样式: 排序: IF: - GO 导出 标记为已读
-
How dark traits and regulatory focus manifest in online hotel reviews: a textual content analysis J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-11-02 Salman Yousaf, Jong Min Kim
This study seeks to explore how Dark Triad of psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism interact with consumers’ regulatory focus (prevention-focus and promotion-focus) to influence online cons...
-
The hidden gems in online reviews: unraveling how the expressions of affective needs impact review usefulness J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-10-14 Tong Yang, Chen Jason Zhang, Jie Wu, Junming Zhang
Recognizing the importance of affective fulfillment for contemporary customers, this study aims to investigate how the expressions of affective needs in online reviews impact review usefulness. Dra...
-
Service robots in my workplace: effects of employee-service robot co-work experiences on psychological empowerment J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-09-17 Xin Liu, Lu Zhang, Tengteng Zhu
With increased application of service robots in the hospitality industry, many employees nowadays are required to work with service robots. Existing studies mainly focused on the impact of service ...
-
Customer experiences with service robots in hotels: a review and research agenda J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-09-17 Nripendra P. Rana, Nusaiba Begum, Mohd. Nishat Faisal, Anubhav Mishra
This study consolidates the limited research on real-life customer experiences with hotels that have integrated service robots (SR) grounded in the Usability, Social Acceptance, User experience, an...
-
Employees’ sustainability behavior: moderating effects of customer environmental awareness J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-09-16 Eunhee Seo, Robin Nunkoo, Meehee Cho
In response to the widespread issue of significant food waste in the foodservice industry, this study aims to explore the key constraints that hinder restaurants’ efforts to reduce food waste. Thro...
-
Artificial intelligence features and their service outcomes: a meta-analysis J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-08-23 Minglong Li, Xiaoyang Sun, Meichen Hua, Hailian Qiu
With the permeation of artificial intelligence (AI) through the tourism and hospitality industry, a comprehensive understanding of its features and service outcomes is important for both academia a...
-
Work-life imbalance, burning out, feeling down, I will quit, but quietly – the case of hospitality employees J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-08-13 Catherine Prentice, Sergio Dominique-Ferreira, Xuequn Wang, Jesse Tuominen, Márcia Duarte, Helena Rocha
Given the long and irregular working hours and low wages in the hospitality sector, employees often experience poor well-being and suffer from burnout. Instead of leaving their jobs, these employee...
-
Racial discrimination in online booking: how profile pictures affect host behaviors and platform actions J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-08-13 Chunhong Li, Juan Luis Nicolau, Xianwei Liu
Research has shown that racial discrimination is detrimental to the ethnic minorities in accommodation and hospitality sectors. However, whether racial discrimination happens during the stage of on...
-
Customers’ metaverse service encounter perceptions: sentiment analysis and topic modeling J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-07-29 S. Jerrin Issac Sam, K. Mohamed Jasim, Manivannan Babu
Using machine learning, we examined customers’ opinions about the metaverse in the hospitality industry (encompassing hotels, restaurant, gaming, virtual events, tours and travel). A total of 8,855...
-
An integrated model of artificially intelligent (AI) facial recognition technology adoption based on perceived risk theory and extended TPB: a comparative analysis of US and South Korea J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-07-21 Jinsoo Hwang, Jungsun (Sunny) Kim, Kyu-Hyeon Joo, Ja Young (Jacey) Choe
The purpose of this research work is to merge two theories (i.e. the perceived risk theory and the extended theory of planned behavior) to explain for the formation of behavioral and switching inte...
-
Effects of human-robot interaction type on customer tolerance of humanoid robot service failure J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-07-14 Ke Ma, Xiaojie Duan, Xiaoye Fu, Wengang Liu, Mingfu Zheng
The impact of robot service failure on customer retention is well-recognized, with a growing focus on effective robot recovery strategies. Despite this, the formation of human-robot relationships d...
-
The antecedents of top management’s involvement in green technology innovation J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-06-21 Giovanna Del Gaudio, M. Omar Parvez, Md Sazzad Hossain, Enrico Di Taranto E, Cihan Cobanoglu, Valentina Della Corte
Green technology innovation is a vital strategic driver for the sustainable development of an organization and is pitched toward energy conservation, pollution mitigation, and waste recycling. This...
