We stand by our original review. There is no support for a cosmic-origin catastrophe at ~12,850 cal years BP. There is also no support that at ~12,850 cal years BP human populations diminished, late Pleistocene megafauna were wiped out or reduced, and an unique global climate change occurred. The comments are largely built around the same claims we previously rebutted (and rebut here again) based on

We reject the claim of Holliday et al. (2023) that they have “comprehensively refuted” the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis (YDIH). Scores of peer-reviewed articles in dozens of peer-reviewed journals from hundreds of researchers, many of whom were not members of the core research team of Firestone et al. (2007), have corroborated the YDIH and replicated the key evidence dozens of times (Powell, 2022;

Although Jaillard's (2022) paper denotes the first attempt to propose a model for the orogeny build-up of the Ecuadorian Andes, it is based on endorsing the poorly constrained and uncertain Caribbean Colombia Oceanic Plateau (CCOP) from the Coastal Ranges (CR) to the Western Cordillera (WC). This model is inconsistent with the crustal thickness variation confirmed by seismic tomography profiles and

This discussion addresses a recent systematic review by Zhang and Arif on the residual trapping capacity of subsurface systems for geological CO2 storage, published in Earth-Science Reviews. The discussion highlights the critical role of residual trapping in ensuring long-term CO2 sequestration. Utilizing statistical methods and computer theory, the study examines measurement techniques, influencing

Extending eastward from the Kyzylkum desert of Uzbekistan, through Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and continuing into western China, the late Paleozoic Tien Shan orogen in the southwestern Central Asia Orogenic Belt (CAOB) hosts one of the world's richest gold provinces. The >10,000-metric ton (t) gold endowment of the Tien Shan province occurs within lode gold deposits, which have been variably classified

The nature of Precambrian metamorphic basement rocks and overall tectonic evolution of the Qaidam block in northern Tibet remains debated despite being important to understanding the assembly of Asia. Paleogeographic reconstructions of Precambrian supercontinents rarely consider Phanerozoic tectonic modification of its constituent Precambrian blocks. This issue is particularly relevant for the Qaidam

Microbial mats have existed for much of Earth's history. They represent some of the earliest evidence of life, are essential in biogeochemical cycles, and played a pivotal role in oxygenating the atmosphere. In addition, benthic microbiota impact sediment properties by enhancing the cohesion and stability of the substratum, a process known as ‘biostabilization’, which affects sediment dynamics and

Driven by the global imperative for the geological disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW), notable progress has been made in predicting radionuclide transport within fractured rocks. Current research has recognized that the presence of colloids may significantly influence radionuclide transport. However, challenges remain in understanding and quantifying this process from a multi-scale perspective

The cryosphere serves as a significant sink in the global circulation of organic pollutants. Among them, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known as “forever chemical”, are of great concern as their concentrations surpass the Earth's planetary safety boundary. In this review, we synthesize knowledge on the fate of PFAS in the cryosphere, focusing on their sources, accumulation, release process

Hydrogen is considered a viable energy vector, it can be produced through the electrolysis of water and stored as a gaseous phase in the subsurface. Hydrogen storage in saline aquifers is not yet commercially operational, to increase the technological readiness, the complex interactions between rock, pore fluid, and hydrogen under reservoir conditions (increased pressure and temperature) need thorough

The recent IODP drillings in the South China Sea (SCS) have greatly enhanced our understanding of the tectonics and evolution of the SCS, but also raised new questions on the opening of the SCS and the pre-SCS tectonic history. Recently available data on the South China block (SCB), SCS, Indochina block, Borneo, Sumatra, Andaman, Myanmar, and the Tibetan plateau allow an updated tectonic model for

Subsea cables underpin global communications, carrying more than 99 % of all digital data traffic worldwide. While this >1.6 million km-long network has been designed to be highly resilient, subsea cables can be damaged by a number of natural hazards that occur across all water depths in the ocean. Here, we explore the diversity of natural hazards that can damage cables, considering a broad frequency-magnitude

Reservoir parameters are crucial indicators for reservoir evaluation and development and provide insights into long-term reservoir behavior. The primary methods for evaluating these parameters include direct core observations, experimental testing, and indirect evaluation techniques. Since its introduction, geophysical logging has been used to evaluate and invert reservoir parameters owing to its wide

