Subduction of water masses serves as a critical linkage between the surface and subsurface ocean, playing a crucial role in redistributing heat, carbon, and nutrients in the ocean. This process significantly influences global climate and marine ecosystem dynamics. Analyzing five ocean reanalysis data sets, we reveal a distinctive see-saw pattern in anomalous subduction rates between western and eastern

Recent studies have shown that crustal body wave phases, such as PmP or SmS, can be effectively retrieved from ambient noise cross-correlations. However, few studies have used these phases to constrain crustal structures. In this study, we successfully retrieve SmS signals from ambient noise data and observe SmS splitting caused by crustal radial anisotropy. Furthermore, through simulations of synthetic

Rice quality, which is intricately connected to market value and human nutrition, is sensitive to weather conditions. However, the relative importance of the different climatic factors is poorly understood, and the impact of climate change on rice quality has been little studied on a large scale. Here, using more than 35 years of rice quality data, we present the first effort to determine the key climate

The 1 January 2024, moment magnitude (MW)$\left({M}_{W}\right)$ 7.5 Noto Peninsula earthquake ruptured in complex ways, challenging analysis of its tsunami generation. We present tsunami models informed by a 6-subevent centroid moment tensor (CMT) model obtained through Bayesian inversion of teleseismic and strong motion data. We identify two distinct bilateral rupture episodes. Initial, onshore rupture

Proton cyclotron waves (PCWs) upstream of Mars are thought to be associated with the instabilities of pickup ions. The instabilities of pickup ions of ring distributions have larger maximum growth rates compared with beam distributions. However, observations revealed a notably-reduced occurrence rate of PCWs for pickup ions of ring distributions. Linear instability analysis and a corresponding two-dimensional

The summer monsoon onset over the Bay of Bengal and South China Sea signals the beginning of the Asian summer monsoon, critical for local fisheries, agriculture and livelihoods, so communities are concerned about its potential changes under global warming. Previous projections have suggested a delay, but the extent of this delay remains uncertain, undermining the reliability of the projections. Here

Reliable projections of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) warming (TPSW) patterns are critically important for exploring the future climate change. However, climate models suffer from long-standing common biases in simulating the present-day climate, raising doubts about the model projected TPSW patterns. Here by using outputs from 30 CMIP6 models, we find the projected TPSW patterns

Global average upper atmosphere temperature changes linked with the Hunga volcanic eruption (January 2022) are analyzed based on satellite measurements and compared with chemistry-climate model simulations. Results show stratospheric cooling of −0.5 to −1.0 K in the middle and upper stratosphere during 2022 through middle 2023, followed by stronger cooling (−1.0 to −2.0 K) in the mesosphere after middle

Drylands are critical in regulating global carbon sequestration, but the resiliency of these semi-arid shrub, grassland and forest systems is under threat from global warming and intensifying water stress. We used synergistic satellite optical-Infrared (IR) and microwave remote sensing observations to quantify plant-to-stand level vegetation water potentials and seasonal changes in dryland water stress

Flash droughts are rapidly developing extreme weather events with sudden onset and quick intensification. Global prediction of flash droughts at sub-seasonal time scales remains a great challenge. Current state-of-the-art dynamic models subject to large errors and demonstrate low skills in global flash drought prediction. Here, we develop a machine learning-based framework that uses meteorological

Terrestrial processes influence the atmosphere by controlling land-to-atmosphere fluxes of energy, water, and carbon. Prior research has demonstrated that parameter uncertainty drives uncertainty in land surface fluxes. However, the influence of land process uncertainty on the climate system remains underexplored. Here, we quantify how assumptions about land processes impact climate using a perturbed

The inhibition of foliar respiration by light is a crucial yet often overlooked component in estimating ecosystem respiration. However, current estimations of the light inhibition of ecosystem respiration are biased by ignoring the effects of moisture factors. We developed a novel physics-constrained machine learning method to quantify the extent of light inhibition (Reli) driven by multiple factors

The 15 January 2022, eruption at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano started shortly after 4:00UTC. There had been noted unconfirmed precursory events. We analyzed seismometer data recorded in Fiji and Futuna, the closest stations operated during the eruption and located over 750 km away. We extracted Rayleigh waves and estimated their powers and source directions, assuming retrograde particle

A number of recent studies have highlighted how radiative feedback from clouds accelerates tropical cyclone (TC) development by amplifying spatial gradients in radiative heating. This study extends this work by examining how spatial gradients in free tropospheric moisture influence TC development through their impact on environmental radiative heating. We conduct a series of idealized model experiments

The ocean serves as a significant contributor of atmospheric Hydrogen (H2) with indirect greenhouse effects. However, uncertainties persist regarding internal production and consumption processes of marine H2, as well as controlling factors. Our study examined the spatial distribution and source-sink dynamics of marine H2 in the Eastern Indian Ocean. H2 concentrations in surface seawater exhibited

