Tropical cyclones are among the most destructive natural disasters. However, lack of detailed observations and the simplifications inherent in operational ocean models, lead to incomplete knowledge of underlying ocean processes. Using high-fidelity large-eddy simulations and moored observations away from the storm track, we show that mutually interacting shear and convective processes, govern the evolving

“Land radiative management” (LRM)—deliberately increasing surface albedo to decrease temperatures—has been proposed as a form of geoengineering to mitigate the effects of regional warming. Here, we show that, contrary to expectations, LRM causes temperatures to increase in surrounding regions. The basic reason for the increase is unintended impacts on precipitation. Precipitation is suppressed over

Air-sea heat and moisture fluxes modulate the surface energy balance and oceanic and atmospheric heat transport across all timescales. Spatial gradients of these fluxes, on a multitude of spatial scales, also have significant impacts on the ocean and atmosphere. Nevertheless, analysis of these gradients, and discussion regarding our ability to represent them, is relatively absent within the community

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) in volcanic areas commonly exhibits high temperatures, concentrations of metals and CO2, and acidity, all of which could affect sensitive coastal ecosystems. Identifying and quantifying volcanic SGD is crucial yet challenging because the SGD might be both discrete, through fractured volcanic rock, and diffuse. At a volcanic area in the Philippines, the novel combination

The marine biological pump is crucial for removing excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean interior and seafloor sediments. The Late Miocene Biogenic Bloom (LMBB), marked by notable increases in biogenic components in marine sediments, provides insights into the response of the biological pump to climate change. However, understanding the timing, distribution, and cause of the LMBB remains

Atmospheric blocking is a key dynamical phenomenon in the mid- and high latitudes, able to drive day-to-day weather changes and meteorological extremes such as heatwaves, droughts and cold waves. Current global circulation models struggle to fully capture observed blocking frequencies, likely because of their coarse horizontal resolution. Here we use convection permitting, nested idealized model simulations

Coastal upwelling plays a vital role in the support and maintenance of productive marine ecosystems throughout the California Current System (CCS). Here, we evaluate upwelling forecast skill using ∼30 years of seasonal reforecasts from four global climate models contributing to the North American Mulitmodel Ensemble (NMME). The models skillfully predict upwelling intensity throughout much of the CCS

To refine the postcollisional extrusion and convergence history of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, we report a quality paleomagnetic data set from Upper Cretaceous redbeds of the eastern Qiangtang Terrane (QT), where is situated at the front edge of eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. The 32 site-mean directions provide a mean pole at 75.4°N, 176.8°E (A95 = 2.4°) and a paleolatitude of 31.8 ± 2.4°N for the

On 22 December 2018, parts of the Anak Krakatau edifice collapsed, triggering a deadly tsunami. To investigate pre-collapse surface displacements, we analyzed Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar satellite geodetic data from 2006 to 2018, acquired from ALOS-1 (2006–2011), COSMO-SkyMED (2012–2018), and Sentinel-1 (2014–2018). We identified line-of-sight displacements on the southwestern flank throughout

Lunar mare basalts represent melting of mantle material, buoyant ascent in dikes, and eruption onto <20% of the surface. Global mare distribution is distinctly asymmetrical, with a paucity on the farside, plausibly interpreted to be related to thicker farside low-density crust inhibiting buoyant magma rise to the surface. Challenging this hypothesis is the presence of the huge, ancient farside South

We present statistical distributions of whistler-mode chorus and hiss waves at frequencies ranging from the local proton gyrofrequency to the equatorial electron gyrofrequency (fce,eq) in Jupiter's magnetosphere based on Juno measurements. The chorus wave power spectral densities usually follow the fce,eq variation with major wave power concentrated in the 0.05fce,eq–fce,eq frequency range. The hiss

Ganymede is the only known moon with an active dynamo. No mission has discovered intrinsic magnetism at the other Galilean satellites: Io, Europa, and Callisto. A dynamo requires a large magnetic Reynolds number, which in turn demands, for these moons, a large metallic core that is cooling fast enough for convection. Here we quantify these requirements to construct a regime diagram for the Galilean

