Diabetologia ( IF 8.4 ) Pub Date : 2024-12-13 , DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06338-7 Maria J. Redondo, David Cuthbertson, Andrea K. Steck, Kevan C. Herold, Richard Oram, Mark Atkinson, Todd M. Brusko, Hemang M. Parikh, Jeffrey P. Krischer, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu, Stephen S. Rich, Jay M. Sosenko
Aims/hypothesis
Many studies of type 1 diabetes pathogenesis focus on individuals with high-risk HLA haplotypes. We tested the hypothesis that, among islet autoantibody-positive individuals, lacking HLA-DRB1*04-DQA1*03-DQB1*0302 (HLA-DR4-DQ8) and/or HLA-DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 (HLA-DR3-DQ2) is associated with phenotypic differences, compared with those who have these high-risk HLA haplotypes.
Methods
We classified autoantibody-positive relatives of individuals with type 1 diabetes into four groups based on having both HLA-DR4-DQ8 and HLA-DR3-DQ2 (DR3/DR4; n=1263), HLA-DR4-DQ8 but not HLA-DR3-DQ2 (DR4/non-DR3; n=2340), HLA-DR3-DQ2 but not HLA-DR4-DQ8 (DR3/non-DR4; n=1607) and neither HLA-DR3-DQ2 nor HLA-DR4-DQ8 (DRX/DRX; n=1294). Group comparisons included demographics, metabolic markers and the prevalence of autoantibodies against GAD65 (GADA%), IA-2 (IA-2A%) or insulin (IAA%) at enrolment. A p value <0.01 was considered statistically significant.
Results
IA-2A% was lower in the DRX/DRX group (20.9%) than in the DR4/non-DR3 (38.5%, p<0.001) and DR3/DR4 (44.8%, p<0.001) groups, but similar to the DR3/non-DR4 group (20.0%). Conversely, IAA% was similar in the DRX/DRX (43.4%), DR4/non-DR3 (41.1%) and DR3/DR4 (41.0%) groups, but lower in the DR3/non-DR4 group (30.1%, p<0.001). Participants in the DRX/DRX group were older, with a lower prevalence of White participants and a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity, and higher preserved C-peptide (as measured by a lower Index60) than those in the DR3/DR4 group (all comparisons, p<0.005), a lower prevalence of White or non-Hispanic participants and a lower Index60 than those in the DR4/non-DR3 group, and younger age, a higher prevalence of Hispanic participants and a lower Index60 than those in the DR3/non-DR4 group (all comparisons, p<0.005). Among the 1292 participants who progressed to clinical type 1 diabetes, those in the DR3/non-DR4 group had higher GADA%, lower IA-2A% and lower IAA% than the other groups (all comparisons, p<0.01), and those in the DR3/DR4 group had the youngest age at diagnosis (all comparisons, p<0.001).
Conclusions/interpretation
Autoantibody-positive individuals who lack both high-risk HLA haplotypes (DRX/DRX) or have HLA-DR3-DQ2 but lack HLA-DR4-DQ8 (DR3/non-DR4) have phenotypic differences compared with DR3/DR4 and DR4/non-DR3 individuals, suggesting that there is aetiological heterogeneity in type 1 diabetes.
Graphical Abstract
中文翻译:
无高危 HLA-DR4-DQ8 或 HLA-DR3-DQ2 单倍型的自身抗体阳性个体特征
目标/假设
许多关于 1 型糖尿病发病机制的研究都集中在具有高危 HLA 单倍型的个体上。我们检验了以下假设:在胰岛自身抗体阳性个体中,缺乏 HLA-DRB1*04-DQA1*03-DQB1*0302 (HLA-DR4-DQ8) 和/或 HLA-DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201 (HLA-DR3-DQ2) 与表型差异相关,与具有这些高危 HLA 单倍型的人相比。
方法
我们根据 HLA-DR4-DQ8 和 HLA-DR3-DQ2 (DR3/DR4;n=1263)、HLA-DR4-DQ8 但不是 HLA-DR3-DQ2 (DR4/非 DR3;n=2340)、HLA-DR3-DQ2 而不是 HLA-DR4-DQ8 (DR3/非 DR4;n=1607),HLA-DR3-DQ2 和 HLA-DR4-DQ8 (DRX/DRX;n=1294)。组比较包括人口统计学、代谢标志物和入组时针对 GAD65 (GADA%) 、IA-2 (IA-2A%) 或胰岛素 (IAA%) 的自身抗体患病率。p 值 <0.01 被认为具有统计学意义。
结果
DRX/DRX 组 (20.9%) 的 IA-2A 低于 DR4/非 DR3 组 (38.5%,p<0.001) 和 DR3/DR4 (44.8%,p<0.001) 组,但与 DR3/非 DR4 组 (20.0%) 相似。相反,DRX/DRX 组 (43.4%) 、DR4/非 DR3 (41.1%) 和 DR3/DR4 (41.0%) 组的 IAA% 相似,但 DR3/非 DR4 组较低 (30.1%,p<0.001)。与 DR3/DR4 组相比,DRX/DRX 组的参与者年龄较大,白人参与者的患病率较低,超重/肥胖的患病率较高,保留的 C 肽(通过较低的指数 60 衡量)(所有比较,p<0.005),白人或非西班牙裔参与者的患病率较低,指数 60 低于 DR4/非 DR3 组。 和 年龄较小,西班牙裔参与者的患病率高于 DR3/非 DR4 组,指数 60 较低(所有比较,p<0.005)。在 1292 名进展为临床 1 型糖尿病的参与者中,DR3/非 DR4 组的 GADA% 高于其他组,IA-2A% 较低,IAA% 较低 (所有比较,p<0.01),DR3/DR4 组的诊断年龄最小 (所有比较,p<0.001)。
结论/解释
缺乏高危 HLA 单倍型 (DRX/DRX) 或具有 HLA-DR3-DQ2 但缺乏 HLA-DR4-DQ8 (DR3/非 DR4) 的自身抗体阳性个体与 DR3/DR4 和 DR4/非 DR3 个体相比存在表型差异,表明 1 型糖尿病存在病因异质性。