Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Class of 2011 (n = 14,370; 51% Male; 51% White; 14% Black; 25% Hispanic; 4% Asian; and 6% Other), this study examined the cumulative, timing-specific, and enduring associations between student–teacher relationships in the United States and a broad range of student outcomes. Student–teacher conflict and closeness were consistently associated

Social skills are dynamic developmental constructs typically measured using assessments developed via cross-sectional methods. The measurement model of derivatives (MMOD), a factor analytic approach targeting individual growth trajectories, was used to evaluate the longitudinal factor structure of the Social Skills Improvement System—Rating Scales (SSIS-RS) teacher form with a sample of 1320 first

BackgroundFifteen million infants annually are born prematurely, placing them at high risk for life‐long adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Whether brain tissue abnormalities that accompany preterm birth persist into young adulthood and are associated with long‐term cognitive or psychiatric outcomes is not known.MethodsFrom infancy into young adulthood, we followed a population‐based sample of consecutively

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Maternal substance use during pregnancy heightens risk of sudden unexpected infant death (SUID), including through unsafe sleep practices. Families impacted by substance use frequently experience disproportionate social drivers of poor health and family vulnerability likely contributory to fatality risk. Characteristics of sleep-related SUID among infants born prenatally substance

Juvenile parkinsonism is an exceedingly rare condition in which clinical signs of parkinsonism manifest before 21 years of age. Although the genetic underpinnings of this disorder are increasingly recognized, the full range of inherited metabolic contributors remains undefined. We present the first case of levodopa-responsive juvenile parkinsonism associated with dihydropyrimidinase deficiency caused

Cerebral/cortical visual impairment (CVI) is a leading cause of pediatric visual impairment in nations with developed economies and is increasing in those with developing economies. Because vision is the predominant sense used for learning, delay in diagnosis of CVI can negatively affect education, making early detection and management important. The American Academy of Pediatrics has published the

ImportanceSystemic postnatal corticosteroids have been shown to reduce rates of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants born preterm, but both corticosteroids and BPD are associated with cerebral palsy.ObjectiveTo describe how the association between systemic postnatal corticosteroids and survival free of cerebral palsy varies with the risk of BPD in infants born preterm, and if the association

Nonmedical prescription drug use (NMPDU), the use of controlled prescription medications for purposes other than initially intended by the prescriber, is common among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Prescription stimulants, sedatives, and opioid medications are the 3 main categories of controlled medications nonmedically used by AYAs. The intent of this clinical report is to provide an overview

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Although sickle cell disease (SCD)-related childhood mortality in the United States significantly improved in the 1990s, unclear is the trend in SCD-related mortality more recently given the continued disparities faced by this minoritized population. In this analysis, we aimed to (1) compare the overall and age-specific mortality rates from 1999 to 2009 vs 2010 to 2020 with

Adults readily coordinate on temporary pacts about how to refer to things in conversation. Young children are also capable of forming pacts with peers given appropriate experimenter intervention. Here, we investigate whether parents may spontaneously provide a similar kind of scaffolding with U.S. children in a director–matcher task (N = 201, 49% female; ages 4, 6, 8). In Experiment 1, we show that

OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing among a population-based cohort of perinatally exposed children and identify factors associated with testing. METHODS Using a population-based surveillance cohort of perinatally exposed children born from 2018 to 2020 from 4 US jurisdictions (Georgia; Massachusetts; Allegheny County, Pennsylvania; and Los Angeles County, California)

There is substantial evidence that adolescent mental health has deteriorated considerably since the early 2010s across many countries, and much more strongly among girls than boys. This is probably due to a combination of societal changes that strongly influenced the lives of adolescents. The societal changes include the rise of social media and of academic pressure, the COVID‐19 pandemic and increasing

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Pediatric urgent care (PUC) centers may bolster immunization campaigns by offering vaccination during acute care visits, but few such programs have been described. METHODS We conducted a quality improvement initiative at an academically affiliated federally qualified health center that provides primary, specialty, and PUC services to children. Our PUC began offering routine

