This cross-sectional study assesses the various patents and US government grants that were critical to the publicly funded development of the cancer drug enzalutamide.

ImportanceMost patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recur within the liver following systemic therapy.ObjectiveTo determine whether stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) improves outcomes in patients with locally advanced HCC compared with sorafenib alone.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter phase 3 randomized clinical trial randomized patients with HCC 1:1

ImportanceStereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for spinal metastases improves symptomatic outcomes and local control compared to conventional radiotherapy. Treatment failure most often occurs within the epidural space, where dose is constrained by the risk of radiation myelitis (RM). Current constraints designed to prevent RM after spine SBRT are derived from limited data.ObjectiveTo characterize

ImportanceThe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pathway for diagnosing clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa; defined as International Society of Urological Pathology grade group ≥2) uses multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) for prostate biopsy (PB) decision-making. However, the intermediate impact on patient outcomes in men with negative MRI results avoiding PB and men with positive MRI results without

ImportanceActive surveillance is the preferred management strategy for patients with low- or favorable intermediate-risk prostate cancer (PCa); however, frequent health care visits can be costly and burdensome to patients. Identifying patients who may benefit from intensive vs passive surveillance could reduce these burdens.ObjectiveTo investigate associations between a polygenic risk score (PRS) and

ImportanceThe commercialization of chimeric antigen receptor–T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has changed the landscape of treatment of hematological cancers. Numerous studies from the early 2000s paved the way for cell-based targeted therapeutics, which have been established as practice-changing therapies in lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. However, there has been some recent concern about the risk

Importance Active monitoring (AM) for low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has been considered as a potential alternative to guideline-concordant care (GCC; inclusive of surgery with or without radiation). Reported data comparing patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between GCC and AM for DCIS are lacking. Objective To compare PROs at baseline and over time in patients with low-risk DCIS randomized

ImportanceCurrent chemotherapy regimens for patients with ERBB2 (formerly HER2)–positive breast cancer are associated with considerable morbidity. These patients may benefit from more effective and less toxic therapies.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety, immunogenicity, and preliminary efficacy of intratumoral (IT) delivery of conventional type 1 dendritic cells (cDC1) in combination with ERBB2-targeted

ImportanceCancer mortality has decreased over time, but the contributions of different interventions across the cancer control continuum to averting cancer deaths have not been systematically evaluated across major cancer sites.ObjectiveTo quantify the contributions of prevention, screening (to remove precursors [interception] or early detection), and treatment to cumulative number of cancer deaths

This Viewpoint discusses what a value proposition could look like in oncology and how it should reflect a clinician’s commitment to partner with patients to improve outcomes through individualized communication and shared decision-making centered on the patient’s values.

ImportanceThe current recommendation for a 10-year rescreening interval after a negative colonoscopy screening (NCS) result has been questioned, with some studies showing a persistently lower risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) after NCS results.ObjectiveTo examine long-term CRC incidence and mortality after NCS results (ie, no presence of CRC or polyps) and according to a risk score based on major demographic

This case series evaluates whether human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype could be inferred from standard next-generation sequencing, comparing concordance with confirmatory whole-exome sequencing and assessing if this assisted in matching patients to clinical trials.

ImportanceCentral nervous system (CNS) metastases presenting as either brain parenchymal metastases or leptomeningeal metastases are diagnosed in up to 50% of patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer during their disease course. While historically associated with a poor prognosis due to limited treatment options, the availability of an increasing number of targeted therapies with good CNS

ImportancePatients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) resistant or intolerant to BCR-ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have limited treatment options. Olverembatinib, which is approved in China, has only been tested in Chinese patients.ObjectiveTo assess the pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy, and recommended dose of olverembatinib

This cohort study analyzes the characteristics of colorectal cancer in pediatric patients using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry data.