-
Corporate good deed and service failure: does being good lead to forgiveness? J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-06-21 Chia Yen Yang, Fandy Tjiptono, Christina Kwai Choi Lee, Jasmine May Yee Loo
While Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has a positive influence on transactional outcomes following a service failure in the hospitality industry, little is known about its influence on consum...
-
Adverse impacts of revealing the presence of “Artificial Intelligence (AI)” technology in product and service descriptions on purchase intentions: the mediating role of emotional trust and the moderating role of perceived risk J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-06-19 Mesut Cicek, Dogan Gursoy, Lu Lu
While the presence of the term “Artificial Intelligence (AI)” in a product description may be viewed as a sign of that product having advanced capabilities and features, it may also trigger fear an...
-
Comparative Analysis of Per-Tourist and Total Carbon Emissions Generated in Hospitality and Tourism Sectors: Impact on Climate Change and Implications for Economy, Society, and Environment J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-06-03 Yingwei (Wayne) Xu, Dogan Gursoy
This study explores the implications of per-tourist and total carbon emissions generated across diverse sectors within the hospitality & tourism industry on climate change, as well as their seconda...
-
Hospitality and tourism experience in metaverse: an examination of users’ behavior, motivations, and preferences J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-27 Soyeun Olivia Lee, Qi Wu, Sunghyup Sean Hyun
The rise of the metaverse presents an outlook for revitalizing the hospitality and tourism industry and garnering recognition across professional spheres. This study explores the motivations and pr...
-
Multiple mediating effects in the association between hotels’ eco-label credibility and green WOM behavior J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-23 Saeid Nosrati, Levent Altinay, Mahlagha Darvishmotevali
This study investigated the effect of hotels’ eco-label credibility (HELC) on customers’ green word-of-mouth behavior through triple mediating effects of biospheric and egoistic values, pro-environ...
-
Perceived meaningfulness or ego depletion? A two-path model of servant leadership behaviors influence on intention to leave J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-11 Yanqiu Liu, Yingwei Ren
Based on the conservation of resources theory, this study integrates the positive and negative aspects of the impact of servant leadership behaviors in the hospitality industry on leaders themselve...
-
Effects of servant leadership on service quality: Mediating roles of employees’ relational energy perceptions with managers and emotional energy perceptions toward work roles J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-05-05 Md Karim Rabiul, Rashed Al Karim, Faridahwati Mohd Shamsudin
This study examines how managers’ servant leadership style affects employee service quality, focusing on employees’ impression of relational energy with managers and emotional energy toward work ro...
-
A meta-analysis of antecedents and outcomes of psychological capital in hospitality and tourism J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-26 Zhen Yan, Zonggguo Zhang, Wei Chong Choo
While numerous studies have explored psychological capital (PsyCap), there has been a limited endeavor to offer a comprehensive overview of PsyCap within the realm of hospitality and tourism. This ...
-
Determinants of blockchain technology adoption in small and medium hospitality and tourism enterprises J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-10 Le Van Huy, Hanh T.H. Truong, Tan Vo-Thanh, Hien T.T. Nguyen, Thac Dang-Van, Ninh Nguyen
This study examines the determinants of blockchain technology adoption in small and medium hospitality and tourism enterprises. This study also investigates the moderating effect of technology opti...
-
Effects of robots’ appearance on guest service experiences J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-04-10 Hulya Bakirtas, Senem Hazel Baser
Robots are starting to replace human employees in the accommodation industry. It remains unclear how guests perceive robots. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the humanoid and non-hum...
-
The influence of green inclusive leadership on green creativity: a moderated mediation model J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-25 Lütfi Sürücü
Empirical research that offers nuanced insights into the antecedents of green creativity in the hospitality industry is scant. Therefore, this research focuses on the antecedents of employee-level ...
-
An investigation of the asymmetric relationships between service quality attributes and customer engagement: a three-factor theory approach J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-11 Tahir Albayrak, Özgür Davras, Meltem Caber, Josip Mikulić
The antecedents of customer engagement have been extensively examined in marketing and management literature since it is vital for the firm performance. Researchers have long assumed that relations...
