ImportanceParenting is associated with brain development and long-term health outcomes, although whether these associations depend on the developmental timing of exposure remains understudied. Identifying these sensitive periods can inform when and how parenting is associated with neurodevelopment and risk for mental illness.ObjectiveTo characterize how harsh and warm parenting during early, middle, and late childhood are associated with brain architecture during adolescence and, in turn, psychiatric symptoms in early adulthood during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based, 21-year observational, longitudinal birth cohort study of low-income youths and families from Detroit, Michigan; Toledo, Ohio; and Chicago, Illinois, used data from the Future of Families and Child Well-being Study. Data were collected from February 1998 to June 2021. Analyses were conducted from May to October 2023.ExposuresParent-reported harsh parenting (psychological aggression or physical aggression) and observer-rated warm parenting (responsiveness) at ages 3, 5, and 9 years.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were brainwide (segregation, integration, and small-worldness), circuit (prefrontal cortex [PFC]–amygdala connectivity), and regional (betweenness centrality of amygdala and PFC) architecture at age 15 years, determined using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and youth-reported anxiety and depression symptoms at age 21 years. The structured life-course modeling approach was used to disentangle timing-dependent from cumulative associations between parenting and brain architecture.ResultsA total of 173 youths (mean [SD] age, 15.88 [0.53] years; 95 female [55%]) were included. Parental psychological aggression during early childhood was positively associated with brainwide segregation (β = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.45) and small-worldness (β = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.28), whereas parental psychological aggression during late childhood was negatively associated with PFC-amygdala connectivity (β = −0.37; 95% CI, −0.55 to −0.12). Warm parenting during middle childhood was positively associated with amygdala centrality (β = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.38) and negatively associated with PFC centrality (β = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.31 to −0.03). Warmer parenting during middle childhood was associated with reduced anxiety (β = −0.05; 95% CI −0.10 to −0.01) and depression (β = −0.05; 95% CI −0.10 to −0.003) during early adulthood via greater adolescent amygdala centrality.Conclusions and RelevanceNeural associations with harsh parenting were widespread across the brain in early childhood but localized in late childhood. Neural associations with warm parenting were localized in middle childhood and, in turn, were associated with mental health during future stress. These developmentally contingent associations can inform the type and timing of interventions.

中文翻译：

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育儿、大脑结构和心理健康之间关联的发育时间


重要性育儿与大脑发育和长期健康结果相关，尽管这些关联是否取决于暴露的发育时间仍未得到充分研究。确定这些敏感期可以了解何时以及如何与神经发育和精神疾病风险相关。目的描述童年早期、中期和晚期严厉和温暖的养育方式与青春期大脑结构的关系，进而与 COVID-19 大流行期间成年早期的精神症状相关。设计、设置和参与者这项基于人群的 21 年观察性纵向出生队列研究，针对密歇根州底特律的低收入青年和家庭;俄亥俄州托莱多;伊利诺伊州芝加哥市使用了来自家庭的未来和儿童福祉研究的数据。数据收集时间为 1998 年 2 月至 2021 年 6 月。分析于 2023 年 5 月至 2023 年 10 月进行。暴露父母报告的严厉养育方式（心理攻击或身体攻击）和观察者评价的温暖养育方式（回应性）在 3 岁、5 岁和 9 岁时。主要结局和措施主要结局是 15 岁时的全脑 （分离、整合和小世界性）、回路 （前额叶皮层 [PFC]-杏仁核连接性）和区域 （杏仁核和 PFC 的中介中心性） 结构，使用功能性磁共振成像确定，以及 21 岁时青年报告的焦虑和抑郁症状。结构化生命历程建模方法用于从养育子女和大脑结构之间的累积关联中解脱出时间依赖性。结果共纳入 173 名青少年 （平均 [SD] 年龄，15.88 [0.53] 岁;95 名女性 [55%]）。 父母在儿童早期的心理攻击与全脑隔离（β = 0.30;95% CI，0.14 至 0.45）和小世界性（β = 0.17;95% CI，0.03 至 0.28）呈正相关，而父母在儿童晚期的心理攻击与 PFC-杏仁核连接呈负相关（β = -0.37;95% CI，-0.55 至 -0.12）。童年中期温暖的养育方式与杏仁核中心性呈正相关 （β = 0.23;95% CI，0.06 至 0.38），与 PFC 中心性呈负相关 （β = -0.18;95% CI，-0.31 至 -0.03）。童年中期温暖的养育方式与成年早期焦虑 （β = -0.05;95% CI -0.10 至 -0.01） 和抑郁 （β = -0.05;95% CI -0.10 至 -0.003） 的减少有关，通过更大的青少年杏仁核中心性。结论和相关性 与严厉养育方式的神经关联在儿童早期的大脑中广泛存在，但在儿童晚期局限于大脑。与温暖养育方式的神经关联位于童年中期，反过来，与未来压力期间的心理健康相关。这些发展或有关联可以告知干预措施的类型和时间。