As human activities intensify and global climate change accelerates, floodplain lakes are experiencing hydrological transformations that profoundly impact their ecology. Based on an extensive review of published literature, current knowledge of floodplain lakes and links between hydrology and ecology are summarized and synthesized. River-lake interactions determine hydrological conditions in floodplain

Environmental changes governed the diversity of marine ecosystems and the evolution of marine reptiles during the Jurassic. Abrupt climatic changes, mainly cooling, produced crises in marine ecosystems including marine reptiles, but global warming events at the Pliensbachian/Toarcian boundary and the early Toarcian Jenkyns Event led to a second order mass extinction. The Jenkyns Event coincides with

Underestimating the magnitude of global lake carbon (C) production undermines the evaluation of the terrestrial ecosystem's C sink, which is key to achieving global C balance. Quantifying the potential response of lake net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and associated C production capacity to human activities is critical for evaluating the Earth's C balance. Here, we reveal global spatiotemporal dynamics

The changes in the ocean circulation and biological pump played crucial roles in the rise in atmospheric CO2 during the last deglaciation. However, our understanding remains limited regarding which processes―air-sea exchange, ocean circulation, and the biological pump―primarily influence the spatial dynamics of the oceanic carbon cycle. To address this knowledge gap, the present study compiles global

The geosphere dynamics near Earth's surface is a key scientific issue for understanding how Earth system works. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the interplay between these geospheres still remain unclear. Here, we take the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, the most typical region undergoing ferocious geosphere interplay on the planet, as our primary research area. We incorporated a topography-dependent

This review explores the potential for establishing valley incision chronologies from alluvium-filled cave systems, and covers a total of 30 case studies since 1997. Caves in limestone develop very fast (∼104 years) when conditions for bedrock solution are optimal, and many contain alluvium deposited by allogenic sinking streams, preserving the sediment thereafter for millions of years. Cave networks

Several studies report observations of orbital cyclicity in seismic reflection data as distinct power spectral peaks that align with Milanković periodicities. It remains unclear, however, if hypothesis testing for orbital forcing using seismic data can be performed with statistical power comparable to directly sampled data, such as outcrop, drill core or borehole logs. In this study we aim to quantify

This review aims to bridge the knowledge gap between geological and geophysical communities by elucidating the interpretation of aeromagnetic data. Aeromagnetic surveys measure the Earth's magnetic field variations and provide critical insights into subsurface geology, including basins, stratigraphy, igneous rocks and structural geology. The magnetic properties of rocks make these datasets valuable

Shallow bathymetric mapping is important for navigation safety and geomorphologic, hydrologic and oceanographic research. However, field measurements and shipborne sonar are inefficient and dangerous to operate in shallow-water areas. In recent years, owing to its high efficiency, non-contact, and repeated observation benefits, remotely sensed bathymetry has grown quickly and is now being explored

Uncertainty plays a key role in hydrological modeling and forecasting, which can have tremendous environmental, economic, and social impacts. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the nature of this uncertainty and identify its scope and effects in a way that enhances hydrological modeling and forecasting. During recent decades, hydrological researchers investigated several approaches for reducing

This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of deep learning (DL) specifically targeted at semantic segmentation in seismic data, with a particular focus on facies segmentation. We begin by comparing the contributions of DL to traditional techniques used in seismic image interpretation. The review then explores the learning paradigms, architectures, loss

This paper presents a review of the geology and geochemistry of post-collisional PCDs in Tibet, including their spatial–temporal distribution, features of the ore-forming porphyries, magmatic origin and evolution, water–metal–S sources, alteration and mineralization features, fluid sources and evolution, conditions of Cu–Mo mineralization, and geodynamic models of their formation.

U–Pb geochronology of detrital zircon is a powerful proxy that has seen significant growth and led to breakthroughs in understanding the sedimentary process and tectonic evolution in the South China Sea and its adjacent source terranes. However, uncertainties remain in determining the provenance of sediments due to the lack of systematic age compositions of the surrounding eroding sources. Here we

The Deccan-associated sediments (Lameta and intertrappean deposits) hold great potential for understanding the role of Deccan Volcanism in the late Maastrichtian ecological upheaval. However, it is challenging to ascertain Deccan Volcanism driven floral changes on the Indian Plate due to unresolvedstratigraphyic and lack of well-dated terrestrial sequences. We provide a thorough palaeobotanical, palaeoclimatic

