from a US cohort of 3283 infants showed improved discrimination; however, these rules have not been validated in an external cohort. Objective To externally validate

ImportanceUnderstanding the risk profile of obstetric complications in pregnancies with fetal major congenital heart defects (MCHDs) is crucial for obstetric counseling and care.ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of placenta-related adverse obstetric outcomes in pregnancies complicated by fetal MCHDs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study retrieved data from June 1, 2008, to June 1, 2018

This Viewpoint explores and provides policy recommendations for the Cell and Gene Therapy Access Model recently launched by the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which aims to increase access to Medicaid recipiencts with rare and severe diseases.

ImportanceRates of exclusive breastfeeding are declining despite the numerous benefits to mothers and their children.ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of conditional and unconditional social transfers on exclusive breastfeeding rates and child growth.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a prospective, parallel, 3-armed randomized clinical trial conducted between August 2022 and October 2023

This cross-sectional study analyzes the availability of artificial intelligence and machine learning–enabled devices authorized for children by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and assesses reporting of algorithm validation in the pediatric population.

Importance During the 2023-2024 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season in the United States, 2 new RSV prevention products were recommended to protect infants in their first RSV season: nirsevimab and Pfizer's maternal RSV vaccine. Postlicensure studies are needed to assess prevention product impact and effectiveness. Objective To compare the epidemiology and disease burden of medically attended

This cohort study assesses Pediatric Research Equity Act amendments that may influence approval of orphan drug indications for pediatric patients under current regulatory programs.

ImportanceWhether COVID-19 contributes to youth-onset diabetes is controversial, and research in Asia is lacking.ObjectiveTo explore the incidence and severity of diabetes among youths during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used claims data for January 1, 2017, through February 28, 2022, from the National Health Insurance Service database in South

This cross-sectional study examines the association between mental health treatment uptake and the existence of state laws prohibiting youths to consent to their own care.

ImportanceSingle gene variants can cause cerebral palsy (CP) phenotypes, yet the impact of genetic diagnosis on CP clinical management has not been systematically evaluated.ObjectiveTo evaluate how frequently genetic testing results would prompt changes in care for individuals with CP and the clinical utility of precision medicine therapies.Data SourcesPublished pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants

ImportanceParticulate matter exposure has been linked to impaired respiratory health in children, but the respiratory benefits of air purification have not been fully elucidated.ObjectivesTo assess the respiratory health outcomes among children exposed to multisetting air purification vs sham purification.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cluster randomized, double-blind, crossover trial was conducted

Importance Communicating clearly about who is included in a population group is a critical element to effective dissemination and knowledge transfer. This narrative review highlights the inconsistency as it relates to communicating about individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and developmental disability (DD). Observations There is enormous variability in the use of definitions and abbreviations

ImportanceTaxation of sweetened beverages is a proposed strategy to reduce excess sugar consumption. The association of such taxes with health outcomes is not well studied. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is the largest US city with a beverage tax.ObjectiveTo assess whether the 2017 Philadelphia beverage tax was associated with changes in pediatric weight outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis

ImportanceSystemic postnatal corticosteroids have been shown to reduce rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants born preterm, but both corticosteroids and BPD are associated with cerebral palsy.ObjectiveTo describe how the association between systemic postnatal corticosteroids and survival free of cerebral palsy varies with the risk of BPD in infants born preterm, and if the association

ImportancePediatric patients with cancer experience severely bothersome symptoms during treatment. It was hypothesized that symptom screening and provision of symptom reports to the health care team would reduce symptom burden in pediatric patients with cancer.ObjectiveTo determine if daily symptom screening and provision of symptom reports to the health care team was associated with lower total symptom

ImportanceDual language learners (DLL) (ie, children learning 2 or more languages) present lower school readiness than non-DLL children, putting DLL children at risk of later school difficulties and adverse outcomes. However, it is unclear whether participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services may reduce this gap.ObjectiveTo assess whether ECEC exposure may reduce the school readiness

ImportanceExposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) before the age of 18 years is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability.ObjectiveTo meta-analyze data from samples with children 18 years or younger to estimate the average prevalence of ACEs, identify characteristics and contexts associated with higher or lower ACE exposure, and explore methodological factors that

This cross-sectional study assesses the associations of decedent demographic characteristics and cause of death with place of death among children, adolescents, and young adults.

ImportanceEnvironmental heat and cold exposure (EHCE) remains the principal preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents globally.ObjectiveTo report EHCE-related burden and analyze its temporal trends among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

This cohort study evaluates the association between screen time and autism spectrum disorder by considering socioeconomic factors as instrumental variables.

ImportanceDespite its relevance for pediatric blood pressure (BP) screening, the long-term predictive utility and natural progression of pediatric BP classification remain understudied.ObjectiveTo evaluate BP tracking from childhood to midadulthood using the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) thresholds and estimate transition probabilities among BP classifications over time considering multiple

ImportanceA meta-analysis published in 2001 suggested that exposure to infections measured by day care attendance may be important in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Several new studies on the topic have since been published.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between day care attendance and risk of type 1 diabetes and to include all available literature up to March 10, 2024.Data SourcesData

This cross-sectional study assesses a language model’s ability to discern between messages from adolescent patients and those from their parents/guardians and subsequently generate appropriate responses.

This cross-sectional study examined whether parental job lock and other financial and employment factors are associated with access to care for children with cystic fibrosis.

ImportanceIn 2017, New York, New York, launched the United States’ first right-to-counsel program, guaranteeing lawyers to low-income tenants in select zip codes, which was associated with reducing eviction risk by half. Given documented associations between evictions during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, the right-to-counsel program may be associated with improved birth outcomes.ObjectiveTo

This survey study compares employment decisions among caregivers of preterm infants during the first 3 years of an infant’s life by gestational age and birth weight.

ImportanceCannabis use during pregnancy is increasingly common in the US and may affect the development and behavior of preschool-aged children.ObjectiveTo prospectively investigate the association of prenatal cannabis exposure with executive function and aggressive behavior at age 5 years.Design, Setting, ParticipantsThis cohort study was conducted from 2016 through 2020. Data analysis was conducted

ImportanceParenting is associated with brain development and long-term health outcomes, although whether these associations depend on the developmental timing of exposure remains understudied. Identifying these sensitive periods can inform when and how parenting is associated with neurodevelopment and risk for mental illness.ObjectiveTo characterize how harsh and warm parenting during early, middle

This cohort study uses data from the Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux trial to assess estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) changes in participants with vs without recurrent urinary tract infections.