BackgroundAnti‐inflammatory effects of incretin signaling through the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R) and the glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) in mice have been reported. Therefore, we hypothesized that signaling through the endogenous GLP‐1R and the GIPR individually decreases allergic airway inflammation and that the combination of GLP‐1R and GIPR signaling together

BACKGROUND Intranasal antihistamines (INAH), corticosteroids (INCS), and their fixed combinations (INAH+INCS) are one of the cornerstones of the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR). We performed a systematic review and network-meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and safety of INAH, INCS, and INAH+INCS in patients with AR. METHODS We searched four electronic bibliographic databases and three clinical

BackgroundAllergen immunotherapy (AIT) aims at modulating the immune response by administration of allergen preparations at regular intervals over several years (1). For subcutaneous AIT (SCIT), the treatment is initiated with a dose escalation phase followed by a maintenance dose administration. Over the last decade, there has been a trend towards shortening dose escalation regimens to increase patient

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is an upper respiratory disease characterized by persistent inflammation of the nasal mucosa. However, the mechanism of abnormal Mucin5AC expression by CRSwNP epithelial cells is not fully understood.ObjectiveWe investigated the potential role of yes‐associated protein (YAP) underlying the mechanism of excessive epithelial Mucin5AC expression

BackgroundSevere cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes are a series of life‐threatening conditions with a mortality of 4%–20%. The clinical application of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) antagonist improves the outcome of some SCARs patients; however, this is complicated by the elusive and varied immunopathogenesis.AimTo investigate whether IgE antibody responses

BackgroundSubcutaneous immunotherapy has emerged as an effective option for treating allergic diseases. Here, we assessed the clinical impact of the mannan‐conjugated birch pollen polymerized allergoid T502 in birch pollen‐induced allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.MethodsIn this prospective, randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled phase III trial, 298 birch pollen–allergic adult patients were treated

Although airway remodeling in severe and/or fatal asthma is stil considered irreversible, its individual components as a cause of clinical symptoms and/or lung function changes remain largely unknown. While inhaled glucocorticoids have not consistently been shown to affect airway remodeling, biologics targeting specific pathways of airway inflammation have been shown to improve lung function, mucus

BACKGROUND Humans are subjected to various environmental stressors (bacteria, viruses, pollution) throughout life. As such, an inherent relationship exists between the effect of these exposures with age. The impact of these environmental stressors can manifest through DNA methylation (DNAm). However, whether these epigenetic effects selectively target genes, pathways, and biological regulatory mechanisms

IntroductionBasophil activation test (BAT) might be an alternative to nasal allergen challenge (NAC) to identify the allergic etiology in rhinitis patients. Here, we investigate the diagnostic performance of BAT for allergic phenotypes of rhinitis.MethodsRhinitis patients and healthy controls were subjected to NAC with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP), Alternaria alternata (AA), grass (GP) and olive

BackgroundAllergic rhinitis and/or conjunctivitis (AR/C) induced by tree pollen is common and negatively impacts quality of life in children and adolescents. This phase III trial investigated the efficacy and safety of the SQ tree SLIT‐tablet in a paediatric population (5–17 years) with moderate‐to‐severe AR/C induced by pollen from birch and trees in the birch homologous group.MethodsNine hundred

As the world still vividly recalls the previous monkeypox (mpox) outbreak that impacted over 120 countries worldwide with more than 99,000 cases in 2022, we are now facing a second wave of infections from the monkeypox virus (MPXV), characterized by an exponential increase in cases. The current 2024 outbreak has already recorded more than 20,000 cases in Africa, marking a dramatic escalation compared

BackgroundThe role of autoimmune IgE responses in atopic dermatitis (AD) is highly debated. While IgE targeting self‐proteins has been extensively studied, IgE responses induced by human‐homologous exogenous molecular allergens (HEMAs) remains less understood.AimTo investigate whether IgE antibody responses to HEMAs are associated with AD, its severity, and response to dupilumab.MethodsWe enrolled

BackgroundAlteration of airway neuronal function and density and bidirectional interaction between immune cells and sensory peripheral nerves have been proposed to trigger and perpetuate inflammation that contribute to asthma severity. To date, few studies analysed neuroplasticity and neuroinflammation in tissue of asthmatic individuals. We hypothesized that the presence of these phenomena would be

Human skin is colonized with skin microbiota that includes commensal bacteria, fungi, arthropods, archaea and viruses. The composition of the microbiota varies at different anatomical locations according to changes in body temperature, pH, humidity/hydration or sebum content. A homeostatic skin microbiota is crucial to maintain epithelial barrier functions, to protect from invading pathogens and to

