Brown Carbon (BrC) is an organic component of aerosols with light-absorbing characteristics that have crucial consequences in atmospheric warming and the climate system, yet it carries significant uncertainty. This uncertainty is due to its non-static optical properties which provide a significant challenge in the measurement of the perturbation caused by them in the Earth radiation budget. The unpredictability

Severe hail activities have significant impacts on our society because they damage property and are dangerous to people and animals. However, we have little knowledge on recent changes in geographic locations of severe hail activity center over Canada. Prior to exploring this, we have carried out Canada hail data consistency and reliability checks using solid trend analyses of three independent methods

Variations in snow cover could have profound impacts on regional and large-scale circulations and climate anomalies. Previous studies have focused on their effects on mid- to low-latitude weather without considering the impacts on the Arctic climate. Here, we propose that the snow cover in Europe and Central Siberia is an important land factor for the early spring 2 m temperature (T2m) interannual

The atmosphere over the Northeastern region of Brazil (NEB) contains a variety of different aerosol types: marine, soil dust, biomass burning, urban pollution, as well as mixed species. However, very few reliable information on aerosols is available for the region. Satellite data provides spatial and temporal coverage in places with low density ground-based observational networks, with Aerosol Optical

Recent extremes in Antarctic temperature, surface melt and sea ice loss have been robustly linked to the occurrence of atmospheric rivers (ARs). However, the precise mechanisms that generate variations in the surface impacts of ARs are poorly understood, especially in the Antarctic. Based on Arctic evidence that the vertical and horizontal advancement of ARs over sea ice strongly depends on meteorological

To enhance the understanding of the cloud and rain microphysical characteristics in Meiyu frontal systems, we performed a detailed analysis of stochastic collision processes in Meiyu frontal precipitation clouds, using observational data collected at the Bright Summit Meteorological Station on Huangshan (118°09′E, 30°08′N). By employing stochastic collection and breakup equations, this study investigates

Drought forecasting is important for water resources management and effective response to drought, and the predictability of drought may change under a changing environment. Most of the studies have focused on developing drought forecasting techniques, but limited attention has been made to the theory of drought predictability, such as dynamics of meteorological drought predictability and possible

Atmospheric electric filed (AEF) measured at the earthʼs surface varies in time and space in an irregular manner, which makes interpreting the results of such measurements a challenging task. Simultaneous measurements of the AEF using several sensors make it possible to study the spatiotemporal structure of AEF variations associated with local sources. In one dimension there is an optimal placement

Accurate representation of the stable atmospheric surface layer (ASL) in numerical models has been a challenging task due to the occurrence of different physical processes such as radiative transport, turbulent mixing, and the coupling of vegetation with the atmosphere and underlying soil, as well as aspects of land use heterogeneity, etc. The Monin-Obukhov similarity theory has been widely used to

The mechanism of climate and vegetation change induced dust variations has been a phenomenal environmental concern in East Asia. However, the extent to which climate and vegetation cover separately affect the interannual variations of dust activity, is little known. Here in our study, the dust interannual variations and the contributions of climate and vegetation changes on dust variations were investigated

In 2021, an exceptionally intense autumn rainfall event occurred in West China (WC), breaking historical precipitation records since 1961. A notable northward migration of rainfall center was observed during the season. This study utilized real-time forecast data from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) and CMA (China Meteorological Administration) models under the S2S (

Snowfall plays a crucial role in the mountainous cryosphere cycle and is significantly influenced by climate change. This study utilizes the global climate models (GCMs) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) with multivariate bias correction (MBC) to explore potential future variations in snowfall and its elevation dependency across the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Findings indicate a

Two back-to-back heavy rainfall events (HREs) produced enormous rainfall over a pilgrim city, Tirupati, located in the southern peninsular India, during 10–12 November 2021 (149.2 mm) and 17–19 November 2021 (234.2 mm). Surface measurements at Yerpedu, Tirupati (13.74°, 79.60°E) showed a drop of 2–3 °C in temperature and 8 hPa in pressure during HREs, indicating that these HREs were associated with

Mineral aerosols are one of the most important ice nucleating particles (INPs) because their efficiency in nucleating ice, wide transport and largest mass contribution to particulate matter in the atmosphere. They are sourced from the arid regions of the world. In this context, this work evaluates the INP potential of fourteen topsoil samples collected from subtropical South American deserts, the major

Recently, the frequency of heatwaves has increased worldwide, with significant implications for public health, the environment, and socio-economic stability. In densely populated urban areas such as Hong Kong, heatwave events are of particular concern owing to their potential to exacerbate air pollution and modulate weather patterns, including extreme precipitation events. Despite extensive research