Global sedimentary hiatuses are well-documented in ancient pelagic sediment, and include Paleocene, Eocene-Oligocene boundary, and Miocene hiatuses. Less clear is the extent of these hiatuses in continental margin settings. Here, we test the hypothesis that global hiatuses evident in pelagic sections are also manifested in siliciclastic basins of continental margins globally. We choose to focus on

Intra-Ordovician geodynamics along the northern Gondwana margin, defined in most parts of exotic southern peri-Gondwanan Europe, had a far-field effect on the subsiding Gondwanan interior. The outboard peripheral Cenerian Orogeny influenced the ongoing subsidence and deposition of monotonous clastic Cambrian – Lower Ordovician mega-sequence unconformably overlying North African basements. A combination

A new conceptual diagenetic model is proposed to better understand the relationship between multi-scale tectonic and the ensuing diagenetic processes, whereby the physio-chemical fluid-rock interaction processes are linked to tectonic controls, in terms of creation or destruction of accommodation space, the evolution of overburden and compaction, exhumation, as well as fracturing and creation of fluid

In this paper, a critical review of the landslide displacement prediction is conducted, based on a database of 359 articles on landslide displacement prediction published from 1985 to 2023. The statistical analysis of this database shows that the methods taken for the landslide displacement prediction could be categorized into physics-based and data-driven approaches. In the context of the physics-based

The battery metals tin and lithium (SnLi) are key to renewable energy technologies, with demand driving new interest in the formation and exploration of tin granites and lithium-caesium‑tantalum (LCT) pegmatites. These magmatic-hydrothermal systems originate from highly evolved, reduced, peraluminous, volatile-rich granitic melts which develop elevated concentrations of incompatible metals. Tin granite

An intensification of the hydrological cycle is an expected consequence of global warming, and this will likely lead to spatially variable precipitation and drought extremes, and more intense tropical storms. Deep time hyperthermal events, characterised by large-scale carbon release and transient global warming, have the potential to provide insights into the nature and magnitude of hydroclimate changes

The Miocene is a crucial epoch in the evolution of the Gulf of Suez basin. Its deposits experienced rapid and distinct spatial and temporal variations in facies and thickness due to deposition in a complex system of fault-bounded sub-basins that were continuously active throughout most of the Miocene. This review addresses the evolution of Miocene facies in the Gulf of Suez, which remains a major challenge

Shallow water flows over rough natural hillslopes contribute to interrill erosion and floods. The friction factor, that describes the hydraulic resistance, is particularly important for modeling soil erosion and transport processes. The present review focuses on the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f for both large and small-scale roughness conditions and addresses the effects of rainfall intensity,

The dust cycle facilitates the exchange of particles among Earth's major systems, enabling dust to traverse ecosystems, cross geographic boundaries, and even move uphill against the natural flow of gravity. Dust in the atmosphere is composed of a complex and ever-changing mixture that reflects the evolving human footprint on the landscape. The emission, transport, and deposition of dust interacts with

The massive accumulation of available multi-modal mineral exploration data for most metallogenic belts worldwide provides abundant information for the discovery of mineral resources. However, managing and analyzing these ever-growing and multidisciplinary mineral exploration data has become increasingly time-consuming and labor-intensive. Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated powerful prediction

Northern Africa and northeastern South America formed an extensive passive margin that experienced a long period of continental sedimentation after Western Gondwana's final assembly (Ordovician-Silurian). In the late Cambrian to Ordovician, these regions were covered by thick successions of quartz-rich sandstone widely deposited across the Western Gondwana due to extensive continental-scale alluvial

Understanding the origins of aerosol iron (Fe) is crucial for comprehending its influence on Earth's climate and the global biogeochemical cycle. Fe isotopes (δ56Fe) serve as a distinctive and effective tool for constraining aerosol Fe sources and transport routes. In this work, we comprehensively compiled a global dataset (n = 195) of recent aerosol Fe isotopes, spanning diverse atmospheric environments

Mongolia, a major world-class site of Cenozoic intracontinental tectonics, provides a key proxy for the long-term dynamics of Eurasia, but there has been considerable debate about the principal driving forces responsible for the intracontinental deformation. Here, we show that the Cenozoic tectonic development of Mongolia and surrounding regions was largely a consequence of the interaction of four

Multiple ice age cycles spanning the last three million years have fundamentally transformed the Arctic landscape. The cadence and intensity of this glacial modification underpin the stability of Arctic geosystems over geologic time scales, including its hydrology, circulation patterns, slope stability, hydrocarbon fluid flow, geochemical/sediment cycling and nutrient supply. The Barents Shelf provides

