Earthquakes are recognized as the primary cause of submarine landslides. These earthquake-induced submarine landslides can damage seafloor infrastructure (e.g. submarine cables, oil pipes and rigs) and trigger anomalous tsunamis that cannot be explained solely by coseismic deformation. However, due to their underwater occurrence, earthquake-induced submarine landslides are difficult to observe and measure directly, and current understanding of their characteristics and triggering mechanisms remains limited compared to earthquake-induced terrestrial landslides. Historical instances of anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks following earthquakes provide valuable insights into earthquake-induced submarine landslides. This study reviewed 124 global events of anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks following earthquake occurrences since 1900 using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration tsunami database and systematic literature review. The study compiled key parameters of earthquake-induced submarine landslides associated with anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks, such as locations, initial water depths of the headscarp, average seabed slope angles, volumes and landslide types. This study also obtained seismic parameters such as epicentral distances, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) from the USGS-ShakeMap to establish a quantitative relationship between earthquake-induced submarine landslides and their seismic triggering parameters. Additionally, a comparison was made between earthquake-induced submarine landslides and earthquake-induced terrestrial landslides with emphasis on differences and similarities in landslide parameters, earthquake magnitudes, seismic parameters PGA and MMI, earthquake magnitude-maximum epicentral distance relationships and triggering mechanisms. It was observed that most of the earthquake-induced submarine landslides occur in shallow nearshore areas and generate tsunamis characterized by high local wave heights. This attribute leaves little or no time for warning and preventive measures. Earthquakes with onshore epicenters or strike-slip mechanisms that trigger submarine landslide tsunamis pose an additional challenge for early warning systems. Compared to earthquake-induced terrestrial landslides, earthquake-induced submarine landslides typically occur on gentler slopes, have larger volumes, are triggered by smaller earthquake magnitudes and exhibit distinct triggering mechanisms. However, they show more similarities than previously anticipated, particularly in terms of seismic parameters (PGA and MMI) and focal mechanisms. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of earthquake-induced submarine landslide characteristics and their quantitative relationship with seismic parameters. It highlights the necessity for further research on anomalous tsunamis and submarine cable breaks following earthquakes in order to improve current understanding of triggering mechanisms, frequencies and hazard potential of earthquake-induced submarine landslides. Moreover, given that studies on both earthquake-induced submarine landslides and earthquake-induced terrestrial landslides explore interconnected scientific questions within a unified framework, this study emphasizes the importance of comparing submarine and terrestrial environments in earthquake-induced geological disaster research.

中文翻译：

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地震诱发的海底滑坡 （EQISL） 及其与陆地滑坡的比较：来自新数据库的见解


地震被认为是海底滑坡的主要原因。这些地震引发的海底滑坡会破坏海底基础设施（例如海底电缆、石油管道和钻井平台）并引发无法仅用同震变形来解释的异常海啸。然而，由于地震引发的海底滑坡在水下发生，难以直接观测和测量，与地震引发的陆地滑坡相比，目前对其特性和触发机制的了解仍然有限。地震后异常海啸和海底电缆断裂的历史实例为地震引起的海底滑坡提供了有价值的见解。本研究使用美国国家海洋和大气管理局海啸数据库和系统文献综述，回顾了自 1900 年以来地震发生后的 124 起异常海啸和海底电缆断裂的全球事件。该研究汇编了与异常海啸和海底电缆断裂相关的地震诱发的海底滑坡的关键参数，例如位置、头颅的初始水深、平均海底坡度、体积和滑坡类型。该研究还从 USGS-ShakeMap 获取了震中距离、峰值地面加速度 （PGA） 和修正的 Mercalli 强度 （MMI） 等地震参数，以建立地震诱发海底滑坡与其地震触发参数之间的定量关系。 此外，对地震诱发的海底滑坡和地震诱发的陆地滑坡进行了比较，重点讨论了滑坡参数、地震震级、地震参数 PGA 和 MMI、地震震级-最大震中距离关系和触发机制的异同。据观察，地震引发的海底滑坡大多发生在浅水近岸地区，并产生以局部波高为特征的海啸。这一特性几乎没有时间进行警告和预防措施。具有陆上震中或走滑机制的地震会引发海底滑坡海啸，这给早期预警系统带来了额外的挑战。与地震诱发的陆地滑坡相比，地震诱发的海底滑坡通常发生在较平缓的斜坡上，体积较大，由较小的地震震级触发，并表现出独特的触发机制。然而，它们显示出比以前预期的更多的相似性，特别是在地震参数（PGA 和 MMI）和震源机制方面。本研究结果有助于更好地了解地震诱发的海底滑坡特征及其与地震参数的定量关系。它强调了进一步研究地震后异常海啸和海底电缆断裂的必要性，以提高当前对地震诱发海底滑坡的触发机制、频率和潜在危险的理解。 此外，鉴于对地震诱发的海底滑坡和地震诱发的陆地滑坡的研究都在一个统一的框架内探索了相互关联的科学问题，本研究强调了在地震诱发的地质灾害研究中比较海底和陆地环境的重要性。