The plasmapause is the outer boundary of the plasmasphere and plays a crucial role in the propagation of plasma waves. We statistically investigate the relationship between the distribution of banded hiss and plasmapause locations. Wave power distributions of banded hiss are analyzed in terms of two ways: (a) the distance away from the plasmapause (ΔL) and (b) the equatorial distance away from the

This study reported the unprecedented tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the western North Pacific (WNP) and North Atlantic (NA) during the developing year of the 2023/2024 El Niño. The possible causes behind these unusual features were addressed. In contrast to previous El Niño events, an unusual low/high TC genesis number in the WNP/NA was identified during the typhoon season (June–November) in 2023

This paper examines the “too bright” issue pertaining to non-planetary boundary layer (PBL) clouds over the South Pacific trade-wind region and its potential link to the falling ice radiative effects (FIREs). We run sensitivity experiments with CESM2-CAM6 (CESM2) global climate model with FIREs on (SON) and off (NOS). The model exhibits more in-cloud liquid water content (CLWC) and droplet above the

Deep tectonic tremor has been observed along major subduction zones and several continental strike-slip faults around the Pacific Rim and the Caribbean. However, it has not be widely identified in other tectonically active regions such as the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt yet. Here we present dynamically triggered tremors and microearthquakes in the Caucasian Region following the 2023 Mw 7.8 and Mw

Karst subterranean estuaries within globally ubiquitous carbonate aquifers are coastal groundwater ecosystems that provide an essential water resource for human populations. To understand the drivers of salinization within a coastal aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), we employed hydroacoustics in flooded caves to observe how oceanic and atmospheric events facilitate mixing between the meteoric

Understanding sub-daily precipitation extremes (SPEs) can provide scientific insights for taking effective measures to mitigate climate risks. Leveraging gauge observations at hourly precipitation in 2,312 meteorological stations and extreme sub-daily precipitation indices (ESPIs), we investigate the changes of SPEs in flooding season of 1971–2022 in China. On country scale, the occurrences and intensity

The low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL) is a crucial region for the transfer of mass, momentum, and energy between the solar wind and the planetary magnetosphere. However, the processes of energy conversion within this layer are not well understood. In this study, the anomalous magnetic topology sublayers (AMTSs) within Earth's inner LLBL are investigated during the local reconnection inactive period

Wildfires have broad impacts on the atmosphere, ecology, and society. This study leverages satellite data and chemistry-transport models to analyze the impact of wildfires on trace gases in California during the August-October periods of 2018, 2019, and 2020. During these months, Southern California experiences minimal precipitation, leading to a high Vapor Pressure Deficit, which results in decreased

(Mg, Fe)CO3 is an important deep carbon carrier and plays a vital role in our understanding of lower-mantle carbon reservoirs. The electrical conductivity (EC) of FeCO3 was measured at 126−2000 K up to 83 GPa in diamond-anvil cells using a standard four-probe van der Pauw method. Moreover, the EC of FeCO3 increases by ∼6 orders of magnitude from 300 to 1500 K at 10−20 GPa, indicating a strong effect

We investigate a shallow lake basin for evidence of a large historic intraplate earthquake in western North America. Henrys Lake, Idaho is an atypical candidate for lacustrine paleoseismic study given its shallow depth (∼7 m) and low relief (≤2° slopes). Here, we test the earthquake-recording capacity of this basin type by showing sedimentological evidence of the 1959 M7.3 Hebgen Lake earthquake within

This study evaluates the prediction skill of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern and its associated energy budget as simulated by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ensemble forecast system. By classifying NAO events into high- and low-skill cases, we analyzed the stationarity of NAO patterns and the role of baroclinic energy conversion in NAO prediction. In both positive

Arctic Oscillation (AO) is the dominant mode of atmospheric circulation in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere regions. The spatial pattern of the AO Arctic center affects the extent of polar cold air outbreaks southward. However, the underlying nature and causes of its interdecadal variation remain unclear. Utilizing ERA5 reanalysis data, this study identifies two distinct spatial patterns of the