Recent findings of NO near Gale Crater on Mars have been explained by two pathways: formation of nitric acid (HNO3) in a warm climate or formation of peroxynitric acid (HO2NO2) in a cool climate. Here, we put forth two hitherto unexplored pathways: (a) deposition of nitric/peroxynitric acid onto ice particles in a cold atmosphere, which settle quickly onto Mars' surface and (b) solar energetic particle-induced

The movement history of boulders is crucial for the reconstruction of paleo-tsunamis. We report findings from viscous remanent magnetization studies of the boulders on Tongatapu Island, aiming to reconstruct their reworkings. Two boulders exhibited viscous remanence, whereas two larger boulders lacked viscous components but exhibited stable remanence. Both the viscous and stable components deviated

The Ganzi-Yushu fault (GYF) is one of the most seismically active fault systems in eastern Tibet, having experienced five M > 7.0 earthquakes over the past 300 years. Here, we use Sentinel-1 InSAR data spanning from 2014 to 2023 to derive the interseismic velocity fields along the GYF. We calculate the strain rate fields for the entire fault system, which reveal localized strain accumulation along

Identification of preferential flow-paths, such as fractures, is required for various issues in geosciences. When chemicals are injected into the subsurface, monitoring the resulting structural and chemical changes remains a challenge. The ability of geophysical tomography to tackle this problem is not fully explored due to the lack of numerical methods suitable for modeling narrow structures. We explore

The onset of brittle failure in rocks includes dilatancy and strain localization. To better understand this nucleation process, we analyze the evolution of the local three-dimensional strain tensor using X-ray tomograms acquired during triaxial compression experiments on granite and sandstone. The onset of the localization of the compaction, dilation, and shear strain occurs when ∼65% of the rock volume

We evaluate three identifiers of continental mantle earthquakes (CMEs) motivated by surface-wave normal-mode theory: the amplitude ratio of Sn to Lg, and the frequency content of Sn and of Lg, after wave propagation through continental crustal thinning. These flexible and easily applicable methods allow for potential new discoveries of CMEs. They rely on guided waves whose propagation is dependent

Mercury has a large loss cone difference in its two hemispheres due to the northward shifted magnetic dipole. The precipitation difference of energetic electrons in both hemispheres is poorly understood. We show that the northern precipitation is 2.5-times higher than for a symmetric loss cone due to the effects of the enhanced whistler instability at the southern hemisphere with the larger loss cone

The North Atlantic storm track plays a critical role in setting the regional weather and climate over Western Europe. In response to anthropogenic emissions, the summer North Atlantic storm track has weakened in recent decades and is projected to continue weakening by the end of this century. In light of growing efforts to mitigate climate change, it is crucial to assess how reversible the CO2-induced

Despite routine detection of coseismic acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) total electron content (TEC) observations, models of the earthquake-atmosphere-ionosphere dynamics, essential for validating data-driven studies, remain limited. We present the results of three-dimensional numerical simulations encompassing the entire coupling from Earth's interior to the

Grain comminution is commonly observed in numerous geological settings. To elucidate the role of grain comminution in dry granular friction, we sheared breakable halite (NaCl) grains using a ring-shear configuration at a constant slip rate under various normal stresses. We observed transient frictional behaviors: a constant regime exhibiting a high friction coefficient at small slip displacements,

Previous studies have highlighted the distinct impacts of anthropogenic aerosols from the Western and Eastern Hemispheres on past multi-decadal changes in tropical cyclone frequency of occurrence (TCF). However, the detailed effect of subregional aerosol variations remained unclear. Using idealized simulations with a dynamical climate model, this study reveals that reduced aerosol emissions from Europe

High-time-resolved mapping results of two rare reactivation processes following a negative return stroke are discovered and analyzed. At first, the discharges prior to the reactivation process were dominated by positive discharges lasting for tens of milliseconds in a limited space in the vicinity of a decayed negative leader channel. The positive discharges produced no detectable electric field change

Volcanoes in extensional environments may show gradual subsidence over decades during quiescent periods, due to various processes such as magma withdrawal, cooling, contraction, plate spreading and viscoelastic response. If significant rheological anomalies reside in volcano roots, due to the presence of magma and hot rock, they can influence the style of deformation. We use Finite Element Method (FEM)

We examine the dynamics of protons during tail-like to dipole-like reconfigurations of Mercury's magnetosphere. Such reconfigurations that frequently occur in the highly dynamical Hermean environment are accompanied by induced electric fields leading to short-lived convection enhancements. Using test particle calculations, we show that, under the effect of such induced electric fields, protons may

The neutral particles that escape Europa form a neutral torus which asymmetrically encircles the giant planet Jupiter. The study of this structure can inform on neutral escape at the icy moon and on the loading of the Jovian magnetosphere with Europan material. In this letter, we present the first Monte Carlo model of the neutral water torus of Europa. Water molecules are released to high altitude

