In this study, the thunderstorms (TS) cloud top height (CTH) data of the advanced geosynchronous radiation imager of the Fengyun-4 A (FY-4 A, a geostationary satellite) were quality-controlled using the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) data, and the lightning data of the LMI of the FY-4 A were processed by the cluster analysis method. The convective systems

Climate change and the resulting warming caused by human activities, such as releasing greenhouse gases (GHG), notably carbon dioxide (CO2), are paramount concerns in the contemporary era. Therefore, it is essential to understand spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (XCO2) on national and international scales and the role of controlling variables. This research

Changing climate has substantially altered the spatio-temporal rainfall pattern, especially over the Indian subcontinent where the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) predominates from June to September. This study explores the changes in the rainfall variability over Northern India (NI) for the period 1981–2020 and this region exhibits topographic diversity, encompassing arid Northwestern India (NWI) due

Accurate precipitable water vapor (PWV) monitoring is critical to understanding weather systems and predicting extreme meteorological events. The Moderate Resolution Spectral Imager (MERSI) onboard the Fengyun-3A (FY-3A) satellite provides PWV products with a spatial resolution of 1 km × 1 km. However, the MERSI PWV products contain a large amount of gross errors due to the stripe noise in the raw

As the closest sea to the Capital of China, the Bohai Rim region inside the Yellow Sea over complex underlying surfaces is important to the international trade, logistics and environment. It's necessary to depict the detailed three-dimensional spatial structures and temporal evolvements of sea and land breeze (SLB) circulations over this region with complicated coastlines before interpreting their

The Aral Sea has undergone dramatic shrinkage over the past half-century, losing approximately 87 % of its water body, yet how this shrinkage affects the local climate remains unclear. In this study, the effects of the Aral Sea on lake-land breeze circulation and associated water vapor diffusion were assessed by comparing two simulations, before and after the Aral Sea's shrinkage, using the Weather

Low cloud exerts significant cooling effect on climate system. Nevertheless, the occurrence frequency of low clouds (OFLC) with height and its influential mechanism remain unclear, especially at the regional scale. In this study, high-vertical-resolution radiosonde measurements during the period 2018–2019 reveal that mean OFLC in eastern China (13.5 ± 6.4 %) is 21 % less than that in eastern United

This study examines the three-dimensional (3D) microphysical and dynamical structure of the lower positive (LP) charge region within a normal tripole charge structure in a supercell thunderstorm that occurred over the Kanto Plain on August 27, 2018. The investigation utilizes hydrometeor classification and 3D wind retrieval data from dual-polarization radars, along with charge polarity classification

Coastal heatwaves, which often coincide with typhoons, extreme sea levels, and other compound extreme events under global warming, are more complex and less studied compared to inland and marine heatwaves. In this study, a three-dimensional connected algorithm was used to detect spatiotemporal heatwave events during the summer seasons from 1959 to 2023 on a global scale. A novel method was developed

A climatological study of 206 severe convective wind (SCW) events from April to September during 2016–2023 in Beijing was conducted. Results show events primarily occur in summer, with a peak in the afternoon and a much weaker secondary peak in the early morning. They are relatively more frequent in mountainous areas than in plains，with the southern foothills of Yanshan Mountain being the most affected

Extreme temperature events (ETEs), such as recent severe heat waves, are one of the consequences of climate change and global warming. To better understand their complex behavior and forecast corresponding hydrologic dynamics, investigating their spatial and temporal patterns are essential. We, therefore, analyzed ETEs over the Contiguous United States (CONUS) for both summer and winter seasons using

Serious bumps caused by clear air turbulence (CAT) pose significant safety hazards during flight. CAT is also a mechanism of the stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE), influencing the mixing of trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The strong vertical wind shear in the upper level induced by the large topography and unique climatic conditions facilitate the formation

The present study is concerned with the aspects of stratosphere-troposphere dynamic interaction during major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW). The SSW observed in December 2018 – January 2019 was taken for consideration. The influence of the stratospheric polar vortex location on the position of the upper-level frontal zone (UFZ), changes in the steering flows in the middle troposphere, surface temperature

In this paper, based on the observation data of sea surface buoys, 17 tropical cyclones (TCs) occurring in the East China Sea and South China Sea from 2017 to 2021 are synthesized to conduct a force analysis in a two-dimensional radial momentum equation. The analysis evaluates the magnitude, equilibrium, proportional relationships, and spatial distribution features of each force, leading to clarified

