Passive microwave remote sensing provides unique pan-Arctic light- and cloud-independent daily coverage of lead fraction (LF) for Arctic winter and spring. In this study, we conducted a quantitative assessment of various sea ice concentration (SIC) data products and LF retrieval algorithms to evaluate their accuracy in deriving lead fractions at both overall and pixel-wise levels. Our results indicate

Satellite-based measurements have emerged as an effective method for the top-down estimates of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Changes in the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) in the atmosphere reflect contributions from both human activities and natural processes, posing challenges in accurately extracting anthropogenic XCO2 signals and quantifying urban CO2 emissions. Here, we introduce

With the rapid advancement of remote sensing technology, the recognition of agricultural field parcels using time-series remote sensing images has become an increasingly emphasized task. In this paper, we focus on identifying crops within scattered, irregular, and poorly defined agricultural fields in many Asian regions. We select two representative locations with small and scattered parcels and construct

Soil moisture (SM) is a key variable in hydrometeorology and climate systems. With the growing interest in capturing fine-scale SM variability for effective hydroclimate applications, spaceborne L-band bistatic radar systems using Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) technology hold great potential to meet the demand for high spatiotemporal resolution SM data. Although primarily

Satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is inevitably contaminated by clouds and aerosols, causing large uncertainties in depicting the seasonal and interannual variations of terrestrial ecosystems, and potentially misrepresents their responses to climate change and climate extremes. Although various methods have been developed to reconstruct NDVI time series using the similarity

Community Open Spaces (COS) refer to the fine-grained and micro-open areas within communities that offer residents convenient opportunities for social interaction and health benefits. The mapping of COS using Very High Resolution (VHR) imagery can provide critical community-scale data for monitoring urban sustainable development goals (SDGs). However, the three-dimensional structure of COS often results

Near-infrared reflectance of vegetation multiplied by incoming sunlight (NIRvP) is important for gross primary production (GPP) estimation. While NIRvP is a useful indicator of canopy structure and solar radiation, its association with heat or moisture stress is not fully understood. Thus, this research aimed to explore the impact of air temperature (Ta) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on the NIRvP-GPP

This paper describes a new stylonurine eurypterid: Qujingopterus spineus gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Devonian (late Lochkovian to early Pragian) Xitun formation of Yunnan Province, South China. This discovery represents one of the earliest stylonurine records from Gondwana and further supports the global distribution of stylonurines. Considering the probable region of origin of the clade and and

The collision of India and Asia formed the Himalayas and caused the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Greater India comprises the part of the Indian plate that was subducted beneath Asia and the Tethyan Himalaya. Quantitative constraints on the extent of Greater India are needed to study the process of the India-Asia collision. However, such constraints are lacking and the topic remains debated. We present

Separation of soil effects from top-of-canopy (TOC) reflectance is crucial for quantitative remote sensing of vegetation. Soil affects TOC reflectance via the soil-vegetation interaction and the direct reflection by soil. Various vegetation indices have been developed semi-empirically to mitigate the interferences caused by soil for specific applications, such estimating biomass and monitoring vegetation

Plant functional traits are key drivers of ecosystem processes. However, plot-based monitoring of functional composition across both large spatial and temporal extents is a time-consuming and expensive undertaking. Airborne and satellite remote sensing platforms collect data across large spatial expanses, often repeatedly over time, raising the tantalising prospect of detection of biodiversity change

Successful surface soil moisture (SM) retrieval from space has been enabled by microwave satellite measurements of Earth's upwelling brightness temperature (TB). Nevertheless, correction for the impact of vegetation on TB emission remains a challenge for SM retrieval algorithms. Such correction is often performed in a simplified manner. For example, the Single Channel Algorithm (SCA) uses ancillary

Significant differences in the failure characteristics of surrounding rocks caused by complex lithologies and geological conditions have been observed in deep tunnels. In this work, a failure involving rockburst and collapse observed in a deep tunnel excavated by a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was introduced. The in-situ failure characteristics of granite with biotite interlayers with different biotite

Terrestrial vegetation is a crucial component of Earth's biosphere, regulating global carbon and water cycles and contributing to human welfare. Despite an overall greening trend, terrestrial vegetation exhibits a significant inter-annual variability. The mechanisms driving this variability, particularly those related to climatic and anthropogenic factors, remain poorly understood, which hampers our