Capabilities of 43 models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) to simulate the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) were compared in this study. Models with higher MJO simulation skills reproduce organized large-scale convection more frequently over the equatorial western Pacific (EWP), suggesting that MJO simulations are tightly connected to organization of large-scale precipitation

At least three primary iceberg calving styles have been identified in Greenland: serac collapse, which produces falling icebergs tens of meters in length; slab capsize, which produces rotating icebergs hundreds of meters in length; and tabular rifting, which produces kilometer-scale icebergs. However, calving styles are mostly undocumented across Greenland. Here, we develop a method to disentangle

The Kashmir “seismic gap” in NW Himalaya is marked by hinterland-to-foreland reduction in GPS-geodetic arc-normal convergence-velocity and increase in horizontal strain-rate, associated with occurrence of moderate-to-small earthquakes. We analyze continuous waveforms from Jammu and Kashmir seismological network (2015–2017) to detect and preliminarily locate 1064 events, followed by probabilistic non-linear

Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are pivotal in global energy/water cycles and typically produce extreme weather events. Despite their importance, our understanding of their future change remains limited, largely due to inadequate representation in current climate models. Here, using a global storm-resolving model that accurately simulates MCSs, we conclude contrasting responses to increased SST

Trends in the coupled stratosphere-troposphere system during the 1979–2022 period are investigated in the Northern Hemisphere using reanalysis datasets. More upward planetary wave propagation in December is shown to precede the deceleration of the stratospheric polar vortex in January. This deceleration prevents the waves from continuing to propagate upward in February and favors an acceleration of

Mercury's low obliquity and 3:2 spin-orbit resonance create a surface temperature distribution with large latitudinal and longitudinal variations. These propagate via thermal conduction through the thin silicate shell influencing the interior temperature distribution. We use 3-D thermal evolution models to investigate the effects of lateral variations of surface temperature and crustal thickness on

The Warm Arctic-Cold North American (WACNA) pattern features opposing surface temperature anomalies, with centers over the Chukchi-Bering Seas (CBS) and the North American Great Plains. The pattern is mainly driven by meridional heat transport and damped by the generation of available potential energy through diabatic heating. The Canadian Earth System Model CanESM5, part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison

Theoretical studies indicate that electric potential saturation in a polar cap ionosphere is regulated by the limited reconnection rate at the magnetopause associated with field-aligned currents (FACs), predicting the possible saturation of FACs under large interplanetary electric field (IEF). However, recent statistical studies have shown that observed FACs increase linearly with IEF. To reconcile

Many slow slip events (SSEs) occur beneath the ocean, and continuous ocean-bottom pressure gauge (OBP) observations provide useful data. OBPs record both oceanic variations and crustal movements, so we developed a multi-channel singular spectrum analysis method to remove oceanic variations and applied our method to OBPs and oceanic model data. Then components of the oceanic model with good correlations

Satellite radar altimeters like CryoSat-2 estimate sea ice thickness by measuring the return-time of transmitted radar pulses, reflected from the sea ice and ocean surface, to measure the radar freeboard. Converting freeboard to thickness requires an assumption regarding the fractional depth of the snowpack from which the radar waves backscatter ( α ) $(\alpha )$ . We derive sea ice thickness from

Massive irrigation across eastern China (EC) could reduce extreme heat by altering energy and water budgets. However, the irrigation effect on increasing humidity has often been missed, especially in humid regions, leaving its effect and mechanism on extreme humid heat (EHH) poorly characterized. We analyzed assemblies of observations and performed regional simulations with more detailed irrigation

Warm Airmass Intrusions (WAIs) from the mid-latitudes significantly impact the Arctic water budget. Here, we combine water vapor isotope measurements from the MOSAiC expedition, with a Lagrangian-based process attribution diagnostic to track moisture transformation in the central Arctic Ocean during two WAIs, under contrasting sea-ice concentrations (SIC). During winter with high SIC, two moisture

The southern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) displays large mixed layer salinity (MLS) variation. Circulation in this region is governed by the Indian Ocean tropical gyre (IOTG), where the source water proportion and associated mixing remain unclear. Particles integrating into the IOTG and entering the central southern TIO originate from the Bay of Bengal, Malacca Strait, western Indian Ocean, and Indonesian

Based on the high-speed video observations obtained at the Tall-Object Lightning Observatory in Guangzhou (TOLOG), the attachment processes of three lightning flashes seem to belong to the connections between “the lateral surface of negative leader and positive leader tip” which had never been reported before were investigated. The leader connection processes of these flashes were examined in detail

Analyzing tropical cyclone-induced remote moisture transport clusters (TRCs) and their effects on precipitation is crucial for understanding precipitation formation and enhancing forecast precision. Prior research, primarily case-based, did not fully grasp the nature of TRCs. Utilizing an objective TRC identification method, we categorized 65 TRC tracks in East Asia into five types and examined their

Plasma blob is generally a low-latitude phenomenon occurring at the poleward edge of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) during post-sunset periods. Here we report a case of midlatitude ionospheric plasma blob-like structures occurring along with super EPBs over East Asia around sunrise during the May 2024 great geomagnetic storm. Interestingly, the blob-like structures appeared at both the poleward and

No abstract is available for this article.

