BackgroundMental health problems and traits capturing psychopathology are common and often begin during adolescence. Decades of twin studies indicate that genetic factors explain around 50% of individual differences in adolescent psychopathology. In recent years, significant advances, particularly in genomics, have moved this work towards more translational findings.MethodsThis review provides an overview

OBJECTIVES To identify opportunities for improvement in quality of care, we explore Black families' experiences of family support in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during their infant's hospital stay. METHODS Semistructured qualitative interviews or focus groups (FGs) were conducted to explore Black families' experiences of NICU hospitalization. Inclusion criteria were self-identification

BackgroundThere is not yet a consensus on the best way to conceptualise adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). We used data‐driven methods across two populations to examine (a) if there were meaningful dimensions underlying ACEs and (b) whether dimensions were differentially associated with increased risk of adolescent psychopathology.MethodsParticipants were 18,539 British children from the UK Millennium

The transition from adolescence into adulthood is a pivotal phase in a person's life, marking a period of significant social, psychological, and biological changes that can profoundly impact an individual's well‐being and developmental trajectory. During this period, adolescents and young adults face increasing environmental demands from academic or occupational responsibilities and social interactions

BackgroundAre individual differences in attachment security inborn or shaped by the social environment? In infancy and early childhood, the evidence points to a substantial role of the environment, but a large twin study in early adolescence showed considerable heritability. Here we examined the twin heritability of attachment in middle childhood. We hypothesized that in middle childhood some heritability

Public health emergencies, including climate-related and manmade disasters such as active shooter incidents, occur regularly in the United States. A comprehensive approach is needed to ensure that children's mental health needs are adequately addressed following disasters. This article summarizes the latest evidence on how health systems can effectively address children's unique developmental, social

Importance The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) higher-risk criteria for brief resolved unexplained events (BRUE) have a low positive predictive value (4.8%) and misclassify most infants as higher risk (>90%). New BRUE prediction rules from a US cohort of 3283 infants showed improved discrimination; however, these rules have not been validated in an external cohort. Objective To externally validate

ImportanceUnderstanding the risk profile of obstetric complications in pregnancies with fetal major congenital heart defects (MCHDs) is crucial for obstetric counseling and care.ObjectiveTo investigate the risk of placenta-related adverse obstetric outcomes in pregnancies complicated by fetal MCHDs.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study retrieved data from June 1, 2008, to June 1, 2018

This Viewpoint explores and provides policy recommendations for the Cell and Gene Therapy Access Model recently launched by the US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), which aims to increase access to Medicaid recipiencts with rare and severe diseases.

ImportanceRates of exclusive breastfeeding are declining despite the numerous benefits to mothers and their children.ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of conditional and unconditional social transfers on exclusive breastfeeding rates and child growth.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis is a prospective, parallel, 3-armed randomized clinical trial conducted between August 2022 and October 2023

This cross-sectional study analyzes the availability of artificial intelligence and machine learning–enabled devices authorized for children by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and assesses reporting of algorithm validation in the pediatric population.

BackgroundThe diagnosis of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschool years (before age 6 years) is a marker of severity and poor prognosis. This study investigated a broad range of predictors of ADHD diagnosis during preschool age.MethodsPopulation‐based cohort study using Swedish registers. The final sample consisted of all children born in Sweden between 2001 and 2007 who could

Critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) screening was added to the US Recommended Uniform Screening Panel in 2011 and adopted by all US states and territories by 2018. In addition to reviewing key developments in CCHD screening since the initial American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) endorsement in 2011, this clinical report provides 3 updated recommendations. First, a new AAP algorithm has been endorsed

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Preterm birth results in neonatal and childhood morbidity and mortality. Additionally, population-based studies show poorer cardiovascular health in adult survivors, but a full range of health outcomes has not been investigated into midlife. We aimed to assess the health outcomes after preterm vs term birth at 50 years in survivors of a randomized trial of antenatal betamethasone