The crustal structure of Mercury's large impact basins provides valuable insights into the planet's geological history. For a warm crust, a post-impact basin structure will viscously relax with inward flow of crustal materials toward the basin center. This effect drastically diminishes the crustal thickness contrasts and associated Bouguer gravity contrasts between the basin center and its surroundings

In this study, we used the coupled GITM (Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model)-SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) model to simulate the response of the ionosphere-thermosphere system during the 7 September 2017 geomagnetic storm. In the simulation results, a super equatorial plasma bubble (SEPB) formed and rose to around 40°$40{}^{\circ}$ magnetic latitude (MLAT). This is attributed to

Spacecrafts observe signatures of duskside magnetic reconnection in the Earth's magnetotail associated with the presence of oxygen (O+)$\left({\mathrm{O}}^{+}\right)$ ions of ionospheric origin. The exact role of O+${\mathrm{O}}^{+}$ ions in mediating reconnection remains largely unknown due to the local nature of observational techniques. We analyze results from global three-dimensional hybrid (kinetic

Semi-arid ecosystems, common across the Australian continent, strongly influence the inter-annual variability and trend in the global terrestrial net carbon sink. Here we explore the future Australian terrestrial carbon cycle using the CMIP6 ensemble, and the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ-GUESS. Uncertainty in Australia's carbon storage in vegetation ranged between 6 and 49 PgC at the end of

We estimate seismic azimuthal anisotropy for the Juan de Fuca - Gorda plates from inversion of a new 10–80 s period Rayleigh wave dataset, resulting in a two-layer model to 80 km depth. In the lithosphere, most anisotropy patterns reflect the kinematics of plate formation, as approximated from seafloor-age-based paleo-spreading, except for regions close to propagator wakes and near plate boundaries

Terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) observations made by the Atmosphere-Space Interaction Monitor (ASIM) have demonstrated that these TGFs are accompanied by a prominent optical pulse from a hot leader channel. It is hard to confidently resolve the true sequence of the events in the source region due to temporal proximity of the involved processes. Here we report a bright long duration TGF together with

Observations of Uranus in the near-infrared by ground-based telescopes from 1992 to 2018 have shown that the planet's upper atmosphere (thermosphere) steadily cooled from ∼700 to ∼450 K. We explain this cooling as due to the concurrent decline in the power of the solar wind incident on Uranus' magnetic field, which has dropped by ∼50% over the same period due to solar activity trends longer than the

Paleoclimate data provide important information about the character of natural climate variability. However, records with sufficient length and resolution to resolve high-frequency (decadal-scale) variability across the Holocene are scarce. We present a 10,800-year reconstruction of spring and summer temperature at three-year resolution based on biochemical varves from Lake Żabińskie, Poland. The reconstruction

The polar cap arc at 1500 MLT (15MLT-PCA) has been considered as an auroral signature of the cusp's duskside boundary and been speculated to be caused by lobe reconnection. However, no observational evidence has been provided to support this speculation. Here we report a 15MLT-PCA event occurred on 29 November 2017 using multi-instrument observations. During the DMSP observed the 15MLT-PCA, Cluster

An accurate center localization in near real-time is critical for tropical cyclone (TC) monitoring and forecasting. This study presents a robust algorithm for localizing typhoon centers using the Chinese geostationary (GEO) meteorological satellite. The results using the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) onboard Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite data, achieving a mean absolute error (MAE) of

The coast of Terra Nova Bay (TNB) is known as one of the intense katabatic wind confluence zones in Antarctica. Strong westerly winds with topography-specific foehn effects (foehn-like winds, FLWs) could have influenced surface temperatures in this area downwind of the Transantarctic Mountains, yet their impact remains unstudied. Jang Bogo Station (JBS) in TNB has weak winds year-round, with occasional