Changes in family life related to globalization may include reduction in the collaborativeness observed in many Indigenous American communities. The present study examined longitudinal changes and continuities in collaboration in a Guatemalan Maya community experiencing rapid globalization. Fluid collaboration was widespread 3 decades ago among triads of mothers and 1‐ to 6‐year‐olds in 24 Mayan families

ImportancePediatric patients with cancer experience severely bothersome symptoms during treatment. It was hypothesized that symptom screening and provision of symptom reports to the health care team would reduce symptom burden in pediatric patients with cancer.ObjectiveTo determine if daily symptom screening and provision of symptom reports to the health care team was associated with lower total symptom

BackgroundParenting interventions are effective for improving child conduct problems (CPs), but online self‐directed interventions are required to improve reach and impact. Mothers are the main users of such programmes; fathers show low participation rates despite evidence of increased efficacy when they participate.MethodsThis randomised controlled trial examined the efficacy of Family Man, a brief

BackgroundAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with mental health problems, but many children who experience ACEs do not develop such difficulties. A warm and supportive adult presence in childhood is associated with a lower likelihood of developing mental health problems after exposure to ACEs. However, it is unclear whether this association is causal, as previous research has not accounted

A substantial portion of interventions designed to support autistic children are also designed to be delivered by caregivers (i.e. are ‘caregiver‐mediated’). Brown et al. (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2024) are one of the first groups to critically examine the baseline skills that caregivers bring as they prepare to learn a class of interventions called Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Clinical pathways translate best evidence into the local context of a care setting through structured, multidisciplinary care plans. Little is known about clinical pathway programs in pediatric settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of clinical pathway programs and describe similarities and differences. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional web

Few studies have focused on off‐reserve Indigenous children and families. This nationally representative, cross‐sectional study (data collected from 2006 to 2007) examined Indigenous‐ and non‐Indigenous‐specific determinants associated with positive socioemotional and behavioral well‐being among First Nations children living off‐reserve in Canada. The parents or other caregivers of 2990 two‐to‐five‐year‐old

Drowning is the third leading cause of death from unintentional injury worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths. In the United States, drowning is the leading cause of death in children 1 to 4 years of age and second leading cause of death due to unintentional injury in those aged 5 to 14 years. Drowning generally progresses from initial respiratory arrest due to submersion-related

ImportanceDual language learners (DLL) (ie, children learning 2 or more languages) present lower school readiness than non-DLL children, putting DLL children at risk of later school difficulties and adverse outcomes. However, it is unclear whether participation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services may reduce this gap.ObjectiveTo assess whether ECEC exposure may reduce the school readiness

ImportanceExposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) before the age of 18 years is a major contributor to the global burden of disease and disability.ObjectiveTo meta-analyze data from samples with children 18 years or younger to estimate the average prevalence of ACEs, identify characteristics and contexts associated with higher or lower ACE exposure, and explore methodological factors that

This cross-sectional study assesses the associations of decedent demographic characteristics and cause of death with place of death among children, adolescents, and young adults.

BackgroundChildren born preterm are at heightened risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, including specific deficits in attention. Few studies have investigated change over time in attention problems prior to school entry. The current study aims to describe trajectories of attention problems from age 2 through 5 years in a cohort of children born <30 weeks of gestational age (GA), identify sociodemographic

BACKGROUND Strabismus is known to negatively affect patients' self-confidence and ability to interact with society. Strabismus is commonly depicted in animated films marketed to children, potentially influencing the perception of strabismus by young impressionable audiences. METHODS We reviewed all animated films released by Walt Disney Animation Studios from 1989 to 2022 and all films released by

Individuals with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit varied responses to pharmacological treatments (e.g. stimulants and non‐stimulants). Accurately and promptly detecting treatment‐related improvements, response failure, or deterioration poses significant challenges, as current monitoring primarily relies on subjective ratings. In this commentary, we critically evaluate the evidence

