Abstract. We present the geophysical data set acquired in summer 2022 close to Ny-Ålesund (western Svalbard, Brøggerhalvøya Peninsula, Norway) as part of the project ICEtoFLUX. The aim of the investigation is to characterize the role of groundwater flow through the active layer as well as through and/or below the permafrost. The data set is composed of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating

Abstract. As one of the most widely cultivated grain crops, paddy rice is a vital staple food in China and plays a crucial role in ensuring food security. Over the past decades, the planting area of paddy rice in China has shown substantial variability. Yet, there are no long-term high-resolution rice distribution maps in China, which hinders our ability to estimate greenhouse gas fluxes and crop production

Abstract. Accurate satellite measurements of the thickness of Antarctic sea ice are urgently needed but pose a particular challenge. The Antarctic data presented here were produced using a method to derive the sea ice thickness from 1.4 GHz brightness temperatures previously developed for the Arctic, with only modified auxiliary data. The ability to observe the thickness of thin sea ice using this

Abstract. In this study, we provide an update of the methodology and data used by Deng et al. (2022) to compare the national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) and atmospheric inversion model ensembles contributed by international research teams coordinated by the Global Carbon Project. The comparison framework uses transparent processing of the net ecosystem exchange fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2)

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing of sea surface chlorophyll products sometimes yields a significant amount of sporadic missing data due to various variables, such as weather conditions and operational failures of satellite sensors. The limited nature of satellite observation data impedes the utilization of satellite data in the domain of marine research. Hence, it is highly important to investigate

Abstract. The Qinghai Tibet Plateau (QTP), known as the "Third Pole" of the Earth" and the "Water Tower of Asia," plays a crucial role in global climate regulation, biodiversity conservation, and regional socio-economic development. Continuous annual vegetation types and their geographical distribution data are essential for studying the response and adaptation of vegetation to climate change. However

Abstract. We present a machine learning dataset for tree species classification in Sentinel-2 satellite image time series of bottom of atmosphere reflectance. The dataset is based on the German national forest inventory of 2012, as well as analysis ready satellite imagery computed using the FORCE processing pipeline. From the national forest inventory data, we extracted the tree positions, filtered

Abstract. Sediments provide valuable information for geologists and geophysicists whenever they strive to understand, and reproduce, the geological evolution, lithology, rock properties, seismic response, and geohazards of a region. The analysis of sedimentary sequences is thus useful to the interpretation of depositional environments, sea-level change, climate change, and to a recognition of the sediments'

Abstract. The rapid changes occurring in the polar regions require an improved understanding of the processes that are driving these changes. At the same time, increased human activities such as marine navigation, resource exploitation, aviation, commercial fishing, and tourism require reliable and relevant weather information. One of the primary goals of the World Meteorological Organization's Year

Abstract. We present an extensive dataset of ice thickness measurements from Jostedalsbreen ice cap, mainland Europe's largest glacier. The dataset consists of more than 351 000 point values of ice thickness distributed along ~1100 km profile segments that cover most of the ice cap. Ice thickness was measured during field campaigns in 2018, 2021, 2022, and 2023 using various ground-penetrating radar

Abstract. The marine biogeochemical time-series products, which include total alkalinity, inorganic carbon, nitrate, phosphate, silicate, and pH, constitute a foundational support mechanism for the ongoing surveillance of oceanic biogeochemical changes. These products play a critical role in facilitating research focused on dynamic monitoring of marine ecosystems and fostering sustainable oceanic development

Abstract. Forest fires, while destructive and dangerous, are important to the functioning and renewal of ecosystems. Over the past 2 decades, large-scale, severe forest fires have become more frequent globally, and the risk is expected to increase as fire weather and drought conditions intensify. To improve quantification of the intensity and extent of forest fire damage, we have developed a 30 m resolution

Abstract. The ground temperature at a fixed depth is a crucial boundary condition for understanding the properties of deep permafrost. However, the commonly used mean annual ground temperature at the depth of the zero annual amplitude (MAGTdzaa) has application limitations due to large spatial heterogeneity in observed depths. In this study, we utilized 231 borehole records of mean annual ground temperature

Abstract. The ocean surface exhibits a variety of oceanic and atmospheric phenomena. Automatically detecting and identifying these phenomena is crucial for understanding oceanic dynamics and ocean-atmosphere interactions. In this study, we select 2,383 Sentinel-1 WV mode images and 2,628 IW mode sub-images to construct a semantic segmentation dataset that includes 12 typical oceanic and atmospheric

Abstract. Wildfires are increasingly impacting social and environmental systems in the United States (US). The ability to mitigate the adverse effects of wildfires increases with understanding of the social, physical, and biological conditions that co-occurred with or caused the wildfire ignitions and contributed to the wildfire impacts. To this end, we developed the FPA FOD-Attributes dataset, which