Atmospheric weighted mean temperature (Tm) is an important parameter in the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) meteorology, essential for retrieving precipitable water vapor (PWV). The FengYun-4 satellite (FY-4) carries Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS), which realizes the transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional detection of the vertical structure of the atmosphere

The West Sumatra region experienced devastating floods and landslides due to intense rainfall on March 7–8, 2024, with precipitation ranging from 200 to 394 mm/day exceeding the extreme rainfall threshold of 150 mm/day. We investigated the atmospheric dynamics to understand the mechanisms underlying this event. We used satellite data from Himawari-8 and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP)

The optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) and their correlation with chemical characteristics remained inadequately understood in different regions worldwide. This study investigated the correlations and estimated the subsequent radiative effects using real-time measurements during wintertime in the Sichuan Basin, China. The average light absorption of BrC (AbsBrC) at 370 nm constituted 35.5 ± 8

Numerical models frequently cannot accurately predict warm-sector heavy rainfall (WSHR) in South China, which presents a challenge in forecasting severe weather events in the region. Considering the substantial impact of complex orography on the forecasting of WSHR in South China, to improve the accuracy of numerical models in predicting WSHR, this study utilized the non-hydrostatic mesoscale numerical

This study aims to evaluate and improve the performance of the scale-aware cumulus parameterization scheme (CPS) in the Korean Integrated Model (KIM), referred to as KSAS. The performance of the KSAS for simulating precipitation over Korea is first evaluated in comparison with other scale-aware CPSs available in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model by conducting a series of experiments

The main objective of this research, was to incorporate Mixed Layer Depth (MLD) estimations across backward air mass trajectories to the broadly used Trajectory Sector Analysis (TSA) and Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) methods, in order to attain a three-dimensional (3D) identification of aerosol transport pathways and to reveal the role of the Mixed Layer (ML) on the transferring of particulates

Over the past few decades, global warming has significantly impacted permafrost regions, reflecting the amplification in Arctic temperature changes. To better understand climate variability and the changes in permafrost regions, in this study, we examined the changes in the surface air temperature (SAT) in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia, Russia) from 1971 to 2022. The data from 18 meteorological stations

The study on transmission characteristics of lightning return-stroke currents along the channel is of great significance for deeply understanding the microphysical mechanisms of lightning discharge processes, improving theoretical models, and optimizing lightning protection systems. Based on the spectra obtained from three lightning processes and the waveforms of ground electric field changes caused

Diurnal cloud cycle (DCC) is closely related not only to the physical processes of cloud formation and development, but also to the different times of the day when clouds cause different radiative effects, which can significantly affect the Earth-atmosphere energy system and its hydrological cycle. Compared with the large number of model assessment studies on seasonal and interannual characteristics

An accurate numerical weather prediction (NWP) model for the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has remained a demand of society, agriculture, energy sectors, policy makers, and urban planners. Even miniscule inaccuracies in initial and boundary conditions and associated parameterizations can cause errors in NWP forecasts. The combination of factors such as synoptic scale airmass exchange, convergence

Accurate short-term convective weather prediction is crucial for mitigating the impact of natural disasters. Although radar echo extrapolation is a commonly employed forecasting method, traditional optical flow-based approaches face computational accuracy challenges when dealing with rapidly changing weather systems. Additionally, some deep learning models experience degradation in prediction accuracy

Sulfate (SO42−) is an essential constituent of aerosols that play an important role in regulating global climate. Over the past decades, polar sea-ice cover changed significantly, potentially influencing the atmospheric budget of SO42−. However, limited research has been conducted to quantify the effects of sea ice on atmospheric SO42− over different times and regions. Here, we report the SO42−/Na+

The Philippines faces the challenge of having a limited number of rain-gauge stations, which are a vital source of observation data. Satellite-based precipitation data is a viable alternative; however, it is necessary to assess the strengths and weaknesses of these products over various regions in the Philippines. This study analyzes the performance of two leading products from the Global Precipitation

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors in ozone formation, and their photochemical losses during atmospheric transport critically influence pollution characterization and source apportionment. The Chengdu-Chongqing region experiences heightened ozone pollution during the summer months. In light of this, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the atmospheric concentrations and photochemical

Accurate knowledge of cloud properties is essential for reducing uncertainties in weather forecasts and improving climate prediction models. This study investigates the characteristics of cloud base height (CBH) using high-resolution ceilometer data collected at Kototabang, West Sumatra, Indonesia (0.202°S, 100.317°E), situated at 864.5 m above sea level. Analyzing data recorded over 18 years (April