Since 2013, heavy pollution episodes have occurred frequently over the North China Plain after unprecedented efforts to reduce primary pollutants. In this study, a pollution process in Tianjin, a typical city in North China, was selected to investigate the impact of 3-D meteorological patterns on PM2.5 and meteorological element profiles obtained by tethered balloons and meteorological towers. The

The present study identifies a close linkage between spring (MAM) sea ice concentration (SIC) anomalies in the Greenland-Barents (GB) Seas and the tropical cyclone (TC) genesis frequency over the eastern North Pacific (ENP) in the subsequent summer and fall (JJASON) during 1979–2022. An increase in MAM GB SIC anomalies results in a decrease in subsequent JJASON ENP TC genesis frequency. The physical

Defining regions with similar characteristics for extreme precipitation is crucial for understanding the impacts of climate change, planning and managing water resources, and designing hydraulic structures. However, studies on the regionalization of extreme precipitation for Türkiye are limited, and regional extreme precipitation characteristics are not well defined. In this study, motivated by the

Increasing heavy rainfall poses significant challenges in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley (YHRV). There is a need for more specific insights into the vertical microphysical structures and their influence on heavy rainfall to enhance the accuracy of numerical simulations and forecasts. Using data from the Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite

A deep convective system affected the southern Mediterranean on 3–4 December 2022 causing heavy rains and wind gusts over three Italian regions (Sicily, Calabria, and Apulia) and a tornado in Calabria. We study the forecast sensitivity of this multi-hazard weather event to different physical parameterizations and configuration settings of the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model, used at convection

Atmospheric aerosol characteristics from the Western Ghats (WG), a region that plays a prominent role in modulating the Indian monsoon, was evaluated to study the impacts of long-range transport, local sources, and cloud processing on their chemical properties. Size-segregated aerosols collected from Ponmudi (8.8°N, 77.1°E), a tropical high altitude location (960 m a.s.l.) in the southern part of the

Aerosols hygroscopicity and CCN activity in coastal area is influenced by continental-marine air interaction, probably exerting a profound climate effect. In this study, combining field measurement at a coastal site in Shenzhen with a back trajectory model, we have identified an externally-mixed sea salt mode in accumulated particles, where the hygroscopic parameter (κ) ranges from 0.97 to 1.14. The

Fast and fine radiation source localization algorithm is of vital importance to lightning warning and protection. Current high-accuracy localization techniques, such as the time reversal technique (TR) and the multiple signal classification (MUSIC), are based on traversal search mechanism, which takes a long time. In this paper, the estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance technique

A downburst is a localized and intense downdraft of air that descends quickly from the middle troposphere and reaches the Earth's surface. It is frequently originated by a thunderstorm or a supercell. Downburst winds can cause significant damage to buildings, infrastructure, and pose a great threat to aviation traffic. On July 1, 2018, many supercells were spotted near the Zaragoza Airport (Spain)

This paper presents an analysis of the dominant cloud microphysical processes of the extreme rainfall event on 7 May 2017, using a series of convective-permitting simulations. Special emphasis is placed on the microphysical processes of two extreme-rain-producing storms, yielding hourly rainfalls exceeding 120 mm. For the Huashan (HS) storm, a large amount of cloud water is produced through condensation

This study investigates the meteorological conditions, dynamics, and microphysical characteristics of convective precipitation in Longmen, South China, during the Pre-summer Rainy Season (PRS) from 2016 to 2020, focusing on the influence of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset. Utilizing the ERA5 reanalysis dataset and observations from the C-band Vertical Pointing Radar (VPRC) and Two-Dimensional

Different types of atmospheric aerosols have different climatic effects. In this study, MERRA-2 reanalysis data of absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD) products at 550 nm from 1980 to 2018 were used to analyse the long-term distribution characteristics and evolution trends of the AAOD of different chemical components globally and in 12 typical study areas. We also analysed the seasonal and interannual

Despite the increasing number of atmospheric moisture tracking tools, their validation is challenging due to the lack of observations. This work contributes to a better understanding of uncertainties in the moisture sources analysis for the precipitation of tropical cyclones (TCs) by assessing eight combinations of threshold values in tracking methods based on the Lagrangian water budget equation.