-
The AI empathy effect: a mechanism of emotional contagion J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Weifang Liu, Shan Zhang, Tingting Zhang, Qiuchan Gu, Wei Han, Yupeng Zhu
While advances in technology have led to the widespread use of artificial intelligence (AI) in frontline services, the AI empathic effect is often overlooked. Based on emotional contagion theory, t...
-
Role of social media influencers on marketing of sustainable hotels: gratification and the parasocial interaction perspective J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Jeou-Shyan Horng, Chih-Hsing Liu, Sheng-Fang Chou, Tai-Yi Yu, Da-Chian Hu
Based on the concepts of gratification and parasocial interaction (PSI), we explore the effect of social media influencers on consumer behaviors in the marketing of sustainable hotels on Instagram ...
-
High-performance work systems and employees’ outcomes in challenging contexts: the role of hindrance stressors J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Claudia Benítez-Núñez, Daniel Dorta-Afonso, Petra de Saá-Pérez
This study aims to analyze the role of hindrance stressors in the relationship between high-performance work systems (HPWS) and employees’ outcomes in challenging contexts. Thus, this paper studies...
-
Understanding the consequences of robotic interaction quality and outcome quality: A three-phased affordance theory-based approach J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Huijun Yang, Hanqun Song, Lantian Xia, Andi Yang
Robotic interaction quality and outcome quality in restaurants are crucial in engaging customers and facilitating post-purchase behavior while few papers have examined their impact on psychological...
-
Green human resource management in hospitality: nurturing green voice behaviors through passion and mindfulness J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Lydia Murillo-Ramos, Irene Huertas-Valdivia, Fernando E. García-Muiña
This study uses Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to explore the nexus between green human resource management (GHRM) practices and employee green voice behaviors in the ...
-
Reexamination of consumers’ willingness to stay at green hotels: rethinking the role of social identity theory, value-belief-norm theory, and theory of planned behavior J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-12 Lei Wang, Qi Zhang, Philip Pong Weng Wong
A single theory cannot adequately resolve the research gap exists in green hotel literature concerning consumer attitude and behavior in determining whether social identity theory, value-belief-nor...
-
The role of technology in users’ wellbeing: Conceptualizing digital wellbeing in hospitality and future research directions J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-10 Sebastian Filep, Alice Kondja, Chris Chun Keung Wong, Karin Weber, Brent D. Moyle, Liubov Skavronskaya
Mental health concerns due to excess use of technology, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, require increased research studies that explore the role of technology in users’ wellbeing. This articl...
-
When leader’s workaholism meets the dark triad: understanding employee zero-sum mindset and resilience in relation to retention J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-12-10 Dan Jin
Zero-sum mind-set is characterized by the belief that success is limited and achieved at the expense of others. This study investigates the impact of a zero-sum mind-set on employee retention in th...
-
Guest interaction with hotel booking website information: scale development and validation of antecedents and consequences J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-25 Kareem M. Selem, Muhammad Haroon Shoukat, Rimsha Khalid, Mohsin Raza
Hotel booking websites to collect information about hospitality products/services are becoming more popular in the hotel industry. As a result, the importance of these websites for tourism firms ma...
-
Effect of online review comment recency on information processing: interaction between overall and recently posted individual ratings J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-18 Seunghun Shin, Zheng Xiang
This study aimed to examine the context-specific effect of online review recency on the processing of a review by tourists. It compared how tourists process the rating of a recently posted review, ...
-
Effects of service providers’ self-disclosure on booking platforms on consumers’ trust, hesitation, and booking intentions: moderating role of social media influencers J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-17 Naeem Akhtar, Umar Iqbal Siddiqi
This study aims to examine the relationship between service providers’ self-disclosure on hotel booking platforms (i.e. Booking.com and TripAdvisor) and consumers’ trust, hesitation, and booking in...
-
From screen to service: how corporate social responsibility messages on social media shape hotel consumer advocacy J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-12 Naveed Ahmad, Aqeel Ahmad, Anna Lewandowska, Heesup Han
This research attempts to investigate corporate social responsibility (CSR) and consumers’ advocacy behavior (CAB) association in the hotel services sector of a developing economy. Furthermore, thi...