During the month of September, biomass burning activities peak in the southern part of Southeast Asia or the Maritime Continent. The emission and longevity of aerosols in the atmosphere depend on the rainfall, which in turn is largely dependent on the phase of El Niño–Southern Oscillation over this region. The results of a set of cloud-resolving simulations by a meteorology-chemistry model reveal that

Atmospheric reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition plays a crucial role in linking air pollution to ecosystem risks. As the primary source region of air pollutants in southwestern China, the Sichuan Basin (SCB) consistently experiences high Nr deposition, while the impact of its complex terrain on Nr deposition remains unclear. This study applied a basin-filling experiment in WRF-CMAQ modeling to investigate

Global climate models (GCMs) have significantly advanced in simulating mean cloud properties, yet challenges persist in accurately capturing cloud diurnal variations (CDVs), especially over land. This study explores the underlying causes of CDV biases by leveraging the Taiwan Earth System Model version 1 (TaiESM1), satellite observations, and reanalysis data. An assessment of CMIP6 models, including

Under global warming, the occurrence of compound extreme weather and climate events has increased, resulting in profound ecological and societal damages. Understanding the forming mechanisms of these events is imperative for formulating effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. This research focuses on causality of the compound extreme heat and precipitation events (CEHPEs) in northeastern China

Soil surface evaporation (E) is an important component of evapotranspiration from barren or sparsely vegetated (BSV) areas, and accurately estimating E in areas with limited water resources remains challenging due to the complexity of influencing factors. In this study, a large number of global ground-based measurements from bare soil conditions were collected, and a transformer-based model based on

We examined the responses of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) onboard the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-16 (GOES-16) to 174 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) return strokes in 77 flashes that occurred in Florida in 2018–2023. We recorded these strokes on high-speed video cameras from which we measured the continuing current durations. The GLM flash and stroke detection efficiencies

As a natural tracer of the water cycle, the stable water isotopes in precipitation usually show spatial dependency. The geographical zoning of precipitation isotopes provides a spatial perspective to understand the large-scale climatological background associated with isotopic fractionation. Here a Ward hierarchical clustering analysis was conducted on a monthly δ18O product across China with a spatial

The return-stroke peak current is an important parameter provided by the lightning location system and plays an important role in atmospheric electricity. In this paper, a new method combining classical estimation methods and semi-supervised learning techniques is proposed for more accurate remote estimation of return-stroke peak currents. The model achieves the prediction of propagation error, and

Sand and Dust Storm (SDS) is an important disastrous weather, and spring 2023 marked the highest frequency of SDSs in the past decade in East Asia. Combining model prediction and multi-source observations, based on the generally good ability of the CMA_Meso/CUACE_SDS model to reproduce the dust emission, transportation paths, development stages, PM10 concentration, and dust vertical distribution, five

This study is focused on the unusual inhomogeneity of the seasonal distribution of genesis frequency of tropical cyclones (TCGF) over the western North Pacific (WNP), which tends to be linked to a significant phase reversal of TCGF anomaly. More active stage of tropical cyclones (TCs) shifting toward summer (autumn) corresponds to a positive (negative) TCGF anomaly in summer followed by a negative

This study evaluates the performance of twelve bias correction (BC) approaches, encompassing machine learning and traditional statistical methods, in reproducing temperature and precipitation extreme indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI) for the period 1975–2014. Among the evaluated methods, power transformation and variance scaling emerged as the most

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives (oxy-PAHs and nitro-PAHs) are released during the biomass combustion process, both in the exhaust gas and bound to the particulate matter (PM). The composition of PAHs, including the number of carbon atoms and their molecular weight, is directly related to their toxicity. The aim of this work was to determine the PM-bound emission of the

This paper explores the influence of the presence of clouds on sky radiances. It also analyses their impact on the retrieval of aerosol properties when using an inversion algorithm whose radiative transfer model (RTM) is designed for cloud-free atmospheres. For that, synthetic observations are simulated for 9 partially cloudy skies and for their equivalent cloud-free skies, considering 16 different

Under the combined influence of climate change and human activities, heatwaves have become more frequent and intense globally. Nighttime humid heatwaves (HHWs), frequently occurring in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), pose greater risks to human health than daytime or dry heatwaves due to reduced relief from daytime heat and difficulty in heat dissipation under hot and humid environment. However, few

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays a crucial role in regional and global climate dynamics, making accurate precipitation data essential for meteorological studies. However, owing to the complex terrain and sparse observations, precipitation data are inadequate, particularly at the hourly scale, which hinders precise climate modeling and forecasting. To address this, we evaluate three precipitation products—IMERG

