This study explores the impact of assimilating diverse observational data on forecasting extreme rainfall events (EREs) using a three dimensional variational (3D-Var) assimilation approach. It focuses on 38 EREs across three meteorological divisions in Karnataka, India, using a high-resolution (03-km) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with three nested domains. Five distinct experiments

Secondary ice production (SIP) is a crucial phenomenon for explaining the formation of ice crystal clouds, especially when addressing the discrepancies between observed ice crystal number concentrations and ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this study, we investigate parameterizations of three SIP processes (Hallett-Mossop, fragmentation of freezing drops, and fragmentation due to ice–ice collision)

This study employs the ERA5 and JRA-55 monthly reanalysis datasets to examine the monthly impact of the Scandinavian (SCA) teleconnection pattern on the surface air temperature (SAT) over Asia in boreal winters from 1958 to 2021. We demonstrate that the monthly impacts of the SCA vary by month and region. Notably, the accumulated SAT anomalies over the region to the north of Tibetan Plateau (NP) due

Characterizing the interaction between meteorological variables such as humidity, wind speed, cloud cover, and precipitation with the atmospheric electric field is vital for improving the nowcast of extreme weather events such as heavy precipitation. With this aim, we provide minute-scale electric field observations in southern Israel. These were taken during low-pressure weather systems in winter

Vertical distributions of chemical components of particulate matter (PM) are essential for better understanding the climate, environmental and health effects. The steep slope from western SiChuan Basin (SCB) to eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) provides a good platform for obtaining the gradient variations of PM chemical components. Daytime and nighttime PM1 (particulate matter smaller than 1 μm) samples

Winter temperatures in the North America (NA) exhibit evident intraseasonal variation, which has become more pronounced under global climate change. In particular, the wintertime relationship between NA temperatures and long-lasting positive sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the Northeast Pacific (NEP), known as warm blobs, has been hotly debated in recent years. However, their relationship

The frequency and duration of heatwaves are rapidly increasing worldwide under the background of global warming. This trend is also observed in the mid–lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (MLYRV), raising great public concern due to its significant impacts. This study identifies a wave train involving the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Ural blocking (UB), and an anticyclone

Recently, extreme precipitation has occurred frequently in the Tarim Basin, which has a fragile ecological environment, arousing widespread concern. Using daily precipitation observations from 42 stations in the Tarim Basin during the spring of 1980–2021 and monthly circulation reanalysis data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5, as well as statistical analyses

Accurate precipitation estimates are quintessential for hydrologic modeling and climate studies. Different gridded precipitation products are available in any region, and selecting the best one is essential for hydroclimatic modeling and analysis. In the current study, observation- (APHRODITE), reanalysis- (IMDAA, ERA5-Land, PGF), satellite-based (IMERG, CHIRPS, PERSIANN-CDR), and hybrid (MSWEP) gridded

The urban effects on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind structures of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) have rarely been explored. In this study, numerical simulations for Typhoon Lekima (2019), with and without multilayer building effect parameterization (BEP) and urban land cover, were executed to investigate the urban effects on TC PBL wind structures. Validations against observations demonstrate

In light of increasing climate hazards globally that pose risk to public health, the compounded effects of two major hazards, heatwaves and air pollution, have become a focal point for environmental and health research. This study explores the intricate relationship between extreme temperature events in North China (NC) and South China (SC) – two prominent areas of aerosol exposure in East Asia – and

This study analyzes the interplay between tropical cyclones (TCs) and drought in Taiwan over the period from 1981 to 2022, leveraging data from CHIRPS, FLDAS, IBTrACS, and Sentinel and Landsat satellite imagery. Our findings reveal a significant decline in TC-induced rainfall over the last decade, with a turning point in 2017. We establish a low to moderate positive correlation between TC-induced rainfall

This study investigates the influence of early spring (March–April) soil moisture (SM) over the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) on the interannual variation of South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset, using observational analyses and numerical experiments. It is found that when early spring SM over the GMS is wetter, westerly anomalies dominate the South China Sea, corresponding to an early onset

The Mongolian Plateau hosts one of the world's most fragile ecosystems, characterized by high volatility and frequent natural disasters due to rapid climate change and human activities in recent decades. Frequent dust storms notably mark spring in this region. Through observational analysis and numerical modeling, this study investigates the impacts of comprehensive ocean and land processes—including

The unique terrain and complex atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) processes result in a distinctive spatiotemporal distribution of dust in the Tarim Basin; however, this distribution remains unclear under continuous clear-sky conditions. In this study, 382 cases were selected to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of dust and its potential mechanisms based on MERRA-2 and ERA5 reanalysis datasets

The sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Indian Ocean(IO) has experienced rapid warming over the past 40 years. The reason for this phenomenon is still debated. Our study suggests that the decrease in Arctic sea ice during winter can influence the warming of SST in the Northern Indian Ocean (NIO) through three main pathway including atmospheric circulation, western Pacific SST and Tibet Plateau

In order to clarify the synoptic meteorology and low-level circulation characteristics of orographic precipitation in northeastern Tibetan Plateau (referred as TP), numerical simulation of a precipitation case that happened in Qilian Mountains on August 12–13, 2019 was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in this paper. The results show that WRF model can roughly capture

Heavy rainfall events and associated floods have emerged as one of the great threats to society that mainly manifested due the climate change. The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) contributes 80 % of annual rainfall and is characterized mainly by high-intensity rainfall events (HiREs) in the recent era. We investigated the spatiotemporal variability of HiREs from a climate change perspective by accessing

Chemical transport models (CTM) tend to perform poorly in simulating pollution processes under weak turbulent diffusion conditions. In this study, we address this issue from the perspectives of vertical grid resolution and vertical mixing schemes. Three vertical grid resolution configurations (L4, L12, L40) with the CHIMERE model are evaluated during a winter episode, which includes a heavy pollution

Aerosol and clouds are essential to climate effects. Based on an aircraft observation in a mixed-phase cloud in Shijiazhuang, China, on November 21, 2020, analyzing the vertical and size distributions of cloud droplets, and ice crystal particles, and the effects of the similar to a “seeder-feeder” process after cloud seeding on cloud microphysics. The first seeding cloud (CS1) and second seeding cloud

Data gaps are a recurring challenge in climate research, hindering effective time series analysis and modeling. This study proposes a novel two-step data imputation framework to address temperature time series with a long continuous gap surrounded by predictor stations with sporadic missingness. The method leverages iterative gap-filling Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA) for the small sporadic gaps

This study aimed to alleviate the overestimation of low-level wind speeds at Incheon International Airport in South Korea by employing large eddy simulation (LES) modeling and high-resolution surface data. Simulation and observation data from two days on which potentially hazardous weather conditions near the airport were observed were selected for analysis: 12 August 2020, when strong winds were recorded

A Frontal Identification System (FIS), initially designed to track Galernas in the Bay of Biscay, has been adapted to monitor cold fronts across Australia using wind shifts derived from ERA5 hourly reanalysis data. This high-resolution system tracks shallow, cloud-free fronts during the warm season, which can trigger bushfires, dust storms, extreme heat, and coastal weather extremes like Southerly

Clouds are one of the most significant and uncertain components in weather forecasting and climate prediction. The 20-year detailed liquid water cloud effective radius (CER) over China from 2001 to 2020 are systematically studied based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cloud products. The spatial distributions of CER show slight alterations of seasonal patterns of changes over China

Fog is a widespread phenomenon in the coastal Atacama Desert. Within this region, three types of fog have been described: advective, orographic, and radiative. However, there remains a lack of quantification regarding their frequencies, the physical mechanisms responsible for their formation, and their contribution to fog water collection. Our research quantifies for the first time in the Atacama Desert

Revealing the synoptic patterns associated with extreme precipitation is important in deepening our understanding of extreme precipitation formation. To examine whether the synoptic patterns responsible for the summer extreme precipitation (SEP) have experienced an interdecadal variability over the Tarim Basin (TB), we investigate and compare the synoptic patterns influencing regional SEP over the

Dust radiative effect imposes pronounced perturbations on planetary boundary layer (PBL) development. In turn, the modified PBL characteristics and circulation fields regulate subsequent dust processes, which have not been explored sufficiently. In this study, parallel experiments are designed to isolate the instant, legacy and nonlinear impacts of aerosol radiative effect on daytime dust storm evolution

This study focuses on the validation of high-resolution regional reanalyses to understand their effectiveness in reproducing precipitation patterns over Italy, a climate change hotspot characterized by coastal sea-land interaction and complex orography. Nine reanalysis products were evaluated, with the ECMWF global reanalysis ERA5 serving as a benchmark. These included both European (COSMO-REA6, CERRA)

The genesis potential index (GPI) is used to quantify the major large-scale environmental parameters associated with tropical cyclogenesis (TCG). It is demonstrated that the 10–20-day GPI dominates the intraseasonal variability of the GPI over the South China Sea (SCS) from June to September during 1979–2021. The spatiotemporal evolutions of the 10–20-day GPI in the TCG processes show distinct diverse

In this study, photographic records of natural lightning flashes obtained from high-speed video camera observations are analyzed based on an extensive literature review. The purpose of this work is to estimate the fractal dimension of lightning discharges and to analyze and evaluate the effect of lightning type (downward and upward flashes during their propagation as well as return strokes) and lightning

