Earth system models (ESMs) serve as vital tools for comprehensively simulating the intricate interplay of physical, chemical, and biological processes across the Earth system's diverse components. Here, we provide a brief overview of the historical development of ESMs and highlight key challenges posed by the intricate feedback mechanisms in the cryosphere, the nonlinear and long-term effects of the lithosphere, and the growing impacts of human activities for modeling Earth system. We then focus on the current opportunities in Earth system modeling, driven by the growing capacity for data-driven approaches such as machine learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

中文翻译：

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地球系统模型的演进与展望：挑战与机遇


地球系统模型 （ESM） 是全面模拟地球系统不同组成部分中物理、化学和生物过程错综复杂的相互作用的重要工具。在这里，我们简要概述了 ESM 的历史发展，并强调了冰冻圈中错综复杂的反馈机制、岩石圈的非线性和长期影响以及人类活动对地球系统建模的日益增长的影响所带来的关键挑战。然后，我们重点介绍了地球系统建模的当前机会，这些机会是由机器学习 （ML） 和人工智能 （AI） 等数据驱动方法不断增长的能力驱动的。