-
What will make Generation Y and Generation Z to continue to use online food delivery services: a uses and gratifications theory perspective J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-11-07 Trieu Nguyen, Dung Minh Nguyen
The rapid growth of online food delivery (OFD) services presents new opportunities and challenges for OFD stakeholders, emphasizing the strategic importance of retaining customers. However, the exi...
-
The impact of leaders’ affiliative humor and aggressive humor on the workplace ostracism: a serial mediation model J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-31 Mann-Jung Hsiao, Hsiu-Yu Teng, Chien-Yu Chen, Cheng-Hsien Hsieh
This study investigated the impact of leader humor on workplace ostracism, with leader-member exchange (LMX) and supervisor ostracism employed as mediators. Data from 517 full-time hotel employees ...
-
Understanding psychological ownership in access-based consumption through a theory synthesis: an investigation of Airbnb and hotels J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-10-08 Jing Li, Hyunsu Kim, Kevin Kam Fung So
Access-based consumption has received close attention from academics and industry practitioners in recent years. However, the nature of this type of consumption and the corresponding concept of psy...
-
Corporate social responsibility and employer brand personality appeal: approaches for human resources challenges in the hospitality sector J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-28 Mohammad Azimi, Faraz Sadeghvaziri, Zahed Ghaderi, Collin Michael Hall
Employer branding in organizational human resources management is essential. Nevertheless, certain gaps persist within the realm of scientific research in this field, particularly in the exploratio...
-
How does artificial intelligence (AI) enhance hospitality employee innovation? The roles of exploration, AI trust, and proactive personality J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-26 Haiyan Kong, Zihan Yin, Kaye Chon, Yue Yuan, Jinhan Yu
This study examines how employees’ perceived AI-supported autonomy influences their innovative performance in hospitality. Drawing on self-determination theory, we proposed and examined a moderated...
-
Investigating a sequential mediation effect between unethical leadership and unethical pro-family behavior: testing moral awareness as a moderator J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-24 Saeid Nosrati, Niusha Talebzadeh, Ali Ozturen, Levent Altinay
This study aims to investigate the effect of unethical leadership on unethical pro-family behavior through the sequential mediating effect of emotional exhaustion and unethical pro-organizational b...
-
Effects of contemporary technologies, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing consumers’ trustworthiness of online reviews J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-09-24 Rajesh Rajaguru
The research note discusses the potential effects of contemporary technologies, such as blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI), in enhancing consumers’ trustworthiness of online reviews in the...
-
Hi Alexa, do hotel guests have privacy concerns with you?: A cross-cultural study J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-31 Jungsun (Sunny) Kim, Mehmet Erdem, Boran Kim
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among customer trust toward voice Artificial Intelligence (AI) in guestrooms, information privacy concerns associated with this technology,...
-
Facing the era of smartness – delivering excellent smart hospitality experiences through cloud computing J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-28 Hsuan Hsu
This study aims to explore the role of cloud computing in the creation of smart hospitality experiences and bridge the existing gap in knowledge. The research adopts a mixed research approach, comb...
-
Good or excellent? Factors determining online hotel ratings. A spatial approach J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-19 Andrea Valenzuela-Ortiz, José-Alberto Castañeda, Jorge Chica-Olmo
In a competitive environment, where hotel demand is lower than market supply, it is of interest to determine what factors explain how excellence differentiates certain hotels from others. Using spa...
-
Navigating the online reputation maze: impact of review availability and heuristic cues on restaurant influencer marketing effectiveness J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-18 Nadia Hanin Nazlan, Huiying Zhang, Jie Sun, Wen Chang
Restaurants can engage and attract social media users by showcasing their food or services through influencer marketing campaigns. However, the influencers and restaurant companies need to understa...
-
Service robot’s responses in service recovery and service evaluation: the moderating role of robots’ social perception J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-17 Minghui Shan, Zhenzhong Zhu, Haipeng (Allan) Chen, Sijie Sun
Service robots are used in all aspects of the service industry and improve business efficiency dramatically. However, service robot failures are also prevalent. This paper explores the interaction ...
-
Who’s asking? Social platform and research sponsors’ identity biases in guests’ hospitality experience-reviews: a case study of Spanish hotels J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-14 Arch G Woodside, Pedro Mir-Bernal, Teresa Sabada Garraza, Patricia San Miguel
The study here assesses the systematic variability of service performance assessments in customer reviews placed in alternative online social media platforms in the travel industry as well as respo...
-
Effects of customer relationship management on service innovation: moderating role of managers’ risk-taking behavior and interaction frequency J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-08-09 Praneet Randhawa
This study leverages a nested dataset (customers within service firms) to study the link between relationship investment and perceived innovativeness, and its impact on customer outcomes by using a...
-
Sensory Experience at Farm-to-Table Events (SEFTE): conceptualization and scale development J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-30 Tonny Menglun Kuo, Chyong-Ru Liu, Yao-Chin Wang, Hsuan Chen
Based on sensory marketing, this study developed a scale for sensory experience at farm-to-table events (SEFTE). In Study 1, we extracted 254 statements from in-depth interviews and narrowed down t...
-
Effects of internal strategic resources and capabilities on service innovation J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-30 Thac Dang-Van, Jianming Wang, Le Van Huy, Ninh Nguyen
This study aims to enrich the extant literature by investigating the predictive ability of IT capability on service innovation in the luxury hotel sector, with the mediating roles of organizational...
-
Social media content strategy in hospitality: the impact of experiential posts and response congruence on engagement, hotel image, and booking intention J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-27 Mónica Veloso, Marco Ieva, Mónica Gómez-Suárez
This study aims to address the role of content type in social media posts and the influence of management response congruence on improving user engagement, booking intention and hotel brand image. ...
-
Hotel services in the digital age: Heterogeneity in guests’ contactless technology acceptance J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-24 Richard T. R. Qiu, Jinah Park, Fei Hao, Kaye Chon
Although contactless technologies provide smarter and safer experiences to hotel guests, their acceptance is not universal. This study, which considers six types of contactless technology used in h...
-
Is the information on green hotel websites aligned with the drivers affecting customers’ intention to visit green hotels? A mixed-methods approach J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-20 Arghya Ray, Itisha Sachdeva, Nripendra P. Rana, Robin Nunkoo, Long She
Understanding enablers and barriers influencing customers’ intention to use green hotels can help managers formulate better online green marketing strategies. However, existing studies fail to capt...
-
Past, present, and future of anthropomorphism in hospitality & tourism: conceptualization and systematic review J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-14 Rehan Husain, Vir Ved Ratna, Anupam Saxena
The employment of anthropomorphism in promotion has witnessed a notable surge in recent times, surpassing prevous levels in the hospitality and tourism sectors. This research examines the developme...
-
How has the knowledge of employee goal orientation evolved in hospitality research over the last two decades? Insights for researchers and practitioners J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-14 Wen Yang, Ada Lo
This study analyzes the development of hotel goal orientation literature by examining 42 articles published between 2003 and 2023. Through content analysis and co-citation analysis using VOSviewer,...
-
Green entrepreneurship orientation, green innovation and hotel performance: the moderating role of managerial environmental concern J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-28 Ayatollah Momayez, Nasrin Rasouli, Mohammad Alimohammadirokni, S. Mostafa Rasoolimanesh
This study investigates whether hotels’ environmental and organizational performance is improved through green entrepreneurship, innovation, and managerial environmental concern. Through an online ...
-
A profile deviation approach to enhancing relationship marketing outcomes J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-23 Senika Dewnarain, Felix Mavondo, Haywantee Ramkissoon, Ahmed Shaalan
The study examines seven key dimensions of online customer engagement behaviour and uses these to build ideal and baseline profiles. This ensures verbal and statistical correspondence. This approac...
-
Understanding customer attitudes and behaviors towards drone food delivery services: An investigation of customer motivations and challenges J. Hosp. Market. Manag. (IF 11.9) Pub Date : 2023-06-22 Khuram Shahzad, Qingyu Zhang, Muhammad Ashfaq
ABSTRACT Drones in food delivery (DFD) have been getting significant attention in recent years owing to their ability to deliver food quickly without being affected by traffic, enhancing business practices. Therefore, this study attempts to understand consumer desires and intentions to adopt DFD in the shed of behavioral reasoning theory. The proposed framework was examined using data from 394 DFD