Large-scale mining fractures resulting from repeated mining are a major cause of surface water loss in the northern Shaanxi mining area, China. Accurately detecting the evolution of mining-induced fractures is crucial for addressing the fragile ecological environment and ensuring coalmine production safety in this area. This study focuses on the close-multi coal seams mining at the Ningtiaota coalmine

Runoff variability in glacierized transboundary river basins over High Mountain Asia (HMA) directly affects the stability of water supply for more than one billion people in Asia. However, limited by insufficient in-situ gauges and imprecise hydrological model output, it is still a challenge to accurately monitor and comprehensively analyze the HMA runoff change. In this paper, we construct a water

Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is a promising tool to estimate gross primary production (GPP), but the retrieval of SIF is commonly noisy and highly sensitive to various interference factors. Particularly, the retrieval of SIF in the red band (RSIF) is more challenging than in the far-red SIF (FRSIF) due to the weaker fluorescence signal and the weaker absorption depth of oxygen at the

Long-distance hiking trails worldwide serve as vital ‘threads’ connecting vast wilderness areas, offering unique opportunities to evaluate progress toward the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, their extensive lengths pose challenges for data collection, limiting their potential use in sustainable development research. Remote sensing technologies, such as high-spatial-resolution

Land-surface reflectance (LSR) is a basic physical retrieval in terrestrial monitoring. The potential for high-frequency surface product estimation was evident in third-generation Geostationary Earth Orbit (3rd-GEO) satellites, substantially improving spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions. Intercomparisons with LSR products from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have been employed as a common

This paper presents a case study of deep excavation using the artificial ground freezing (AGF) method for tunnel restoration work in the Nakdong River deltaic deposits. The study involved detailed construction monitoring and data analysis to assess the thermal and mechanical impacts on surrounding ground and underground structures. Factors influencing heat transfer were identified and evaluated for

Geological models are used for a range of applications relevant for engineering geology and the demands for reliable geological models with realistic uncertainty assessments are therefore increasing. The geological modelling workflow is divided into multiple steps, each associated with uncertainties. Often however, many of these sources of uncertainty are overlooked, which may lead to an underestimation

Scale of fluctuations (SOFs) of spatially variable soil properties have been regarded as one of the important parameters for performing reliability-based design in geotechnical engineering. However, the information required to estimate the SOFs in practice is limited, especially in the horizontal direction. In this study, the potential use of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) to estimate

Soil desiccation cracking as a consequence of severe environmental changes alters soil deformation mechanisms significantly. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effect of crack characteristics and environmental conditions on the heterogeneous deformation of desiccation-cracked soils using thermo-hydro-mechanical analyses. The model framework consists of balance equations, thermal, hydraulic,

Subsurface stratification is crucial for the construction safety of underground projects. The one-dimensional (1D) soil stratification aims at identifying segmentation points that separate soil strata. Current engineering practice mainly requires human judgement, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive, and heavily relies on domain expertise. Other probabilistic methods, such as Bayesian approaches

The quantitative analysis of the landslide risk posed to road networks is a challenging task owing to the uncertainty involved both in the potential landslide hazard and the road value. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a novel framework to assess the road risk in quantitative terms. The landslide hazard is assessed using the depth-integrated method with consideration of the landslide

Appropriate estimation of seismic moment release during fluid injection is critical to mitigate the risk of induced seismic hazards and to guide safe operation in the geo-energy industry. However, the present single-layer models overlook the contributions of fault slip in different rock layers to the seismic moment release. Here we report an analytical model incorporating a multiple-layer function

Fine particle loss in soil is one of the main causes of slope instability and geotechnical structure failure. Loss of fines can cause instability in granular assembles by changing the fabric and microstructure of the sample. However, real-time monitoring of the evolution of mechanical behavior in granular soils during the particle loss process is still poorly explored. This study presents a novel approach

Submarine landslides pose significant threats to subsea cables distributed on the global seabed. However, regional scale risk assessment of landslide geohazards is rarely reported. This study introduces a methodology for regional-scale geohazard risk prediction of submarine landslides, focusing on the northern continental slopes of the South China Sea. Initially, the study employed the infinite-slope

The quantitative analysis of rock mass damage is crucial in fields such as engineering geology, disaster prevention, mining, geotechnical engineering, and structural engineering. With the advancement and application of noncontact measurement technologies and fractal theory, image-based damage identification methods are gaining increasing importance. This paper presents an optimized binarization algorithm

With the evolving world order, countries are using financial technologies (Fintech) to access financial resources more effectively, and Fintech can have an impact on the environment. This study aims to investigate the influence of Fintech on ecological sustainability, focusing on the contribution of renewable energy (RE) and government effectiveness (GE) under the Load Capacity Curve (LCC). This research