Live microorganisms dispersed through rain and snow can significantly impact urban environments, ecology and agricultural safety. The understanding of microbial interactions and ecological roles in rain and snow still remains unclear. In this study, samples from total 58 rain and snow events were collected in Xi'an, China, followed by determining the concentration, activity, and community structure

On 15 April 2016, a destructive tornado impacted the town of Dolores, in the Department of Soriano, southwestern Uruguay (SWUY), resulting in one of the most damaging, single-event weather disasters in Uruguay's history. Remarkably, another strong tornado hit Dolores less than four years earlier on 6 December 2012, causing damage in the south portion of the town. This study investigates the Dolores

The turbulent exchanges between the land surface and atmosphere, crucial for global climate change and atmospheric circulation, are typically represented through bulk formulae based on Monin-Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), using simple regression as a function of the non-dimensional stability parameter derived from limited field experiments, which leaves large uncertainties. Recently, machine learning

Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are major components of atmospheric particulate matter, however, their exact formation pathways are variable during haze evolution and need to be further clarified. To fully elucidate the characteristics of sulfate, nitrate and secondary organic carbon (SOC) and compare their roles in haze formation, PM2.5 samples were collected

This work examines a persistent dust event over the Middle East (29 June - 5 July 2011), the vertical dust cross-sections and associated radiative effects, via the synergy of satellite observations, reanalyses and two regional high-resolution models (WRF-Chem and RegCM4). The model's evaluation showed a generally better performance of WRF-Chem in aerosol optical depth (AOD) simulations, but with notable

Understanding drought trends under climate change is critical for effective water resources management. Given the complex nature of droughts, relying solely on a single variable for drought analysis might not be adequate for promptly and reliably detecting drought conditions. This study introduces a comprehensive approach to drought monitoring and projection under climate change. The methodology assesses

The occurrence of severe pollution events is not merely ascribed to internal emission sources but is also influenced by atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). This study examined how variations in ABL affect the pollution formation, accumulation, and dispersion in the mountainous Mongolian Plateau under three distinct atmospheric conditions. Quantitative analyses were performed on particulate matter (PM)

The Advanced Himawari Imager carried by the Himawari-8/9 geostationary satellite provides an effective tool for high-temporal-resolution aerosol monitoring with 10-min temporal resolution. Aerosol optical depth (AOD), as a crucial parameter for characterizing aerosols, is typically retrieved using physical-based algorithms that rely on prior assumptions about surface reflectance and aerosol models

This paper presents the first-ever continental-scale convection-permitting simulations over South America for three water years of different ENSO phases, corresponding to an ENSO neutral year (2018/19), an EI Niño year (2015/16), and a La Niña year (2010/11), using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 4-km grid spacing. The model performance has been validated against precipitation derived

Drought is a common and severe natural hazard worldwide. Understanding its triggering mechanisms is pivotal for comprehending its propagation. However, the triggering mechanisms of multitype drought propagation in diverse climate regions remain unclear. This study presents the first exploration of the triggering mechanisms of multitype drought propagation in the different climate regions of China.

Solar radiation is a key driver of many physical, chemical and biological processes in Antarctic ecosystems and the main component of the surface energy budget. The downward shortwave radiation (DSR) flux varies greatly in the Antarctic Peninsula region due to cloud cover changes, resulting from climate differences between eastern and western coasts. The DSR intensity was measured using A-class pyranometers

Forest fire (mainly wood burning) and crop residue burning (mainly herb burning) are two ways to produce biomass burning smoke water-soluble organic matters (BBS-WSOMs), largely altering atmospheric light absorption. However, their molecular characteristics-dependent light absorption remains unknown. Hence, this study combined Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)

The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer can provide dependable ocean wind measurements for tropical cyclones (TCs), almost without being affected by rain. However, SMAP cannot resolve the eyes of TCs because of its coarse spatial resolution. Therefore, it is a challenge to independently identify the storm centers and the wind structures. In this study, we develop a reliable method for estimating

The capability to assimilate Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is developed within the WRFDA system in this study using the three-dimensional variational (3DVar) algorithm, based on the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) aerosol scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with online Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Experiments assimilating Himawari-8 satellite AOD retrievals

Meteorological droughts will become the principal factor driving compound hot-dry events and analysis thereof is therefore fundamental with regard to understanding future climate patterns. The average citizen knows little of geometry, but it plays an essential role in the characteristics of the droughts, by means of “fractional lengths”. We analyzed the fractality of the meteorological droughts under