Recent machine learning (ML)-based weather forecasting models have improved the accuracy and efficiency of forecasts while minimizing computational resources, yet still depend on traditional data assimilation (DA) systems to generate analysis fields. Four dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVar) enhances model states, relying on the prediction model to propagate observation to the initial

Distinct responses in the soil moisture (SM) between the two most severe meteorological droughts in Korea are examined. Although total accumulated precipitation deficit during 1994–1996 drought was slightly less than in the 2013–2017 drought, 1994–1996 drought showed a record-breaking negative SM anomalies, while the accumulated negative SM anomalies during 2013–2017 were less than half of those in

HCFC-22 is an ozone-depleting substance with a greenhouse effect. The atmospheric mole fractions of HCFC-22 have been increasing since the 1950s. Within the NDACC-IRWG network, HCFC-22 mol fractions can be retrieved from solar absorption spectra measured by ground-based FTIR. However, only a few sites have provided HCFC-22 data sets. Here, we demonstrate a harmonized FTIR HCFC-22 retrieval strategy

We investigated the effects of salt crystallization on the dynamics of saline water evaporation in porous media. Water mass loss rates from sand columns supplied with NaCl solutions at three concentrations were monitored under controlled ambient conditions. The formation and evolution of salt crystals over sand surfaces were synchronously imaged optically and thermally. Despite identical experimental

Aerosol from the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HT-HH) volcanic eruption (20.6°S) in January 2022 were not incorporated into the austral polar vortex until the following year, March 2023. Within the polar vortex in situ profiles of aerosol size spectra were completed in the austral autumns of 2019 and 2023, from McMurdo Station, Antarctica (78˚S), 30 months prior to and 15 months after the HT-HH eruption

The Maritime Continent (MC) exhibits a pronounced diurnal cycle in precipitation, with many high-resolution models overestimating the diurnal peak and predicting earlier precipitation over the islands than observed. We hypothesize that part of this model bias comes from ignoring precipitation-induced surface sensible heat flux (QP). To test this conjecture, we performed simulations with and without

The iron spin crossover in (Mg1-xFex)O ferropericlase causes changes to its physical properties that are expected to affect seismic velocities in Earth's lower mantle. We present new time-resolved pressure-volume measurements of iron-rich ferropericlase (xFe = 0.40, 0.59) and combine the results with literature data with xFe = 0.04–0.6 to investigate the dependence of ferropericlase elastic properties

The temperature for cloud glaciation importantly determines the initialization of precipitation and lifetime of clouds. The role of anthropogenic pollutants as ice nucleating particles (INPs) to determine the cloud glaciation remains uncertain. In this study, based on satellite radar and lidar observations, the clouds either in pure liquid or mixed-phase with liquid top were statistically analyzed

Baffin Bay is located between Greenland and several islands of the Canadian Arctic, providing a conduit for the downstream transport of ice and freshwater to the North Atlantic via Davis Strait. Using satellite observations from Sentinel-1, the RADARSAT Constellation Mission, and CryoSat-2, we estimated the sea ice export through Davis Strait and winter ice production in Baffin Bay from 2016 to 2022

No abstract is available for this article.

The Himalaya orogen evolved since the Eocene as the Tethyan-, Greater-, Lesser- and Sub-Himalaya thrust sheets were uplifted and exhumed in sequence. Reconstructing the provenance of sediment in Himalayan River systems can inform on stages in the tectonic history of the orogen. Here, we analyze the oxygen, carbon and “clumped” isotope compositions of carbonate minerals from Himalayan bedrock, Ganga

The capability to observe temporal changes on Io's surface at optical wavelengths has recently been demonstrated by Conrad et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108609) using new instrumentation at the Large Binocular Telescope. Monitoring of Io's surface morphology would be impactful since preexisting metrics of the degree, location and composition of Io's plume activities are severely limited

Global reanalyzes are widely used for investigations of Antarctic climate variability and change. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 5th generation reanalysis (ERA5) is well regarded and spans 1940 to today. We investigate whether ERA5 reliably represents the 2-m air temperature trends across the 1940–2022 (83 years) period at seasonal and annual time scales. We compare ERA5 temperatures