This European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) guideline provides recommendations for the management of IgE‐mediated food allergy and was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Following the confirmation of IgE‐mediated food allergy diagnosis, allergen avoidance and dietary advice (with support of a specialised dietitian

BackgroundFecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a novel treatment for inflammatory diseases. Herein, we assess its safety, efficacy, and immunological impact in patients with moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis (AD).MethodsIn this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, we performed the efficacy and safety assessment of FMT for moderate‐to‐severe adult patients with AD. All

BackgroundSevere refractory, neutrophilic asthma remains an unsolved clinical problem. STING agonists induce a neutrophilic response in the airways, suggesting that STING activation may contribute to the triggering of neutrophilic exacerbations. We aim to determine whether STING‐induced neutrophilic lung inflammation mimics severe asthma.MethodsWe developed new models of neutrophilic lung inflammation

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated food allergies are reported to affect around 3.5% of children and 2.4% of adults, with symptoms varying in range and severity. While being the gold standard for diagnosis, oral food challenges are burdensome, and diagnostic tools based on specific IgE can be flawed. Furthering our understanding of the mechanisms behind food allergy onset, severity and persistence could

BackgroundAir pollutants, such as diesel exhaust particles (DEPs), induce respiratory disease exacerbation with neutrophilic infiltration. Progranulin (PGRN), an epithelial cell and macrophage‐derived secretory protein, is associated with neutrophilic inflammation. PGRN is digested into various derivatives at inflammatory sites and is involved in several inflammatory processes. PGRN and its derivatives

BackgroundThe role of lung group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation in allergic asthma is increasingly established. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α)‐mediated glycolysis in ILC2‐mediated allergic airway inflammation remain unclear.ObjectiveTo investigate the role of the HIF‐1α/glycolysis axis in ILC2‐mediated allergic airway inflammation.MethodsGlycolysis

BackgroundManagement of moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis (AD) needs long‐term therapy. Stapokibart is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin‐4 receptor α subunit (IL‐4Rα), a shared receptor for IL‐4 and IL‐13 which are key pathogenic drivers of AD. In a pivotal phase 3 trial (NCT05265923), significant higher proportions of adult AD patients receiving stapokibart than placebo achieved

BackgroundCRUSE® is an app that allows patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) to monitor their daily disease activity through the use of visual analogue scales (VASs). We aimed to determine the concurrent validity, reliability, responsiveness and minimal important difference (MID) of CRUSE® VASs.MethodsWe evaluated the properties of three daily VASs: VAS for how much patients were affected

BackgroundNatural allergen sources contain a variety of allergens, against which allergic subjects have developed individual sensitization profiles. Ideal allergen products for skin prick testing (SPT) and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) should contain the complete set of allergens of the respective allergen sources to cover all sensitization profiles. However, commercially available allergen products

BackgroundAlpha‐gal syndrome is a novel food allergy to the oligosaccharide galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose (alpha‐gal) present in mammalian meat. Tick bites are considered an important route of sensitization to alpha‐gal. Data on alpha‐gal sensitization in the general population is scant. We utilized a unique data source of repeated population‐based health examination studies to assess prevalence, time

IntroductionSevere bronchiolitis (i.e., bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization) is linked to childhood asthma development. Despite a growing understanding of risk factors for developing post‐bronchiolitis asthma, protective factors remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether exposure to residential greenness between birth and bronchiolitis hospitalization is associated with asthma

BackgroundLoss of smell is a part of the diagnostic criteria for CRSwNP. Although the mechanistic understanding is poor, inhibition of IL‐4Rα and IL‐4/IL‐13 signaling improves loss of smell in CRSwNP patients. In the present study, we compare the effects of IL‐4, IL‐13, and IL‐4Rα blockade on murine olfaction and identify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of loss of smell.MethodsTo evaluate

Since the 1960s, more than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced into the lives of humans and domestic animals. Many of them have become part of modern life and some are affecting nature as pollutants. Yet, our comprehension of their potential health risks for both humans and animals remains partial. The “epithelial barrier theory” suggests that genetic predisposition and exposure to diverse factors

BackgroundFarm‐dust mediated asthma protection in childhood was replicated in numerous epidemiological studies. Central immune mechanisms are not fully understood. This exploratory study aimed to disentangle underlying immunological regulation of farm‐dust mediated protection in peripheral blood on a single‐cell level.MethodsSingle‐cell protein expression of in vitro farm‐dust stimulated and unstimulated