The sudden onset of severe behavioral and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children is a frightening and potentially life-changing situation. The pediatric health care providers and clinicians to whom families turn need guidance on how to accurately diagnose and treat new-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms in children. They need expert guidance about whether these symptoms indicate a diagnosis compatible

Gender‐science stereotypes emerge early in childhood, but little is known about the developmental processes by which they arise. The present study tested the hypothesis that language implying scientists are a special and distinct kind of person contributes to the development of gender‐science stereotypes, even when it does not communicate stereotypic content. One cross‐sectional and two longitudinal

BackgroundAlmost one in five (18.8%) UK adolescents are estimated to self‐harm and many young people initiate self‐harm early (average age 13 years). Prevention of self‐harm should be informed by knowledge about risk factors (e.g. socio‐demographic indices), characteristics (i.e. motivation for self‐harm and help‐seeking behaviours), as well as relative aetiological genetic and environmental processes

BackgroundChildhood adversity poses a major transdiagnostic risk for a host of psychiatric disorders. Altered threat‐related information processing has been put forward as a potential process underlying the association between childhood adversity and psychiatric disorders, with previous research providing support for decreased discrimination between threat and safety cues, in both children and adults

Crime impacts both the immediate victims and has indirect effects on the community. This study examined associations between daily neighborhood crime and actigraphy‐assessed sleep outcomes using multilevel modeling. Data were from a longitudinal (14‐day) study of 288 adolescents (Mage = 15.27; 70.8% girls, 29.2% boys; 38.9% Asian, 36.8% Hispanic or Latinx, 20.5% Black or African American) in the New

BackgroundAtypical reward processing is implicated in a range of psychiatric disorders associated with childhood maltreatment and may represent a latent vulnerability mechanism. In this longitudinal study, we investigated the impact of maltreatment on behavioural and neural indices of reward learning in volatile environments and examined associations with future psychopathology assessed 18 months later

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Research on conversations between caregivers and their children about how to prepare or conduct themselves when stopped by police (ie, "the talk") has grown in recent years. However, little is known about how having "the talk" may influence youths' stress about future experiences of police brutality (ie, anticipatory stress of police brutality). The objective of the present

Conflict and a lack of cohesive daily family relationships can negatively affect adolescent adjustment, although adolescents differ in how they respond (i.e., their emotional reactivity) to these daily experiences. The present study assessed whether adolescents' well‐being (i.e., life satisfaction, purpose) was associated with dampened emotional reactivity to daily variability in family conflict and

Contemporary research on developing theory of mind emphasizes its cognitive and neurobiological foundations, but studies of its relational origins have potential for opening new terrain in this expansive literature. The study by Kochanska and colleagues shows this in several ways. First, it offers a model for constructing theoretically guided causal models built on longitudinal research enlisting multiple

To better understand the effects of social media use on adolescents' psychosocial functioning, this study examined the temporal stability of social media effects across two separate 3‐week experience sampling methodology (ESM) studies conducted 6 months apart in 2019 and 2020. Participants were 297 adolescents (Mage = 14.1 years, SD = 0.7, 58.9% girls; 41.1% boys; 0.1% other; 97% Dutch) who completed

Experiences in gender–sexuality alliances (GSAs) could predict youth's academic engagement through improved social–emotional wellbeing (indicated by school belonging, hope, and positive and negative affect). This study utilized three waves of data, each spaced 2–3 months apart, among 627 youth (87% LGBQ+, 45% trans/nonbinary, 48% youth of color) ages 11–22 (Mage = 15.13) in 51 GSAs in the United States

Children in the United States (N = 488, 4–11 years, 239 females, 248 males, one other, 53% White; data collected 2021–2022) participated in three studies investigating their expectations about immigrants. Participants recognized that immigration impacts characters' national identity and behaviors. Although previous research reported that children may essentialize nationality, participants instead reasoned

OBJECTIVE Our institutional data revealed high pneumothorax rates in term neonates resuscitated in the delivery room (DR). Other studies have reported that high rates of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the DR are associated with increased pneumothorax rates. We sought to test the hypothesis that quality improvement efforts to reduce the use of CPAP in the DR would be associated with a

Importance During the 2023-2024 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season in the United States, 2 new RSV prevention products were recommended to protect infants in their first RSV season: nirsevimab and Pfizer's maternal RSV vaccine. Postlicensure studies are needed to assess prevention product impact and effectiveness. Objective To compare the epidemiology and disease burden of medically attended

This cohort study assesses Pediatric Research Equity Act amendments that may influence approval of orphan drug indications for pediatric patients under current regulatory programs.