Importance In patients with colorectal cancer and unresectable liver-only metastases (CRLM), treatment with folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) plus irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) and bevacizumab vs FOLFOX/folinic acid, fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) plus bevacizumab increased progression-free survival, response, and R0/R1 resection/ablation rates, as well as toxic effects in RAS/BRAFV600E-variant

ImportancePatients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) have poor prognoses and unmet medical needs.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of toripalimab plus etoposide and platinum-based chemotherapy (EP) vs placebo plus EP as a first-line treatment for patients with ES-SCLC.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 randomized

This cohort study investigates the regulatory fate in the European Union for drugs that received accelerated approval for cancer indications in the US.

ImportanceLimited availability and affordability of cancer drugs contribute to staggering disparities in cancer survival between high-income and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). As infrastructure for cancer care rapidly develops, there is an urgent need to reduce prices and improve access to cancer medicines in LMICs to advance pharmacoequity globally.ObservationsPrior strategies to expand

This Viewpoint highlights financial toxicity specific to Asian American cancer survivors and presents steps forward within the framework of the social ecological model of health, considering individual, interpersonal, community, and policy-level dimensions.

ImportanceEquecabtagene autoleucel (eque-cel), a fully human-derived B-cell maturation antigen-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, has exhibited potential for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), and further investigation in a larger cohort is necessary.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether eque-cel can benefit patients with RRMM and determine the overall response

ImportanceDue to the often indolent nature of prostate cancer (PCA), treatment decisions must weigh the risks and benefits of cancer control with those of treatment-associated morbidities.ObjectiveTo characterize long-term treatment-related adverse effects and complications in patients treated for PCA compared to a general population of older males.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study

ImportanceSmoking after a cancer diagnosis increases mortality and risk for a second cancer.ObjectiveTo determine the association between time of entry into a smoking cessation intervention following a cancer diagnosis and survival outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsUsing a prospective cohort study design, patients with cancer who smoked and received cessation treatment were assessed at 3 months

This Viewpoint outlines the missions of academic cancer centers and how they are being affected by the oncology industrial complex along with challenges and suggestions for an aligned way forward.

ImportanceThe prognosis for patients with glioblastoma is poor following standard therapy with surgical resection, radiation, temozolomide, and tumor-treating fields.ObjectivesTo evaluate the combination of veliparib and temozolomide in glioblastoma based on preclinical data demonstrating significant chemosensitizing effects of the polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase 1/2 inhibitor veliparib

Importance Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare and lethal cancer. Although progress has been made in recent years in patients with mutated BRAF tumors, those who respond initially eventually die of their disease; furthermore, there are no approved therapies for non-BRAF mutated tumors. Objective To determine whether treatment with matched-targeted therapy plus immune checkpoint inhibitors

A 72-year-old man with a history of polycythemia vera (positive for JAK2 V617F) presented with several months of functional decline and weight loss. An 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed soft tissue infiltrates and sclerosis of the perirenal spaces with fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. What is your diagnosis?

ImportanceAggressive thyroid carcinoma, including radioiodine refractory (RAIR) differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and have limited therapeutic options. Distinct immune profiles have been identified in thyroid cancer subtypes suggesting they may be susceptible to immune

This Viewpoint explores whether the Inflation Reduction Act’s provisions and price negotiations could affect investment in trials of new oncology therapies or indications.

Importance The combination of ifosfamide and etoposide (IE) is commonly used to treat relapsed or refractory osteosarcoma; however, second-line treatment recommendations vary across guidelines. Objective To evaluate whether the addition of lenvatinib to IE (LEN-IE) improves outcomes in children and young adults with relapsed or refractory osteosarcoma. Design, Setting, and Participants The OLIE phase

ImportanceIt remains unclear whether diet may influence the risk of prostate cancer grade reclassification in men undergoing active surveillance.ObjectiveTo assess the association of diet quality and dietary inflammatory potential with prostate cancer grade reclassification during active surveillance.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study included men diagnosed with grade group

This Viewpoint discusses the importance of formulating more stable local treatment guidelines because international guidelines and even resource-stratified guidelines may not be as applicable in low- to middle-income countries.

ImportanceAccurate staging is a fundamental step in treating patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) worldwide; this is crucial not only for prognostication, but also for guiding treatment decisions. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) system is the global language for clinicians, researchers, and cancer registries