Known as the “Holocene temperature conundrum,” controversy remains between paleoclimate reconstructions indicating cooling during the late-Holocene versus model simulations indicating warming. Here, we present a composite Holocene winter temperature index record derived from East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) reconstructions. This new temperature index record documents a thermal maximum occurring during

The evolution of the major rivers originating from the SE Tibetan Plateau has been a research hotspot due to a close connection between tectonic events, geomorphological shifts and river formation. This study reviews and compiles a large group of provenance analyses including zircon UPb dating and whole-rock geochemistry, in order to provide a systematic interpretation of the drainage evolution of

Authigenic calcite abundantly forms during various diagenesis stages of shales. It meticulously records information on diagenetic fluid (organic/inorganic) migration and fluid-rock interactions, is important for understanding the burial diagenetic evolution, tectonic history, burial history, hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in sedimentary basins. Calcium sources for authigenic calcite include

CO2 geological storage is a critical component of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology, and a key technical path towards achieving carbon neutrality. This study offers a comprehensive review of the theoretical and technical methods of onshore geological CO2 storage, and highlights that current CO2 terrestrial storage demonstration projects primarily focus on the traditional oil

Sedimentary and volcanic tablelands host the world's largest landslide areas, sometimes spanning hundreds of kilometers along escarpments. This study, employing new remote sensing-based mapping and drawing on an expanding body of literature on paleogeographic evolution, revises the extent, controls, and chronology of some of Earth's largest coalescent landslides in the volcanic tableland of extra-Andean

Landslide susceptibility shows the spatial likelihood of landslide occurrence in a specific geographical area and is a relevant tool for mitigating the impact of landslides worldwide. As such, it is the subject of countless scientific studies. Many methods exist for generating a susceptibility map, mostly falling under the definition of statistical or machine learning. These models try to solve a classification

Earthquake-induced liquefaction is a prominent and impactful natural hazard responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. Hence, engineers and researchers are currently interested in developing methods and techniques to mitigate this destructive phenomenon. Reducing the degree of saturation is a reliable method to improve the liquefaction resistance of sandy soils since it directly influences

Fracture-filling hydrate constitutes a pivotal component within the global hydrate reserves and serve as a significant focal point for hydrate exploration and development. However, the understanding of the formation mechanisms and geophysical properties of fracture-filling hydrate in sediments remains unclear. This review seeks to bridge this knowledge gap by comprehensively examining the formation

Marine biochemical cycles underwent profound changes across the Permian–Triassic (P–T) transition, coinciding with Phanerozoic’s most devastating mass extinction. This review endeavours to untangle the complexity of marine biochemical cycles at this time, focusing on key components of the oceanic nutrient cycles, namely the nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and molybdenum cycles.

Source rocks are fundamental elements for petroleum systems, and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is one of the most important geochemical parameters in source rock property evaluation. The TOC determination methods using laboratory tests are expensive and limited, therefore prediction of TOC using geophysical well logs are vital for source rock characterization. Though there are various proposed TOC quantitation

South America figures as one of the most fruitful continents for paleontological research on the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, with almost 100 years of studies on organisms preserved in carbonates and siliciclastic successions deposited during the birth of the Gondwana supercontinent. However, this scientific record is often scattered among local publications which is part of the reason for the unfamiliarity

Despite several, sometimes prominent propagators, meteorite impact research had a long period of peripheral status until the 1980s. Since then, there has been an intense search for impact-extinction pairs, driven by the rapid acceptance of Alvarez's hypothesis of a catastrophic Chicxulub impact at the end of the Mesozoic era. However, substantial errors have occurred for incompletely identified and/or

The formation of abyssal serpentinites leads to deep changes of the oceanic lithosphere rheology and geochemistry, hence playing a key role on geodynamic and geochemical cycles. Here we review and discuss the geochemical diversity of serpentinites collected on abyssal floors (i.e., abyssal serpentinites) from different geodynamical settings, namely passive margin, forearc and oceanic spreading ridges

Submarine debris flows occur under the cloak of the sea and are giants among other types of landslides on planet Earth. They pose a significant threat to sustainable offshore development and marine ecosystems. Existing research on these flows mainly rely on back-analyzing field events and conducting miniaturized experiments. However, it is unclear whether the dynamics of miniaturized flows are similar