Correlation between soil compression index (Cc) and state parameters is frequently referenced in studies investigating the fundamental mechanisms underlying changes in soil compressibility. However, developing an efficient formula for Cc that adequately captures the complexity of soil compressive behavior has been challenging for conventional approaches. This study utilized contemporary symbolic regression

Fluid inclusion microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusions in quartz veins from the Pennsylvanian rocks of the Anthracite belt, eastern Pennsylvania support a deep burial model of coalification in favor of focused orogenic hot fluid flow. High-temperature (250 to 255 °C) trapping of CH4 ± CO2 saturated aqueous fluids and CH4 ± CO2 inclusions indicate fluid trapping at depths of 11

The high-pressure followed by high-temperature metamorphism related to the evolution of collisional orogens is the expected Pressure-Temperature-time (P-T-t) path for modern-style plate tectonics. However, these P-T-t paths are rarely preserved even in Phanerozoic orogens. In this matter, the Campo Grande migmatite-gneiss area presents an exhumed Archean crust with heterogeneous retrograde eclogites

Block theory is an important and commonly used method for addressing stability problems in rock engineering, and it is very meaningful to simplify its analysis procedure and improve its computational efficiency. In this paper, an improved vector method capable of simultaneously analyzing block removability and kinematics that works well for both convex and concave blocks is proposed. This improved

Oil shale as well as shale oil and shale gas are significant energy resources with huge reserves present in different parts of the world. Various geochemical proxies have been applied to assess the petroleum potential of oil shales with samples pre-treated in various ways, e.g. as whole rock or demineralized sample or as solvent extracted rock/kerogen. In this respect, it is important to understand

The Wufeng-Longmaxi (WL) shale is widely distributed in the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas in southwest China. The basin experienced multiple-stage complex tectonic movements, whose influences on burial, thermal maturation and gas generation histories in different areas are poorly understood. Based on a detailed study of the denudation stages, strata thickness, and thermal history of the basin, burial

In this study the devolatization behaviour of lignite samples, of various grain sizes, on a wire mesh reactor is evaluated. Lignite samples were rapidly heated at four different temperatures (300, 500, 700 and 900 °C). The feed lignite reveals a high content of huminite, a low inertinite and liptinite contents in the Kostolac samples and a slightly higher liptinite content in the Kolubara samples.

The intensity and spectral properties of solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) carry valuable information on plant photosynthesis and productivity, but are also influenced by leaf and canopy structure. Physically based models provide a quantitative means to investigate how SIF intensity and spectra propagate and scale from the photosystem to the leaf and to the canopy levels. However, the validation

Sea state information is critical for a broad range of human activities (e.g. shipping, marine energy, marine engineering) most of them being concentrated along the coastal zone. Satellite altimeter records of significant wave heights (SWH) represent the largest source of sea state observations available to date. However, the quality of altimeter observations is reduced in the coastal zone due to surface

The physical drivers of Sentinel-1 C-band backscatter observations during snow accumulation are still uncertain. To investigate these, backscatter fluctuations (in co-polarization VV, cross-polarization VH, and cross-polarization ratio VH-VV) were temporally and spatially linked to modeled surface (0–10 cm) soil moisture (SM) and soil temperature (T) (here referred to as soil dynamics) and modeled

Freeze-thaw processes in cold regions alter soil pore structure and properties, leading to engineering geological issues. Soil pores are crucial, but research on their changes and freeze-thaw impacts is limited. This study used MRI-Cryogenic Soil Moisture Analyzer (MRI-CSMA) to explore pore structure, water, and temperature changes in saturated loess during freeze-thaw, and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Stratigraphic distribution patterns of particulate organic matter (POM) have been widely used for facies recognition and paleoenvironmental interpretation as well as to decipher proximal to distal trends within fine-grained sediments. The Lower Cretaceous mudstone-dominated succession in the eastern Lower Saxony Basin (LSB) offers an excellent opportunity to critically evaluate such palynofacies parameters

To improve the data availability of SAR mode altimeters in coastal zones, we propose a new Adaptive Subwaveform Coastal Retracker (ASCR) and include the empirical coastal retracker ITAS (Improved Threshold Adaptive Subwaveform) and the full-waveform coastal retracker MSCR (Modified SAMOSA+ Coastal Retracker) for comparison in this study. The Sentinel-3A/B altimeter data during the period between January

The production of ultra-light weight coke proppants for fracturing coal bed methane deposits is presented. The raw material is blast-furnace coke, foundry coke and a coke breeze. The method used obtains coke proppants that meet all the requirements of the ISO 13503-2:2006/Amd.1:2009 standard for proppants used in hydraulic fracturing, with the exception of crush resistance. They have porosity up to

Given the critical need to assess landslide hazards, producing landslide susceptibility map (LSM) in regions with scarce historical landslide inventories poses significant challenges. This study introduces a novel landslide susceptibility assessment framework that combines unsupervised learning strategies with few-shot learning methods to increase the accuracy of LSM in these areas. The framework has

Peatlands, an important organic carbon reservoir, play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. The carbon accumulation of peatlands, reflected by net primary productivity (NPP), can have an impact on global carbon cycling and climate change. The late Carboniferous - early Permian is an icehouse period, during which numerous thick coal beds were accumulated in the North China Block (NCB) located

Forest floor vegetation plays a crucial role in ecosystem processes of temperate and boreal forests. Remote sensing offers a valuable tool to characterize the forest floor through reflectance spectra. While passive optical airborne and satellite data have been used to map spectral properties of forest understory, these sensors are limited by cloud cover, especially in high latitudes. To date, LiDAR

Naturally completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil typically exhibits strain-hardening behavior under undrained shear conditions. Nevertheless, flow-type landslides are not uncommon in CDG landfills. This paper endeavors to address the observed contradiction by conducting a case study of the 2015 Shenzhen landslides. Based on field investigations, we propose a hypothesis for the initiation and evolution

Sensor-enabled piezoelectric geocables were combined with a geogrid to acquire a sensor-enabled piezoelectric geogrid (SPGG) based on the impedance–strain relationship. Tension, pullout, and straight shear tests were conducted on this SPGG configuration. The tension test results indicated that the tensile strain–normalized impedance curves were exponential in form within the first 7 % of strain and

Most seismic risk assessments primarily focus on the impact of ground acceleration on infrastructure. However, in Mexico, along with numerous countries in Latin America and beyond, a significant portion of earthquake risk stems from secondary environmental effects such as tsunamis, landslides, and liquefaction processes. These secondary effects can often prove more lethal than the earthquake shaking

The middle (Miaolingian) to upper (Furongian) Cambrian Alum Shale Formation in the DBH15/73 core from south-central Sweden was exposed to local heat from a diabase intrusion, providing an opportunity to investigate the molecular geochemical response to thermal stress. Organic petrological observations and biomarker analyses were conducted to study changes in maturity-indicating parameters and the distribution

The thickness, temperature and mechanical strength of the lithosphere vary greatly across South America and have controlled tectonic and magmatic processes during its evolution. Here, we introduce a new tomographic model of South America’s lithosphere and underlying mantle, SACI-24, and analyse this and other state-of-the-art models together with other geological and geophysical data. The new model

During the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, extensive liquefaction of sand-like gravelly soil deposits was observed over an area of about 500 × 200 km2. Since gravel content significantly affects the stiffness and liquefaction resistance of gravelly soils, it has become an ongoing challenge for engineers to reliably and cost-effectively assess the liquefaction resistance of such soil deposits with different

Predicting landslide failure time is a critical issue in geotechnical engineering. Traditional methods often rely on the empirical power law of material failure to deterministically predict this time, which depends heavily on the accurate selection of precursor time series and the precise identification of the onset of the acceleration (OOA) deformation stage. In this paper, we present an innovative

Although limestone-marl bedding couplets in the Cenomanian-Turonian Bridge Creek Limestone (BCL) have been widely attributed to changes in environmental conditions ultimately driven by Earth's orbital cycles, the causes of short-term variations in organic matter (OM) enrichment and composition (i.e., types and proportions of different macerals) in the bedding couplets through the BCL have rarely been

In the context of global climate change, extreme hydrological events frequently occurred worldwide, impacting global and regional hydrological cycles. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) can provide innovative solutions for terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimation from different perspectives, thereby identifying and detecting extreme drought

Surface ozone (O3) is a critical ambient pollutant that poses significant risks to both human health and ecosystems. However, there is a scarcity of high-spatial-resolution hourly surface O3 data, which is crucial for understanding its diurnal variations. In this study, we employed a best-performing spatiotemporal artificial intelligence (AI) model to estimate 24-hourly 1-km-resolution surface O3 concentrations