Parker Solar Probe (PSP) uses Venus gravity assists (VGA) to achieve the closest orbits to the Sun by a spacecraft. During the third (VGA3) and fourth (VGA4) Venus gravity assists, the PSP entered the Venusian ionosphere. The core electrons could not be detected as they were below the SWEAP/SPAN electrostatic analyzer instrument energy threshold. However, there is another way to estimate the core temperature

Shear instability is a dominant mechanism for mixing in the stratified oceans and coastal seas. For the first time, we present fine-scale, direct measurements of shear instabilities in the bottom front generated by the Kuroshio intrusion into the Changjiang (Yangtze) river plume. Shear instabilities were identified using a shipboard echo-sounder and the resulting turbulent mixing was quantified using

In climate studies, it is crucial to distinguish between changes caused by natural variability and those resulting from external forcing. Here we use a suite of numerical experiments based on the ECCO-Darwin ocean biogeochemistry model to separate the impact of the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) growth rate and climate on the ocean carbon sink — with a goal of disentangling the space-time variability

When daytime tropical convection develops away from mesoscale disturbances, it typically transitions gradually from dry to shallow to deep convection on hourly timescales. The transition is commonly associated with the formation of larger horizontal boundary-layer structures and an increasing level of cloud organization aloft. This study demonstrates that a spectral analysis of the resolved high-resolution

This study focuses on the primary synoptic-scale patterns and precursors of extreme and non-extreme precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Atmospheric circulation anomalies and their precursors associated with regional extreme precipitation events (REPE) demonstrate distinct precursor wave train and heightened intensity than regional non-extreme precipitation events (non-REPE). Specifically,

The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mode exerts distinct impacts on the climate in China and can further affect tropospheric ozone. Using long-term GEOS-Chem simulations, we found distinct changes in planetary boundary layer ozone throughout China during positive and negative phases of IOD. In summer, ozone shows synchronized increases except in southern China during positive IOD; the ozone increases are

Poroelastic coupling between fractures and the surrounding rock is important to numerous applications in geosciences. We measure the in-situ fluid pressure and local strain response of a fractured carbonate sample to hydrostatic pressure oscillations. A linear poroelastic model that represents the rock sample is parameterized using X-ray imaging and ultrasonic wave transmission measurements. The numerical

Climate variability on centennial timescales has often been linked to internal variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, due to the scarceness of suitable paleoclimate proxies and long climate model simulations, large uncertainties remain on the magnitude and physical mechanisms driving centennial-scale AMOC variability. For these reasons, we perform a systematic

Carbon export driven by submesoscale, eddy-associated vertical velocities (“eddy subduction”), and particularly its seasonality, remains understudied, leaving a gap in our understanding of ocean carbon sequestration. Here, we assess mechanisms controlling eddy subduction's spatial and seasonal patterns using 15 years of observations from BGC-Argo floats in the Southern Ocean. We identify signatures

Wavelike banded convection occurs frequently and persistently in southern China, significantly impacting local weather. This study presents the first multi-year investigation of wavelike banded convection associated with ducted gravity waves in southern China from 2013 to 2021 using radar mosaic maps. These convective bands are highly dependent on the wave ducting environment, which typically exhibits

In the surfzone, breaking-wave generated eddies and vortices transport material along the coast and offshore to the continental shelf, providing a pathway from land to the ocean. Here, surfzone vorticity is investigated with unique field observations obtained during a wide range of wave and bathymetric conditions on an Atlantic Ocean beach. Small spatial-scale [O(10 m)] vorticity estimated with a 5 m

We report a new model of radially anisotropic crustal and upper mantle structure of the western United States (WUS324) obtained from full waveform inversion of earthquake data. We ran three multiscale inversion stages beyond model WUS256 (Rodgers et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jb024549) allowing them to approach convergence to fit a larger data set to a shorter minimum period of 16 s. WUS324

Climate changes are known to have been a key regulator of the biodiversity in Earth's history. However, the dry-humid degrees and alternating patterns throughout the Phanerozoic remain largely unconstrained. In this study, we report high contents (2.4 ± 3.8 mg N kg−1) and 17O anomalies (11.0 ± 7.4‰) of nitrate (NO3−) in the early Cambrian black shale from South China, likely caused by atmospheric NO3−