Particulate matters accepted as air quality markers are also indicators of the health risk of the population, especially children, because of their increased susceptibility to the quality of the air they breathe. Understanding the correlations between the concentration of particulate matter in the outdoor air and meteorological conditions will help to take steps to reduce pollution and reduce the risk

Since 2017, the SINFONY (Seamless INtegrated FOrecastiNg sYstem) project has been under development at the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD). It is aimed to provide a seamless ensemble system for early predictions and warnings of severe weather events by combining the nowcasting based on extrapolating observed radar reflectivity and short-term forecasts initiated from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) of data

In this study, the role of diabatic heating/cooling in outer rainbands (ORBs) in the formation and evolution of the secondary eyewall of a numerically simulated tropical cyclone (TC) is investigated. This is done through a series of sensitivity experiments under idealized conditions using a high-resolution cloud-resolving atmospheric model. The results show that artificially increasing diabatic heating

In this study, we investigate the characteristics of global horizontal irradiance enhancement events induced by clouds over Thessaloniki for the period 1994–2023 using data recorded every one minute. We identified the cloud enhancement (CE) events by creating an appropriate cloud-free irradiance reference using a radiative transfer model and aerosol optical depth data from a collocated Cimel sun photometer

The present study quantifies the improvement achieved in lightning forecast skill of the NCMRWF regional ensemble prediction system (NEPS-R) compared to its deterministic counterpart (CNTL). The lightning forecasts over study regions of East and Northeast India (ENEI) and Peninsular India (PI) during the pre-monsoon season and Central-East and Northeast India (CENEI) during the monsoon season have

Meiyu (plume rain) is a distinctive weather phenomenon during boreal early summer, known for its increased precipitation during El Niño decay years bridged through the northwest Pacific anticyclone (NWPAC). It has been widely acknowledged that super El Niño (SEN) events consistently correspond to more Meiyu. This study highlights the instability in the relationship between El Niño and Meiyu, particularly

Global climate models (GCMs) serve as essential tools for projecting future climate trends, but their coarse resolution limits localized impact assessments in sectors like hydrology, agriculture, and biodiversity. Observation data with a spatial resolution of a few kilometers are crucial for downscaling and bias-correcting GCMs at finer resolutions. However, Nepal's extreme topography and organizational

This study quantitatively analyzed the contribution rate of recycled moisture to precipitation in the basin based on the Craig-Gordon model and the three-end-member mixing model through selecting 456 precipitation sample data collected from six sampling points in the source region of the Yellow River from September 2019 to August 2021. The results showed that: the contribution rate of moisture recycling

In this study, the investigation is made to reveal the impact of multi-strategically assimilating Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) precipitation and Himawari-8/Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) water vapor radiances (WVR) on forecasting a heavy snowfall event in the Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (EQTP) employing the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF) and the Four-Dimensional Variational (4DVar)

The 2-m temperature data is a significant indicator for studying the weather extremes and the exchange of water and energy fluxes between the surface and atmosphere. This study compared three reanalysis datasets, i.e., ERA5, ERA5-Land, and MERRA-2, with observations from in-situ sources from 1990 to 2022 using various statistical error metrics and extreme temperature indices over the Arabian Peninsula

Extreme precipitation events (EPEs) are crucial in Antarctica, impacting the Antarctic ice sheet's surface mass balance and stability. Comprehensive case studies are essential for better understanding these events and the underlying processes driving them. Here, we investigate an extreme snowfall event in Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica on November 8 and 9, 2015. This event contributed approximately

Through data diagnosis and dynamic analysis, this study aims to reveal the potential influence of the Subtropical Dipole Pattern (SDP) in the southern Indian Ocean on the interannual variation of south polar sea ice. The results indicate that a robust teleconnection exists between the SDP and south polar sea ice. At least two months in advance, the SDP significantly affects the Antarctic summer sea-ice

Understanding the rapid intensification (RI) of Hurricane Wilma (2005) in terms of the maximum wind has been carried out in a series of papers, this study examines the gradient wind balance and imbalance during RI, based on a 72-h Wilma prediction conducted using the Weather Research Forecast Model (WRF) with the 1-km grid resolution. Results show that the pressure gradient force (PGF) near the eyewall

This study characterizes the variation of the urban heat island (UHI) within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and investigates the horizontal advection effects on the UHI variation throughout a heat wave (HW) event over Shanghai municipality in August 2019 based on numerical model simulations. It is found that the UHI intensifies under HW conditions with the UHI intensity gradually weakening from