ImportanceWhether COVID-19 contributes to youth-onset diabetes is controversial, and research in Asia is lacking.ObjectiveTo explore the incidence and severity of diabetes among youths during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used claims data for January 1, 2017, through February 28, 2022, from the National Health Insurance Service database in South

This cross-sectional study examines the association between mental health treatment uptake and the existence of state laws prohibiting youths to consent to their own care.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) do not give rotavirus vaccines to inpatients due to a theoretical risk of horizontal transmission of vaccine strains. We aimed to determine incidence and clinical significance of vaccine-strain transmission to unvaccinated infants in a NICU that routinely administers pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5). METHODS This prospective cohort

BackgroundSocial connection factors play a key role for young people's mental health. It is important to understand how their influence may vary across contexts. We investigated structural (e.g. household size), functional (e.g. social support) and quality (e.g. feeling close) social connection factors in relation to adolescent internalising and externalising symptoms, comparing two countries Brazil

BackgroundInternalising problems have increased considerably among adolescents in the last decades, particularly among girls, resulting in widening gender gaps. This study examined whether the gender gap in psychological symptoms increased more in more gender‐equal countries in the period 2002–2022, and if so, to what extent this could be explained by changes over time in the experience of stressors

CONTEXT Treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE Evaluate the comparative efficacy of behavioral and pharmacologic treatments. DATA SOURCES Six databases and ClinicalTrials.gov registry; search last updated on 5/15/2024. STUDY SELECTION Dual screening augmented by Abstrackr machine learning algorithm. DATA EXTRACTION/ANALYSIS Participant characteristics

CONTEXT Children and adolescents with suspected obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OBJECTIVE To estimate the comparative performance of brief diagnostic assessment tools. DATA SOURCES PubMed, the Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and ERIC, and for unpublished studies with reported results in ClinicalTrials.gov through May

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and potentially debilitating condition affecting approximately 1%-3% of children and adolescents.1,2 It is characterized by obsessions and/or compulsions that are time-consuming or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in school, social, family, or other important areas of functioning. OCD can have a lasting impact on both academic and social

BackgroundMore than half of the current US population was exposed to adverse lead levels in childhood as a result of lead's past use in gasoline. The total contribution of childhood lead exposures to US‐population mental health and personality has yet to be evaluated.MethodsWe combined serial, cross‐sectional blood–lead level (BLL) data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

BACKGROUND Federal guidelines and equitable care mandate that patients who use a language other than English receive interpretation in their preferred language. Substantial variability exists in interpreter use in intensive care settings. We aimed to increase the rate of interpretations in our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) through a series of targeted interventions. METHODS A multidisciplinary

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is negatively associated with children's cognitive and academic performance, leading to long‐term educational and economic disparities. In particular, SES is a powerful predictor of executive function (EF), language ability, and academic achievement. Despite extensive research documenting SES‐related differences in these domains, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying

BackgroundAvoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is a recently recognised feeding and eating disorder and is characterised by a lack of interest and motivation to eat. Despite burgeoning research, few studies to date have explored the underlying neurobiology of ARFID. Research examining the neural underpinnings of ARFID can greatly assist in understanding different mechanisms that play disorder‐specific

ImportanceSingle gene variants can cause cerebral palsy (CP) phenotypes, yet the impact of genetic diagnosis on CP clinical management has not been systematically evaluated.ObjectiveTo evaluate how frequently genetic testing results would prompt changes in care for individuals with CP and the clinical utility of precision medicine therapies.Data SourcesPublished pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants