Soil erosion is a major concern for both agricultural and natural resources. Soil water repellency (SWR) is known to hinder wetting of soils, decreasing infiltration of water and thus increasing overland flow—the driving force for erosion. These hydrological impacts of SWR on erosion, are quite well established. In contrast, the mechanical impacts of SWR, namely on the resistance to erosion, are poorly

Earthquakes are recognized as the primary cause of submarine landslides. These earthquake-induced submarine landslides can damage seafloor infrastructure (e.g. submarine cables, oil pipes and rigs) and trigger anomalous tsunamis that cannot be explained solely by coseismic deformation. However, due to their underwater occurrence, earthquake-induced submarine landslides are difficult to observe and

Quartz is one of the most common minerals in the Earth's crust, and its deposition and cycling are ubiquitous and crucial in energy and environmental sciences. Due to the existence of multiple types of quartz and diverse mechanisms that result in their formation, this variation is expected to significantly impact shale deposition, diagenesis, and reservoir properties. Moreover, it plays a crucial role

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) has the largest permafrost area in the low- and mid-latitudes. With warmer ground temperatures and ice-rich terrain, the TP permafrost is potentially more vulnerable to climate warming. Abrupt thaw induced by rapid ground ice melt and thermokarst process has become more frequent in the TP, which will likely have a large impact on the regional water and carbon exchanges. This

The DOUNCE (DOUshantuo Negative Carbon isotope Excursion) was marked by a significant shift in δ13Ccarb from ∼ + 5 ‰ down to ∼ − 12 ‰ in the upper part of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China. As an equivalent event of the Shuram/Wonoka anomaly, the DOUNCE event is the largest negative δ13Ccarb excursion in geological history and denotes a global ocean oxygenation event. Consequently,

Granitic rocks are ubiquitous worldwide in ancient and active tectonic settings, representing powerful sources of information about the Earth's past and present geodynamic behaviour. Numerous recent milestones fostering our knowledge of granites would have not been possible without a long-lasting, sometimes controversial, discussion on their origin and significance that has taken place over the last

The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition represents a pivotal geological marker, denoting the decline of the Ediacaran biota and the emergence of most modern phyla in an interval marked by perturbations to the carbon cycle (as evidence by carbonate carbon isotopes, δ13Ccarb), biotic turnover, dynamic paleoredox regimes, and magnetic field instability. Following initial international expeditions to the Anti-Atlas

The global reorganizations of marine ecosystems in the terminal Ediacaran and Terreneuvian include two breakthroughs (Cambrian Information Revolution and Agronomic Revolution) followed by the Cambrian Substrate Revolution in the Cambrian Series 2–Furongian. The first two attribute to colonization of new ecological niches by burrowing bilaterians and their gradual expansion within the marine realm.

The Cretaceous to recent West and Central African Rift System is a major geological feature in Africa, extending 4000 km from the west to the east. Its formation is related to the breakup of Gondwana and the separation of Africa from South America, during which a complex network of extensional, wrench and pull-apart basins formed. These basins can be separated into two coeval rift sub-systems, the

The evolution of rivers is closely tied to basin tectonics and climate change. Consequently, understanding the formation and evolution of large rivers (which can traverse diverse geological units and potentially complex climatic zones) can provide valuable insights into regional to continental tectonic activity and climate change. The Yellow River, which originates in the Tibetan Plateau and flows

The mechanism for crustal thickening and superposition of several orogens is critical for understanding the growth of mountain ranges. Our study focuses on a trans-orogen crustal cross-section to revisit the Andean tectonic evolution in the Northern Central Andes (5°-8°S). It is based on a review of the geological setting, the definition of long-term tectono-sedimentary successions, and for the first

Fluids are naturally present in the crust from subsoil to several kilometers deep. The representation of the Earth's crust as a purely elastic medium ignores the effects of fluids within rock pores. Because the presence of fluids alters the mechanical response of rocks, the theory of poro-elasticity can be used to more accurately represent the deformation and the stress field of the crust, especially

Body size may potentially be a key characteristic for both an individual and a community response to environmental change that palaeolimnological studies can document. Most palaeoecological investigations are based on the reconstruction of past changes in species assemblages, although some studies have incorporated body size as an indicator of past limnological conditions. Here, we review previously

Earth system models (ESMs) serve as vital tools for comprehensively simulating the intricate interplay of physical, chemical, and biological processes across the Earth system's diverse components. Here, we provide a brief overview of the historical development of ESMs and highlight key challenges posed by the intricate feedback mechanisms in the cryosphere, the nonlinear and long-term effects of the

Viscous compression, the delayed slow compression of soils after loading, has emerged as a challenging process contributing to land subsidence in soft soil areas. Despite previous research on clay soils, there is still limited understanding of the processes and mechanisms of viscous compression of organic soils. As peat is more susceptible to viscous compression than clay, and the subsurface of subsiding

We explore the origins of anorogenic post-breakup magmatism in two areas of the mid-Atlantic Appalachians: the New England-Quebec Province (ca. 130–120 Ma) and the Shenandoah Province (ca. 49–47 Ma). Radiometric rock ages and other data do not support claims that this magmatism occurred when these sites were located above postulated Great Meteor and Bermuda mantle hotspots/plumes. We propose instead

It is increasingly recognized that plutons are rich in magmatic structures that provide powerful tools for unraveling hypersolidus histories. However, one group of structures, magmatic faults recognized almost a century ago, has not been systematically examined thus far and is the focus of this review.

The increasing threat of post-wildfire hazards creates an imperative for improved post-wildfire flooding and debris flow prediction capabilities. Because rainfall is a primary driver of predictive hydrology and debris flow initiation and inundation models, recent efforts have emphasized the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between meteorology and post-wildfire hazard science that develops more

The Yanshanian Movement (or Yanshanian Orogeny) has been a topic of study for nearly a century, with ongoing interests. This study reviews its origin, tectonic subdivision, development and dynamic mechanisms, and associated magmatic-tectonic activity in Western Liaoning, northeastern North China Craton (NCC). By analyzing rock assemblages, petrogenesis, and magma sources of Mesozoic volcanic rocks

The classic trace fossil Ophiomorpha ranks among the most common biogenic sedimentary structures on earth and has been widely reported from Mesozoic and Cenozoic strata. Originally thought to be restricted to shallow-marine environments, subsequently Ophiomorpha was also recognised in marginal-marine and deep-marine deposits. A proper application for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions is hindered

We stand by our original review. There is no support for a cosmic-origin catastrophe at ~12,850 cal years BP. There is also no support that at ~12,850 cal years BP human populations diminished, late Pleistocene megafauna were wiped out or reduced, and an unique global climate change occurred. The comments are largely built around the same claims we previously rebutted (and rebut here again) based on

We reject the claim of Holliday et al. (2023) that they have “comprehensively refuted” the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH). Scores of peer-reviewed articles in dozens of peer-reviewed journals from hundreds of researchers, many of whom were not members of the core research team of Firestone et al. (2007), have corroborated the YDIH and replicated the key evidence dozens of times (Powell, 2022;

Although Jaillard's (2022) paper denotes the first attempt to propose a model for the orogeny build-up of the Ecuadorian Andes, it is based on endorsing the poorly constrained and uncertain Caribbean Colombia Oceanic Plateau (CCOP) from the Coastal Ranges (CR) to the Western Cordillera (WC). This model is inconsistent with the crustal thickness variation confirmed by seismic tomography profiles and

This discussion addresses a recent systematic review by Zhang and Arif on the residual trapping capacity of subsurface systems for geological CO2 storage, published in Earth-Science Reviews. The discussion highlights the critical role of residual trapping in ensuring long-term CO2 sequestration. Utilizing statistical methods and computer theory, the study examines measurement techniques, influencing

Continental metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) are widely distributed on Earth, primarily exposed at convergent plate margins. These structural systems involve the exhumation of metamorphosed, commonly migmatitic, middle-lower crust rocks along high-strain mylonitic shear zones to the brittle upper crust. However, the extent to which the brittle faults, ductile shear zones, and syn-kinematic igneous

Extending eastward from the Kyzylkum desert of Uzbekistan, through Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and continuing into western China, the late Paleozoic Tien Shan orogen in the southwestern Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) hosts one of the world's richest gold provinces. The >10,000-metric ton (t) gold endowment of the Tien Shan province occurs within lode gold deposits, which have been variably classified

The nature of Precambrian metamorphic basement rocks and overall tectonic evolution of the Qaidam block in northern Tibet remains debated despite being important to understanding the assembly of Asia. Paleogeographic reconstructions of Precambrian supercontinents rarely consider Phanerozoic tectonic modification of its constituent Precambrian blocks. This issue is particularly relevant for the Qaidam

An ever-expanding body of studies has revealed that the evolution of late Permian ecosystems was very complex and possibly involved some yet under-studied ‘early warning signals’ prior to the end-Permian mass extinction. However, the evidence in support of pre-extinction ‘warning signals’ is still limited. In a global review, this paper examined the timing for the initial and peak stages of the late

Microbial mats have existed for much of Earth's history. They represent some of the earliest evidence of life, are essential in biogeochemical cycles, and played a pivotal role in oxygenating the atmosphere. In addition, benthic microbiota impact sediment properties by enhancing the cohesion and stability of the substratum, a process known as ‘biostabilization’, which affects sediment dynamics and

Driven by the global imperative for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), notable progress has been made in predicting radionuclide transport within fractured rocks. Current research has recognized that the presence of colloids may significantly influence radionuclide transport. However, challenges remain in understanding and quantifying this process from a multi-scale perspective

The cryosphere serves as a significant sink in the global circulation of organic pollutants. Among them, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as “forever chemical”, are of great concern as their concentrations surpass the Earth's planetary safety boundary. In this review, we synthesize knowledge on the fate of PFAS in the cryosphere, focusing on their sources, accumulation, release process

Hydrogen is considered a viable energy vector, it can be produced through the electrolysis of water and stored as a gaseous phase in the subsurface. Hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is not yet commercially operational, to increase the technological readiness, the complex interactions between rock, pore fluid, and hydrogen under reservoir conditions (increased pressure and temperature) need thorough

The recent IODP drillings in the South China Sea (SCS) have greatly enhanced our understanding of the tectonics and evolution of the SCS, but also raised new questions on the opening of the SCS and the pre-SCS tectonic history. Recently available data on the South China block (SCB), SCS, Indochina block, Borneo, Sumatra, Andaman, Myanmar, and the Tibetan plateau allow an updated tectonic model for

Subsea cables underpin global communications, carrying more than 99 % of all digital data traffic worldwide. While this >1.6 million km-long network has been designed to be highly resilient, subsea cables can be damaged by a number of natural hazards that occur across all water depths in the ocean. Here, we explore the diversity of natural hazards that can damage cables, considering a broad frequency-magnitude

Reservoir parameters are crucial indicators for reservoir evaluation and development and provide insights into long-term reservoir behavior. The primary methods for evaluating these parameters include direct core observations, experimental testing, and indirect evaluation techniques. Since its introduction, geophysical logging has been used to evaluate and invert reservoir parameters owing to its wide

As human activities intensify and global climate change accelerates, floodplain lakes are experiencing hydrological transformations that profoundly impact their ecology. Based on an extensive review of published literature, current knowledge of floodplain lakes and links between hydrology and ecology are summarized and synthesized. River-lake interactions determine hydrological conditions in floodplain

Environmental changes governed the diversity of marine ecosystems and the evolution of marine reptiles during the Jurassic. Abrupt climatic changes, mainly cooling, produced crises in marine ecosystems including marine reptiles, but global warming events at the Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary and the early Toarcian Jenkyns Event led to a second order mass extinction. The Jenkyns Event coincides with

Underestimating the magnitude of global lake carbon (C) production undermines the evaluation of the terrestrial ecosystem's C sink, which is key to achieving global C balance. Quantifying the potential response of lake net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and associated C production capacity to human activities is critical for evaluating the Earth's C balance. Here, we reveal global spatiotemporal dynamics

The changes in the ocean circulation and biological pump played crucial roles in the rise in atmospheric CO2 during the last deglaciation. However, our understanding remains limited regarding which processes―air-sea exchange, ocean circulation, and the biological pump―primarily influence the spatial dynamics of the oceanic carbon cycle. To address this knowledge gap, the present study compiles global

The geosphere dynamics near Earth's surface is a key scientific issue for understanding how Earth system works. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the interplay between these geospheres still remain unclear. Here, we take the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the most typical region undergoing ferocious geosphere interplay on the planet, as our primary research area. We incorporated a topography-dependent

This review explores the potential for establishing valley incision chronologies from alluvium-filled cave systems, and covers a total of 30 case studies since 1997. Caves in limestone develop very fast (∼104 years) when conditions for bedrock solution are optimal, and many contain alluvium deposited by allogenic sinking streams, preserving the sediment thereafter for millions of years. Cave networks

Several studies report observations of orbital cyclicity in seismic reflection data as distinct power spectral peaks that align with Milanković periodicities. It remains unclear, however, if hypothesis testing for orbital forcing using seismic data can be performed with statistical power comparable to directly sampled data, such as outcrop, drill core or borehole logs. In this study we aim to quantify

This review aims to bridge the knowledge gap between geological and geophysical communities by elucidating the interpretation of aeromagnetic data. Aeromagnetic surveys measure the Earth's magnetic field variations and provide critical insights into subsurface geology, including basins, stratigraphy, igneous rocks and structural geology. The magnetic properties of rocks make these datasets valuable

Astronomical solutions provide calculated orbital and rotational parameters of solar system bodies based on the dynamics and physics of the solar system. Application of astronomical solutions in the Earth sciences has revolutionized our understanding in at least two areas of active research. (i) The Astronomical (or Milanković) forcing of climate on time scales ≳ 10 kyr and (ii) the dating of geologic

Shallow bathymetric mapping is important for navigation safety and geomorphologic, hydrologic and oceanographic research. However, field measurements and shipborne sonar are inefficient and dangerous to operate in shallow-water areas. In recent years, owing to its high efficiency, non-contact, and repeated observation benefits, remotely sensed bathymetry has grown quickly and is now being explored

Uncertainty plays a key role in hydrological modeling and forecasting, which can have tremendous environmental, economic, and social impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the nature of this uncertainty and identify its scope and effects in a way that enhances hydrological modeling and forecasting. During recent decades, hydrological researchers investigated several approaches for reducing

This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of deep learning (DL) specifically targeted at semantic segmentation in seismic data, with a particular focus on facies segmentation. We begin by comparing the contributions of DL to traditional techniques used in seismic image interpretation. The review then explores the learning paradigms, architectures, loss

This paper presents a review of the geology and geochemistry of post-collisional PCDs in Tibet, including their spatial–temporal distribution, features of the ore-forming porphyries, magmatic origin and evolution, water–metal–S sources, alteration and mineralization features, fluid sources and evolution, conditions of Cu–Mo mineralization, and geodynamic models of their formation.

U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircon is a powerful proxy that has seen significant growth and led to breakthroughs in understanding the sedimentary process and tectonic evolution in the South China Sea and its adjacent source terranes. However, uncertainties remain in determining the provenance of sediments due to the lack of systematic age compositions of the surrounding eroding sources. Here we

The Deccan-associated sediments (Lameta and intertrappean deposits) hold great potential for understanding the role of Deccan Volcanism in the late Maastrichtian ecological upheaval. However, it is challenging to ascertain Deccan Volcanism driven floral changes on the Indian Plate due to unresolvedstratigraphyic and lack of well-dated terrestrial sequences. We provide a thorough palaeobotanical, palaeoclimatic

Global sedimentary hiatuses are well-documented in ancient pelagic sediment, and include Paleocene, Eocene-Oligocene boundary, and Miocene hiatuses. Less clear is the extent of these hiatuses in continental margin settings. Here, we test the hypothesis that global hiatuses evident in pelagic sections are also manifested in siliciclastic basins of continental margins globally. We choose to focus on

Intra-Ordovician geodynamics along the northern Gondwana margin, defined in most parts of exotic southern peri-Gondwanan Europe, had a far-field effect on the subsiding Gondwanan interior. The outboard peripheral Cenerian Orogeny influenced the ongoing subsidence and deposition of monotonous clastic Cambrian – Lower Ordovician mega-sequence unconformably overlying North African basements. A combination

A new conceptual diagenetic model is proposed to better understand the relationship between multi-scale tectonic and the ensuing diagenetic processes, whereby the physio-chemical fluid-rock interaction processes are linked to tectonic controls, in terms of creation or destruction of accommodation space, the evolution of overburden and compaction, exhumation, as well as fracturing and creation of fluid

In this paper, a critical review of the landslide displacement prediction is conducted, based on a database of 359 articles on landslide displacement prediction published from 1985 to 2023. The statistical analysis of this database shows that the methods taken for the landslide displacement prediction could be categorized into physics-based and data-driven approaches. In the context of the physics-based

The battery metals tin and lithium (SnLi) are key to renewable energy technologies, with demand driving new interest in the formation and exploration of tin granites and lithium-caesium‑tantalum (LCT) pegmatites. These magmatic-hydrothermal systems originate from highly evolved, reduced, peraluminous, volatile-rich granitic melts which develop elevated concentrations of incompatible metals. Tin granite

An intensification of the hydrological cycle is an expected consequence of global warming, and this will likely lead to spatially variable precipitation and drought extremes, and more intense tropical storms. Deep time hyperthermal events, characterised by large-scale carbon release and transient global warming, have the potential to provide insights into the nature and magnitude of hydroclimate changes

The Miocene is a crucial epoch in the evolution of the Gulf of Suez basin. Its deposits experienced rapid and distinct spatial and temporal variations in facies and thickness due to deposition in a complex system of fault-bounded sub-basins that were continuously active throughout most of the Miocene. This review addresses the evolution of Miocene facies in the Gulf of Suez, which remains a major challenge

Shallow water flows over rough natural hillslopes contribute to interrill erosion and floods. The friction factor, that describes the hydraulic resistance, is particularly important for modeling soil erosion and transport processes. The present review focuses on the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f for both large and small-scale roughness conditions and addresses the effects of rainfall intensity,