Regarding global warming and climate change, carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most important greenhouse gases. Simulating CO2 gas at hourly/weekly time intervals and desired vertical resolution is challenging due to the coarse horizontal resolution of global models. In this study, both column-averaged CO2 mixing ratio (XCO2) and vertical cross sections of CO2 mixing ratio were simulated by the Weather

This study investigates the sensitivity of dust event simulation to dust emission schemes and meteorological forcing datasets in the Belt and Road regions, which we divided into three dust-affected regions: North Africa, the Middle East-central Asia, and East Asia. The Weather Research and Forecasting model with online coupled chemistry (WRF-Chem) is used to simulate a dust event in the Belt and Road

Regional variations in atmospheric moisture residence time (RT) highlight the need to obtain independent observation indexes to constrain different model-based estimates. Stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen naturally exist in water molecules that can provide such observational constraints. We analyzed the relationship between RT and precipitation isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) across different climatic

While El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has widespread impacts on the climate around the Pacific and North America, the relationship between ENSO and winter surface air temperature (SAT) in Europe is less well established. This study investigates the modulation effects of the spring Victoria mode (VM) on the weak ENSO–SAT connection in the following winter based on reanalysis data and numerical experiments

The remnant inland circulation of Typhoon Doksuri induced catastrophic heavy precipitation in July 2023 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area of China. The role of climate trends in this event is investigated using the pseudo-global warming approach. The control experiment driven by the ERA5 reanalysis captures the intensity and spatial distribution of the heavy precipitation reasonably well. The effects

Summer precipitation over the Maritime Continent (MC) is tightly connected to livelihoods of the locals, and the corresponding strong convective activities are also crucial to Asian regional climate variations remotely. Using observational and reanalysis data from 1958 to 2020, we found that El Niño with different decay rates can cause different summer precipitation anomalies in the MC area. In the

The Tibetan Plateau, particularly the eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETP), experienced extraordinarily high surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies in summer 2022. This study investigated the impact of anomalous soil moisture (SM) on the SAT over the ETP and explored the synergistic effect of SM and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the ETP SAT during 1961–2022. It is found that the anomalous SM

Characterizing and understanding the evolving water cycle in the Three-River Headwaters (TRH) region of the Tibetan Plateau, where data scarcity poses significant challenges to climate and atmospheric water cycle research, heavily depends on model simulations. However, advanced global climate models and reanalysis datasets frequently overestimate precipitation. To address this, we employ high-resolution

Northeastern China (NEC) is the largest grain base in China. Improving understanding of the effect of climate change on grain production over NEC is conducive to providing immediate response strategies for grain production. In this study, the relationships of the maize production with the dry state during the different maize growth stage have been investigated using the year-to-year increment method

The instantaneous radiative effects of cores of deep convective clouds (CDCCs) linked to well-organised long-lived convective system over the tropics is estimated for the first time using Megha-Tropiques (MT) during 2012‐–2018. Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie (SAPHIR) and Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB) onboard MT provides collocated and concurrent observations

Reanalysis is a well-established tool for monitoring the state of the atmosphere. This study aims at validating the ALADIN-Climate (AC) model reanalysis over Europe with a focus on Central Europe. The AC model is based on the ALARO model configuration and belongs to convection permitting models. Its horizontal resolution is 2.3 km. We evaluated a 25-year long period (1990–2014) and we performed the

As a pivotal factor influencing crop water requirement, reference evapotranspiration (ET0) plays a crucial role in agricultural water planning and management. Irrigation can exert distinct influences on ET0 by modifying meteorological conditions through land-atmosphere coupling. While the climatic effects of irrigation in the North China Plain (NCP), the most intensively irrigated area over China,

Propagations of intraseasonal precipitation are essential for subseasonal prediction of East Asian summer rainbelt. In this study, under the background of the southern China summer rainfall pattern (SCSRP), the intraseasonal northward and southward propagation types are first identified and then their propagation characteristics and influencing factors on the 20–90-day intraseasonal timescale are deeply

Atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles are critical for understanding atmospheric complexity and environmental protection. To unify the inversion algorithms of different stations, this paper establishes optimal model parameters for various stations in China using the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) model. Additionally, a novel BPNN-based Temperature and Humidity Profile Retrieval (BPNNTR)

This study compares two data assimilation (DA) methods, the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) and three-dimensional variational analysis (3DVAR), in the assimilation of high-resolution three-dimensional remote sensing data. Different observation operators are applied to each DA method to reflect its specific characteristics and to provide best analysis for precipitation forecast over complex

This study examined the sensitivity of cloud microphysics and planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization in the simulation of localized heavy rainfall in northern Japan such as the August 2022 event. Accurate simulation/forecast of such quasi-stationary line-shaped mesoscale convective systems is a pressing issue for the region. The sensitivities of 17 different cloud microphysics parameterization