Using a Green's function-like approach, this study identifies optimal atmospheric heat sources for the two leading modes of South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) interannual variability. Optimal heating for the first mode, characterized by a lower-level anomalous anticyclone over northern Bay of Bengal (BOB), is distributed over the Arabian Sea and tropical eastern Indian Ocean (EIO)-Maritime Continent

Mesoscales, which couple small to large scales, and vice-versa, are critical to the magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. Optical and radar measurements indicate that dynamical mesoscale features are present in the ionosphere, however quantifying their contribution to the overall dynamics remains a challenge. We use a new ionospheric data assimilation technique, Lompe (Local mapping of the polar ionospheric

Groundwater level records in North America are relatively short (<60 years), preventing long-term analysis of historical changes in groundwater levels associated with drought. In this study, tree ring widths are used to reconstruct groundwater levels in three regions in the North American Cordillera: Central British Columbia (BC), Canada, the Southern Interior Region of BC, and the San Luis Valley

Distinguishing the independent contributions of tectonic denudation and climate-driven erosion on the production and supply of clastic materials of Chinese eolian deposits is important in understanding the dynamic links between global climate changes, tectonics, and Asian dust emission. Here, multi-proxy rock magnetic records of detrital fractions of Chinese eolian deposits since ∼6 Ma, combined with

Atmospheric turbulence over the Arctic sea-ice surface has been understudied due to the lack of observational data. In this study, we focus on the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) over sea ice and distinguish its two different vertical structures, the “Surface” type and the “Elevated” type, using observations during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate expedition

Previous work has shown that estimates of climate sensitivity vary over time in response to abrupt CO2 forcing in climate model simulations. The energy fluxes that drive warming in response to increasing CO2 also influence precipitation, which prompts the question: Does the precipitation response therefore also vary over time? We investigate by examining the response of precipitation to warming forced

The present study analyzes novel observations of vertical wind (w)$(w)$ in the tropical upper troposphere-lower stratosphere obtained from a radar wind profiler in Cochin, India. Between December 2022 and April 2023, 63 consecutive 4 hr curtains of w$w$ were measured with a vertical spacing of 180 m and a sampling time step of 44 s, thus resolving almost the whole spectrum of vertical motions. Spectra

Turbulent vertical velocity measurements are scarce in regions prone to convection such as the Labrador Sea, which hinders our understanding of deep convection dynamics. Vertical velocity, w$w$, is retrieved from wintertime glider deployments in the convective region. From w$w$, downward convective plumes of dense waters are identified. These plumes only cover a small fraction of the convective area

Discriminating landslides from other events in seismic records is challenging due to unclear phases and overlapped frequency content. We analyze the seismic waveform power spectral density (PSD) and its skewness to discriminate landslides from earthquakes and background noise. By comparing PSDs of landslides with small-magnitude earthquakes and noise in the Alaskan region, we find distinct power decay

Mercury's surface undergoes large temperature gradients between day and night, which repeats periodically over the same longitudes due to its 3:2 spin-orbit resonance. This effect combined with the orbit's eccentricity, creates hot and cold geographic longitudes. The planet is covered with a highly porous regolith, allowing exospheric atoms to diffuse in depth. By using a 1-D diffusion model, we studied

An outstanding question in the geological evolution of the Chilean Andes is the cause of the westward shift and relocation of magmatism from the High Andes (HA) to the Coastal Cordillera (CC) during the Late Triassic, Pre–Andean stage. The spatiotemporal distribution of Permian–Triassic–Jurassic igneous rocks in northern-central Chile (20°S–32°S) reveals a significant westward magmatic shift of ∼120 km

The ocean response to Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) mass loss has been extensively studied using numerical models, but less attention has been given to the atmosphere. We examine the global atmospheric response to AIS meltwater in an ensemble of experiments performed using two fully coupled climate models under a pre-industrial climate. In response to AIS meltwater, the experiments yield cooling from the