A transposon-derived isoform of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor IFNAR2 can serve as a decoy receptor to regulate IFN signalling.

Yan et al. report the identification of a population of muscle spindle macrophages, which regulate the muscle stretch reflex through glutamate production.

A preprint by Chung et al. presents a framework for the use of transcriptomic and epigenomic data to identify novel transcription factors driving CD8+ T cell states.

Correction to: Nature Reviews Immunology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-024-01075-9, published online 9 September 2024.

Correction to: Nature Reviews Immunology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-024-01075-9, published online 9 September 2024.

Endogenous self-peptides derived from CNS antigens are presented on MHC class II molecules at the borders of the CNS and expand suppressive populations of CD4+ T cells.

Sialylated IgG protects against severe influenza by inducing the transcriptional repressor REST, which dampens the inflammatory response and preserves lung tissue function.

A preprint by Villar-Vesga et al. shows that monocyte-derived cells in the central nervous system produce mitochondrial reactive oxygen species to promote neuroinflammation.

A preprint by Hor et al. shows that PD1 signalling regulates the maintenance of a high-affinity, stem-like T cell subset in tumour-draining lymph nodes.

ILC2s promote inhibitory synapse formation in the postnatal mouse brain through the production of IL-13.

Inflammation and fibrosis are linked to organ dysfunction. Two studies in Nature investigate the cross-talk between immune cells and fibroblasts in the context of heart disease and identify potential targets for therapy.

Increased intratumoral acidity associated with a high-fat diet accelarates tumour growth through the acid-sensing receptor GPR65 on tumour-associated macrophages.

Blocking the RNase activity of IRE1α can convert 'cold' tumours to immunologically 'hot' ones that respond to chemo-immunotherapy.

Two studies in Cell Stem Cell and Nature use single-cell transcriptomics of human fetal tissue to investigate the roles of tissue-resident macrophages in prenatal pancreas and skin development.

Febrile temperatures disrupt metabolism and induce DNA damage disproportionately in T helper 1 cell subsets. Cells that survive apoptosis and adapt by increasing their mitochondrial mass and DNA damage responses gain enhanced effector functions.

CD8+ T cells are crucial in controlling infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) but are functionally impaired during chronic HBV infection. Traditionally, these functional deficits have been associated with classical T cell exhaustion due to persistent antigenic stimulation. However, recent findings challenge this concept, emphasizing the multifactorial nature of T cell dysfunction in HBV infection

MICL regulates neutrophil responses by serving as an inhibitory pattern-recognition receptor for NETs.

Correction to: Nature Reviews Immunology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00735-y, published online 1 June 2022.

A study in Cell describes a platform to supply exogenous mitochondria to CD8+ T cells via nanotubes, which boosts their antitumour efficacy.

Francesca Di Rosa works on T cells and is committed to science outreach. Together with Adrian Hayday, she recently conceptualized and delivered the exhibit ‘Vaccination, a time machine’ at the Royal Society Summer Exhibition in London. Here, she shares her thoughts on how to communicate a core scientific content with artistic and historical input, according to her ‘5C’ formula.

Starkl et al. show that mast cells have a key role in the metabolic network that underlies postoperative pain and demonstrate that this can be therapeutically targeted in mouse models.

Correction to: Nature Reviews Immunology https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-024-01070-0, published online 4 September 2024.

Anne Spurkland is a professor of medicine, and her research interests include T cell activation and autoimmunity. She is also an avid baker of cakes that everyone can have and eat too, irrespective of allergies and dietary preferences. This latter passion propelled her into national fame as one of Norway’s most visible experts on immunity and viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

In this Tools of the Trade article, Mayar Allam and Ahmet Coskun describe how they combined spatial metabolomics and proteomics profiling — in a framework they call scSpaMet — to explore, at the single-cell level, how metabolic profiles vary by location and in disease.

Kloosterman, Erbani et al. describe a lipid-mediated, metabolic crosstalk between tumour-associated macrophages and glioblastoma cells that supports tumour growth.

Organoids generated from individuals with coeliac disease identify a role for IL-7 in disease pathogenesis.

Thierry, Baudon et al. show that non-classical monocytes are nurtured by endothelial cell expression of CSF1 throughout the whole vascular tree.

Neuroinflammation in response to infection or chronic disease can cause non-neural symptoms such as fatigue and muscle pain. Yang et al. show that CNS-derived IL-6 directly regulates muscle physiology.

Transient depletion of the gut microbiome by antibiotics in early life reduces systemic levels of the metabolite indole-3-propionic acid, which causes long-lasting mitochondrial damage to lung epithelial cells and increases susceptibility to airway inflammation in adult mice.

In this Tools of the Trade article, Camilla Engblom and colleagues describe their elegant technique ‘Spatial VDJ’ to detect and map antigen receptor sequences in human tissue sections.

The pyroptotic secretome can be beneficial in promoting tissue repair.

Age-associated defects in dendritic cells can be corrected by hyperactivating adjuvants containing an oxidized phospholipid to induce effective antitumour responses in mice.

Two papers in Nature Immunology provide a comprehensive atlas of human natural killer cells in health and in different types of cancer.