A 17-year-old female was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease and started on infliximab. A few weeks after starting infliximab, she developed a recurrence of daily fevers associated with an intermittent dry cough, which worsened over the course of a month. A chest radiograph, abdominal ultrasound, and computed tomography scan of the chest and abdomen revealed a heterogeneous spleen with multiple

Nearly 1 in 5 families with children in the United States are food insecure. Hospitalization of a child can exacerbate food insecurity, both during the hospitalization and after discharge. Although some hospitals provide free or subsidized meals during hospitalization, few address food insecurity in the immediate posthospitalization period. To address this gap, we developed an innovative Inpatient

Children raised in chaotic households show affect dysregulation during later childhood. To understand why, we took day‐long home recordings using microphones and autonomic monitors from 74 12‐month‐old infant–caregiver dyads (40% male, 60% white, data collected between 2018 and 2021). Caregivers in low‐Confusion Hubbub And Order Scale (chaos) households responded to negative affect infant vocalizations

CONTEXT Mixed evidence exists on whether physical exercise interventions influence intelligence measures in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of exercise interventions on intelligence in children and adolescents. DATA SOURCES Relevant articles were identified in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus (until February 22, 2024). STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE At our large, university-affiliated primary care clinic, we aimed to enhance the quality of well-child checkups (WCCs) to align with Bright Futures/American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. Our primary goal was to increase the rate of complete WCCs from 45.6% to 80% by April 2024. Our secondary aims were to ensure WCC improvement for all language groups and to increase referrals to

OBJECTIVES A previous study reported that increased state and local government expenditures were associated with decreased infant mortality rates (IMRs). However, reported estimates of the association between expenditures and IMR represented the degree to which the association changed each year, not the main effect. We reproduced the original results, reporting this main effect and replicated the analysis

BACKGROUND Paediatric tuberculosis leads to more than 200 000 deaths annually. We aimed to investigate the incidence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease in the first decade of life in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), a South African cohort in a community with high tuberculosis and HIV incidence. METHODS In this prospective birth cohort study, we enrolled pregnant

BackgroundAlthough it is widely assumed that avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) originates in childhood, there is little prospective research to substantiate this claim. We therefore aimed to determine whether presumed childhood risk factors predict AvPD traits at 16 years.MethodsA population‐based sample (n = 1,077; 50.9% female) from the 2003 and 2004 birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway was examined

BackgroundMany studies show that both callous‐unemotional (CU) traits (e.g., low empathy, lack of guilt) and cognitive difficulties increase risk for externalizing psychopathology across development. However, other work suggests that some aggression (e.g., relational, proactive) may rely on intact cognitive function, which could vary based on the presence of CU traits. Moreover, no prior research has

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common and can impact health across the life course. Thus, it is essential for professionals in child- and family-serving roles, including pediatric and adult primary care clinicians, to understand the health implications of childhood adversity and trauma and respond appropriately. Screening for ACEs in health care settings has received attention as a potential

A previously healthy 17-year-old female patient initially presented with symptoms of anterior neck pain. After multiple emergency department visits, she was found to have unilateral enlargement of her thyroid gland. Laboratory studies were consistent with hyperthyroidism. Symptoms were initially attributed to subacute thyroiditis, and she was discharged with steroids and propranolol. She presented

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Diet quality has improved over time for US adults and youth aged ≥2 years. Trends over time and disparities in the diet quality of toddlers 12 through 23 months old have not been documented. Our objective was to investigate the direction and magnitude of toddler diet quality trends from 1999 to 2018 overall and by household socioeconomic status. METHODS This serial cross-sectional

ImportanceEnvironmental heat and cold exposure (EHCE) remains the principal preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in children and adolescents globally.ObjectiveTo report EHCE-related burden and analyze its temporal trends among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis repeated cross-sectional study used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

This cohort study evaluates the association between screen time and autism spectrum disorder by considering socioeconomic factors as instrumental variables.