Understanding and forecasting the spatial and temporal distributions of extreme precipitation over urban areas is crucial for effective planning and mitigation efforts. However, this task remains challenging as accurate forecasting depends on properly representing urban surfacees and their interactions with the planetary boundary layer (PBL). We examined the hindcast of an extreme precipitation event

Strong meridional rainfall gradients exist between the tropics and subtropics in southwestern Africa, bounded to the north by the moist Congo basin and to the south by the Kalahari Desert. This domain received relatively little scientific attention compared to the rest of southern Africa. In this study, the limited available station data are assessed against six gridded rainfall products (CHIRPS, PERSIANN-CDR

Urban agglomerations formed by rapid urbanization have been found to be important ways through which human activities influence regional weather and climate. However, the role of urban agglomerations in the formation of extreme heat and drought events remains unclear. We perform numerical simulations using RegCM 5.0 on an August 2022 extreme heat event in the Yangtze River Basin in China. The results

The precipitation structures and microphysical characteristics of predecessor rain events (PREs) over the Yangtze River Delta area and related tropical cyclones (TCs) from 2014 to 2019 were investigated using Dual-frequency Precipitation radar data from Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) for drop size distributions (DSDs). Results showed that the total mean rain rate of PREs was larger than that

Sandstorm is a disastrous weather phenomenon that often occurs in arid and semi-arid areas, endangering the ecological environment and affecting people's lives and property safety seriously. Since the 21st century, the sandstorm weather in the Yellow River Basin has ameliorated obviously. However, the causes of the long-term trends in sandstorms during 21st century were still unknown. In this study

The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) is one of the world's most important agricultural regions. Over recent decades, the declining trend in precipitation has caused more frequent droughts over the northern plateau of the GMS, and this has led to a significant reduction in agricultural productivity. These drought events can also affect agriculture within the middle and lower parts of the Mekong River

Using ERA-Interim reanalysis data and ensemble forecasts from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS), we explore the roles of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex throughout the life cycle of the 2016 East Asian cold air outbreak (CAO). Our results reveal the distinct roles of the stratosphere in the initiation and intensification stages of this CAO. The occurrence of this CAO was directly related

This study investigates the characteristics of tropical cyclones (TCs) that cause extreme hourly precipitation (EXHP) in Zhejiang, China, using datasets from 67 national stations (Con-ST) and 1551 surface stations (All-ST), spanning 1973–2020 and 2011–2020, respectively. Our analysis revealed notable variations in the EXHP caused by individual TCs. The top 10 % of TCs contributed 37.2–38 % of the total

Based on data diagnosis and numerical experiments, this study investigated the changes in the interannual properties of the May North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their impact on summer (June–July) sea ice in the North Atlantic during 1979–2021. Results showed statistically significant increase in the interannual variability of the May NAO after the mid-2000s, which had remarkably enhanced impact

Snow plays a critical role in modulating surface energy, water cycles, and climate prediction. Optimizing snow-related parameterizations can enhance the model behaviors in simulating snow-related physical processes and reduce the cold bias observed in winter climate simulations in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study, the topographic complexity and wind speed were incorporated into the parameterization

This study investigated the variability of radioactive and stable aerosols (7Be, 210Pb, 137Cs, 40K, PM10, and PM2.5) in relation to mixing layer height (MLH) based on outdoor radon and meteorological factors in Bratislava, Slovakia from 2017 to 2021. Aerosol concentrations exhibit distinct seasonal patterns, with higher 7Be concentrations in summer and lower in winter, while 137Cs, 40K, 210Pb, PM10

This study investigates the impacts of climate change on temperature and precipitation extremes in eight West Asian countries (Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkey, and Iraq) using a regional ensemble of CMIP6 models. Ten models were evaluated based on their performance in simulating historical temperature and precipitation using the KGE index. Four climate extreme

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) is one of the most crucial observations in atmospheric and climate science. GNSS RO globally produces accurate and long-term stable vertical profiles for essential climate variables with high vertical resolution in all weather conditions. RO measurements offer global coverage but may be limited for specific regions. Currently, various

Heatwaves pose significant threats to urban environments, affecting both ecological systems and public health, primarily through the exacerbation of air pollution. Accurate prediction of air pollutant concentrations during heatwave periods is crucial for authorities to develop timely prevention and control strategies. Thus, we developed the 1D-CNN-BiLSTM-attention model, specifically designed to account

A Regional Air Quality Model System (RAQMS) driven by WRF was applied to explore the emission, transport, deposition, and direct radiative effect of mineral dust over western China in July 2022, with focus on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Model validation against ground and satellite observations demonstrated the model reproduced meteorological variables, PM10 concentration, aerosol optical depth (AOD)