Abstract. The climate of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has experienced substantial changes in recent decades as a result of the location's susceptibility to global climate change. The changes observed across the TP are closely associated with regional land–atmosphere interactions. Current models and satellites struggle to accurately depict the interactions; therefore, critical field observations on land–atmosphere

Abstract. Airborne measurements are pivotal for providing detailed, spatiotemporally resolved information about atmospheric parameters, and aerosol and cloud properties, thereby enhancing our understanding of dynamic atmospheric processes. For 30 years, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science supported an instrumented Gulfstream-1 (G-1) aircraft for atmospheric field campaigns. Data from

Abstract. In this paper, the new dynamic geophysical and geochemical MUltiparametric DAtabase (MUDA) is presented. MUDA is a new infrastructure of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV), published on-line in December 2023, with the aim of archiving and disseminating multiparametric data collected by multidisciplinary monitoring networks. MUDA is a MySQL relational database with

Abstract. We present the new Cloud Class Climatology (CCClim) dataset, quantifying the global distribution of established morphological cloud types over 35 years. CCClim combines active and passive sensor data with machine learning (ML) and provides a new opportunity for improving the understanding of clouds and their related processes. CCClim is based on cloud property retrievals from the European

Abstract. This research uses a large dataset from the Italian Seismic Microzonation Database, containing nearly 15,000 measured shear wave velocity (Vs) profiles across Italy, to investigate the uncertainties in seismic risk assessment. This extensive collection allows a detailed study of the seismic properties of soil with unparalleled precision. Our focus is on evaluating Vs variations with depth

Abstract. The rapid development of remote sensing technology has led to an exponential growth in satellite images, yet their inherent complexity often makes them difficult for non-expert users to understand. Natural language, as a carrier of human knowledge, can bridge common users and complicated satellite imagery. Additionally, when paired with visual data, natural language can be utilized to train

Abstract. In marine ecosystems, most physiological, ecological, or physical processes are size dependent. These include metabolic rates, the uptake of carbon and other nutrients, swimming and sinking velocities, and trophic interactions, which eventually determine the stocks of commercial species, as well as biogeochemical cycles and carbon sequestration. As such, broad-scale observations of plankton

Abstract. The Coastal Atmosphere & Sea Time Series (CoASTS) and the Bio-Optical mapping of Marine optical Properties (BiOMaP) programs produced bio-optical data supporting satellite ocean color applications for almost two decades. Specifically, relying on the Acqua Alta Oceanographic Tower (AAOT) in the northern Adriatic Sea, from 1995 till 2016 CoASTS delivered time series of marine water apparent

Abstract. In response to the growing societal awareness of the critical role of healthy soils, there has been an increasing demand for accurate and high-resolution soil information to inform national policies and support sustainable land management decisions. Despite advancements in digital soil mapping and initiatives like GlobalSoilMap, quantifying soil variability and its uncertainty across space

Abstract. Due to their persistent widespread severe winds, derechos pose significant threats to human safety and property, and they are as hazardous and fatal as many tornadoes and hurricanes. Yet, automated detection of derechos remains challenging due to the absence of spatiotemporally continuous observations and the complex criteria employed to define the phenomenon. This study proposes a physically

Abstract. The long-term and reliable meteorological reanalysis dataset with high spatial-temporal resolution is crucial for various hydrological and meteorological applications, especially in regions or periods with scarce in situ observations and with limited open-access data. Based on the ERA5 (produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, 0.25°×0.25°, since 1940) and CLDAS

Abstract. Understanding urban vertical structures, particularly building heights, is essential for examining the intricate interaction between humans and their environment. Such datasets are indispensable for a variety of applications, including climate modeling, energy consumption analysis, and socioeconomic activities. Despite the importance of this information, previous studies have primarily focused

Abstract. The wave-affected marginal ice zone (MIZ) is an essential part of the sea ice cover and crucial to the atmosphere–ice–ocean interaction in the polar region. While we primarily rely on in situ campaigns for studying MIZs, significant challenges exist for the remote sensing of MIZs by satellites. This study develops a novel retrieval algorithm for wave-affected MIZs based on the delay-Doppler

Abstract. Constructing a highly resolved comprehensive emission dataset for China is challenging due to limited availability of refined information for parameters in a unified bottom-up framework. Here, by developing an integrated modeling framework, we harmonized multi-source heterogeneous data, including several up-to-date emission inventories at national and regional scales and for key species and

Abstract. Accurate information on forest tree species composition is vital for various scientific applications, as well as for forest inventory and management purposes. Country-wide, detailed species maps are a valuable resource for environmental management, conservation, research, and planning. Here, we performed the classification of 16 dominant tree species and genera in Poland using time series

Abstract. The risk of water erosion in mainland China is intensifying due to climate change. A high-precision rainfall erosivity dataset is crucial for revealing the spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall erosivity and identifying key areas of water erosion. However, due to the insufficient spatiotemporal resolution of historical precipitation data, there are certain biases in the estimation of rainfall

Abstract. Accurate assessment of the size and distribution of carbon dioxide (CO2) sources and sinks is important for efforts to understand the carbon cycle and support policy decisions regarding climate mitigation actions. Satellite retrievals of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (XCO2) have been widely used to infer spatial and temporal variations in carbon fluxes through atmospheric

Abstract. Clouds play important roles in weather, climate, and the global water cycle. The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) onboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) spacecraft has measured global vertical profiles of clouds and aerosols in the Earth’s atmosphere since June 2006. CALIOP provides vertically resolved information on

Abstract. Radiative transfer models of vegetation play a crucial role in the development of remote sensing methods by providing a theoretical framework to explain how electromagnetic radiation interacts with vegetation in different spectral regions. A limiting factor in model development has been the lack of sufficiently detailed ground reference data on both structural and spectral characteristics

Abstract. The Landsat series constitutes an unparalleled repository of multi-decadal Earth observations, serving as a cornerstone in global environmental monitoring. However, the inconsistent coverage of Landsat data due to its long revisit intervals and frequent cloud cover poses significant challenges to land monitoring over large geographical extents. In this study, we developed a full-chain processing

Abstract. International efforts to assess the status of marine ecosystems have been hampered by insufficient observations of food web interactions across many species, their various life stages, and geographic ranges. Hence, we collated data from multiple databases of fish stomach contents from samples taken across the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans containing 944,129 stomach samples from larvae

Abstract. Satellite-based solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) serves as a valuable proxy for monitoring the photosynthesis of vegetation globally. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2A (GOME-2A) SIF product has gained widespread popularity, particularly due to its extensive global coverage since 2007. However, serious temporal degradation of the GOME-2A instrument is a problem, and there

Abstract. Most inhabitants of the Arctic live near the coastline, which includes fjord systems where socio-ecological coupling with coastal communities is dominant. It is therefore critically important that the key aspects of Arctic fjords be measured as well as possible. Much work has been done to monitor temperature and salinity, but in-depth knowledge of the light environment throughout Arctic fjords

Abstract. To mitigate the impact of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutant emissions, it is of utmost importance to understand where emissions occur. In the real world, atmospheric pollutants are produced by various human activities from point sources (e.g. power plants and industrial facilities) but also from diffuse sources (e.g. residential activities and agriculture). However, as tracking all these

Abstract. Access to mountainous regions for monitoring streamflow, snow and glaciers is often difficult, and many rivers are thus not gauged and hydrological measurements are limited. Consequently, cold-region watersheds, particularly heavily glacierized ones, are poorly represented in large-sample hydrology (LSH) datasets. We present a new LSH dataset for Iceland, termed LamaH-Ice (LArge-SaMple DAta

Abstract. High-resolution bathymetry provides critical information to marine geoscientists. Bathymetric big data help characterise the seafloor and its benthic habitats, understand sedimentary records, and support the development of offshore engineering infrastructures. From September 27th to October 20th, 2022, the new CNR Research Vessel GAIA BLU explored the seafloor of the Naples and Pozzuoli Gulfs

Abstract. Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of wildfires globally, with significant impacts on society and the environment. However, our understanding of the global distribution of extreme fires remains skewed, primarily influenced by media coverage and regional research concentration. This inaugural State of Wildfires report systematically analyses fire activity worldwide, identifying

Abstract. Accurate long-term marine-derived biogenic sulfur aerosol concentrations at high spatial and temporal resolutions are critical for a wide range of studies, including climatology, trend analysis, and model evaluation; this information is also imperative for the accurate investigation of the contribution of marine-derived biogenic sulfur aerosol concentrations to the aerosol burden, for the

Abstract. Marine nitrogen (N) fixation is a globally significant biogeochemical process carried out by a specialized group of prokaryotes (diazotrophs), yet our understanding of their ecology is constantly evolving. Although marine dinitrogen (N2)-fixation is often ascribed to cyanobacterial diazotrophs, indirect evidence suggests that non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) might also be important.

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a long-lived potent greenhouse gas and stratospheric ozone-depleting substance that has been accumulating in the atmosphere since the preindustrial period. The mole fraction of atmospheric N2O has increased by nearly 25 % from 270 ppb (parts per billion) in 1750 to 336 ppb in 2022, with the fastest annual growth rate since 1980 of more than 1.3 ppb yr−1 in both 2020

Abstract. The Eastern Pacific Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (EPCAPE) was a year-round campaign conducted by the US Department of Energy at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in La Jolla, CA, USA, with a focus on characterizing atmospheric processes at a coastal location. The ground-based prototype of a new Ka-, W-, and G-band (35.75, 94.88, and 238.8 GHz) profiling atmospheric radar,

Abstract. Exceptional precision and excellent resolution reconstruction of sea surface currents are beneficial for exploring complex oceanic dynamic processes. Normally, this required physical inversion models for global or regional oceans are constructed to reconstruct oceanic currents. These models are based on the analysis of sea surface geostrophic and Ekman currents derived from satellite observations

Abstract. We present a 14-year 12-km hourly air quality dataset created by assimilating satellite observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) and carbon monoxide (CO) in an air quality model to fill gaps in the contiguous United States (CONUS) air quality monitoring network and help air quality managers understand long-term changes in county level air quality. Specifically, we assimilate the Moderate

Abstract. Understanding and quantifying the global methane (CH4) budget is important for assessing realistic pathways to mitigate climate change. Emissions and atmospheric concentrations of CH4 continue to increase, maintaining CH4 as the second most important human-influenced greenhouse gas in terms of climate forcing after carbon dioxide (CO2). The relative importance of CH4 compared to CO2 for temperature

Abstract. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments are the trusted source of scientific evidence for climate negotiations taking place under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Evidence-based decision-making needs to be informed by up-to-date and timely information on key indicators of the state of the climate system and of the human influence on

Abstract. Permafrost-affected ecosystems of the Arctic–boreal zone in northwestern North America are undergoing profound transformation due to rapid climate change. NASA's Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE) is investigating characteristics that make these ecosystems vulnerable or resilient to this change. ABoVE employs airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) as a powerful tool to characterize

Abstract. Processed and analyzed sea surface wave characteristics derived from an up-looking acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) for the period 2016–2022 are presented as a dataset available from the public open-access repository of SEA scieNtific Open data Edition (SEANOE) at https://doi.org/10.17882/96904 (Haim et al., 2022). The collected data include full two-dimensional wave fields, along

Abstract. Global multi-regional input–output (GMRIO) analysis is the standard tool to calculate consumption-based carbon accounts at the macro level. Recent inter-database comparisons have exposed discrepancies in GMRIO-based results, pinpointing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission accounts as the primary source of variation. A few studies have analysed the robustness of GHG emission accounts, using Monte

Abstract. Polarimetric Radio Occultations (PRO) represent an augmentation of the standard Radio Occultation (RO) technique that provides precipitation and clouds vertical information along with the standard thermodynamic products. A combined dataset that contains both the PRO observable and the RO standard retrievals, the resPrf, has been developed with the aim to foster the use of these unique observations

Abstract. Seven long-term observation sites have been established in six regions across Austria, covering major ecosystem types such as forests, grasslands and wetlands across a wide bioclimatic range. The purpose of these observations is to measure key ecosystem parameters serving as baselines for assessing the impacts of extreme climate events on the carbon cycle. The data sets collected include

Abstract. Under a warming climate, occurrences of wildfires have been increasingly more frequent in boreal and arctic forests during the last few decades. Wildfires can cause radical changes in the forest ecosystems and permafrost environment, such as irreversible degradation of permafrost, successions of boreal forests, rapid and massive losses of soil carbon stock, and increased periglacial geohazards

Abstract. Ground-based instruments offer unique capabilities such as detailed atmospheric thermodynamic, cloud, and aerosol profiling at a high temporal sampling rate. The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility provides comprehensive datasets from key locations around the globe, facilitating long-term characterization and process-level understanding of clouds

Abstract. The main goal of the TRacking Aerosol Convection interactions ExpeRiment (TRACER) project was to further understand the role that regional circulations and aerosol loading play in the convective cloud life cycle across the greater Houston, Texas, area. To accomplish this goal, the United States Department of Energy and research partners collaborated to deploy atmospheric observing systems

Abstract. This paper presents an observational dataset on submesoscale eddies obtained from high–resolution chlorophyll–a data captured by GOCI I. Our methodology involves a combination of digital image processing, filtering, and object detection techniques, along with specific chlorophyll–a image enhancement procedure to extract essential information about submesoscale eddies. This information includes

Abstract. Accurate long-term daily cloud-gap-filled fractional snow cover products are essential for climate change and snow hydrological studies in the Asian Water Tower (AWT) region, but existing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) snow cover products are not sufficient. In this study, the multiple-endmember spectral mixture analysis algorithm based on automatic endmember extraction