This study investigates the formation and dynamics of the Summer Shamal Wind (SSW) and its associated dust storms over the Middle East. A regional climate model, RegCM4, coupled with a dust module, is employed to simulate a severe dust storm event on June 12, 2006. To gain deeper insights, a novel dynamical mechanism is proposed. This mechanism highlights the crucial role of both mechanical and thermal

The land surface layer is an important interface between the ground and atmosphere, and cross-surface ground heat flux (G0) has a significant impact on land surface energy processes and associated cycles. Therefore, understanding dynamics in G0 is critical for predicting climate changes and developing adaptation strategies. However, the harsh environment and geographic barriers of the Tibetan Plateau

Northeast Asia has experienced a significant drying trend since the 1950s. Attribution of this drying trend is important for understanding drying and its response to anthropogenic forcing. Despite increasing evidence of human influence on surface air temperature and precipitation, how human-induced climate change is affecting the observed aridity change is poorly understood. Here, by employing a “dynamical

A seesawing temperature pattern occurred over northern mid-latitudes in December 2023, with cold anomalies over northern parts of Eurasia and warm conditions over North America. The recurrent dipole temperature pattern in boreal winter has been revealed to be associated with concurrent changes in atmospheric variability (e.g., Siberian high and Alaska ridge) and boundary forcing (e.g., Arctic sea ice

Based on observational datasets during 1980–2021 and the simulations from the PAMIP (Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project), this paper indicates that the eastern North Atlantic–Ural blocking days in December–January is characterized by a zonal dipole pattern which undergoes an interdecadal variation around 2008. Specifically, the blocking days in Ural (eastern North Atlantic–western Europe)

The Upper Yellow River Basin (UYRB), located at the junction of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau, and Inner Mongolia Plateau, plays a pivotal role in regional climate dynamics, hydrological processes, and ecological stability, primarily due to its precipitation variability. This study utilizes station-based observational data alongside atmospheric reanalysis data to investigate the interdecadal

The dominant winter modes of large-scale atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic are the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), East Atlantic (EA), and Scandinavian (SCA) patterns. This study examines their multi-decadal variability over the Instrumental Period. We identify stages through which interactions between NAO and both EA and SCA phases alter westerly winds and precipitation anomalies in

Under global warming, the simultaneous occurrence of drought and high temperature is raising growing concerns due to their detrimental impacts on ecosystems, water resources, and food security. Extensive studies have evaluated different characteristics (e.g., spatial extent and frequency) of such compound extremes using percentile-threshold methods based on historical records and climate model projections

Explosive cyclone development has been shown to be a positive feedback process, however what causes this to end is an open question. We employ the perturbation potential energy (PPE) framework to investigate the evolution of the December 2022 North American bomb cyclone (NABC) as a case study. A layer with negative PPE anomaly separates the positive PPE anomaly generated by the December 2022 NABC from

Clouds are one of the key factors influencing the evolution of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Understanding the complex interactions between clouds and PBL height (PBLH) is essential for accurately simulating and predicting PBL processes. This study investigates the impact of clouds on PBLH evolution based on the lidar, radiosonde, ceilometer, and meteorological parameters observations at the

Understanding the impacts of land surface processes on summer extreme precipitation is crucial for accurate climate predictions. This study investigated these impacts across three subregions of eastern China (North China, Central China, and South China) using the regional Climate–Weather Research and Forecasting model with two land surface parameterization schemes: the Conjunctive Surface–Subsurface

Secondary ice production (SIP) leads to the formation of new ice particles from preexisting ones. Besides generating ice crystals, SIP can also influence cloud characteristics, including convection, precipitation, and even radiative properties. This study examines the effect of ice crystal formation by Hallett-Mossop, fragmentation of freezing drops, and fragmentation due to ice–ice collision processes

A crucial factor limiting convective weather nowcasting is the lack of timely updated and accurate atmospheric water vapor observations. The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can accurately sense water vapor with high temporal resolutions, which is adequate to observe many meso- and small-scale variations associated with convective weather. In this contribution, an hourly cycling data assimilation

This study employs station observation and Meiyu monitoring data in the middle-lower Yangtze River (MLYR) basin to investigate a distinctive heatwave phenomenon, characterized by an accelerated onset following the Meiyu termination in 2001–2022. In the basin, the proportion of rapid heatwaves (transition duration less than two days) is 30 % in the period 1981–2000, while it increased markedly to 77 %

This study used the pseudo-global warming (PGW) method in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to examine the effects of climate change on localized heavy rainfall events in the Tohoku and Hokuriku regions in August 2022. This heavy rainfall event is one of the representative cases of heavy rainfall in the region, in which water vapor transport from the Sea of Japan is a key factor, and