Convective cloud processes are sensitive to environmental conditions that vary on scales smaller than reanalysis data sets (sub-reanalysis scales). Convective environment variability within areas representative of reanalysis data sets is quantified using large-domain, high-resolution (∆x = 100 m) simulations of convective cloud systems throughout the tropics and subtropics. Even after removing locations

Seismoelectric phenomena, caused by electrokinetic coupling between seismic and electromagnetic fields, have attracted significant interest in geological reservoir characterization for their sensitivity to pore-fluid contrasts. Consequently, most studies have focused on seismic-to-electromagnetic conversions at fluid/poroelastic and poroelastic/poroelastic interfaces. However, when investigating permeable

Understanding the relationships between internal variability and forced climate feedbacks is key for using observations to constrain future climate change. Here we probe and interpret the differences in these relationships between the climate change projections provided by the CMIP5 and CMIP6 experiment ensembles. We find that internal variability feedbacks better predict forced feedbacks in CMIP6

Although fluctuations in ice sheet surface mass balance lead to seasonal and interannual elevation changes, it is unclear if they are resolved differently by radar and laser satellite altimeters. We compare methods of computing elevation change from CryoSat-2 and ICESat-2 over the Greenland Ice Sheet to assess their consistency and to quantify recent change. Solutions exist such that interannual trends

This study presents a novel approach for conducting all-day retrieval of cloud macro-physical properties (single-layer cloud phase, cloud top height, and cloud base height for optical thickness less than 10) using the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) and the Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS) onboard the geostationary meteorological satellite Fengyun-4A based on machine

Leveraging the unique perspective enabled by Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk, we examined the characteristics of equinox transitions in the thermospheric column integrated ratio of atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen (O/N2) in the Northern Hemisphere. We found that the timing of the O/N2 equinox transition from winter to summer or vice versa exhibits a progression with latitude, particularly

Biomass burning (BB) can produce ice nucleating particles (INPs) and influence cloud ice formation and climate effects, but the distribution and budget of BB-induced INPs are not well understood. This study quantified INPs from BB at −17°C to −30°C and explored their spatiotemporal distributions. The results indicate that the INPs of BB aerosol were 5.42 × 1021 in 2019, approximately two orders of

Electron precipitation by chorus whistler-mode waves generated by the same electron population is expected to play an important role in the dynamics of the outer radiation belt, potentially setting a hard upper limit on trapped energetic electron fluxes. Here, we statistically analyze the relationship between equatorial electron fluxes and the power of mid-latitude cyclotron-resonant chorus waves precipitating

Jupiter's poleward (Zone II) main aurora exhibits bi-directional electron acceleration; upward acceleration dominates but downward acceleration generates strong aurora. During Juno's first perijove (PJ1), the upward acceleration manifested as narrow electron angular beams (within ∼5° of the magnetic field) over the 30–1,200 keV energy range of Juno's Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Investigation

Experimental investigations of silica under high pressure and temperature offer crucial insights into modeling of Earth and super-Earths’ interiors. Despite extensive studies on Hugoniots of silica polymorphs like fused-silica (2.20 g/cm3), quartz (2.65 g/cm3) and stishovite (4.29 g/cm3) up to a terapascal, unexplored region of melting and liquid of silica at high pressures is leaved because of the

Linear kinetic instability analysis based on in situ observations for one typical oxygen ion cyclotron harmonic (OCH) wave event is performed to investigate the wave excitation mechanism. The observed partial-shell velocity distribution of energetic O+s is fitted by the superposition of multiple ring-beam distributions. The calculated linear growth rate shows that the observed OCH waves can be excited

The impact of global warming on Central Asian precipitation suffers from huge uncertainties, yet their origins remain largely unidentified. This study investigates the inter-model spread in the projection of winter Central Asian precipitation (WCAP) using models from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 6. The results reveal a homogenous wetting trend in WCAP, with the primary source of

Constraining past West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) change helps validate numerical models simulating future ice sheet dynamics. Following rapid deglaciation during the mid-Holocene, ice near Thwaites Glacier was ∼35 m thinner than present; however, the timing of ice regrowth to its present configuration remains unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, we present cosmogenic nuclide exposure ages of cobbles

Earthquake-triggered landslides are a severe hazard and contribute to landscape evolution. To understand their process and controlling factors, we model the onset of seismically-triggered slip on pre-existing slip surfaces governed by laboratory-based rate-and-state friction, including wave propagation effects. Through numerical simulations and theoretical analysis, we identify how friction properties

As Arctic surface temperatures exhibit amplified warming, a warming center in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is also notable, which potentially plays a crucial role in polar-to-mid-latitude interactions. While the surface warming has accelerated recently, UTLS temperatures, however, have declined since 2001, as demonstrated by multiple reanalysis data sets. This shift in trends

Glacial lake-moraine dam systems are widespread in cold alpine environments such as the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Without climate change, the lake-dam system exhibits stably dynamic evolution on a hydrological annual cycle. However, climate change may drive subtle alterations in the system's evolution. We developed a fully coupled Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical simulation platform considering ice-water

Understanding the long-term streamflow variability of the Yarlung Tsangpo (called the Brahmaputra River in downstream) is critical for water resources management due to its provision of freshwater for millions of people and its flood risk. However, previous streamflow reconstructions, based on dendrochronology and palaeo-flood sediments, are either discontinuous or cover only a few hundred years. Here

The African easterly jet (AEJ) and the West African Monsoon (WAM) can largely modulate high-impact weather over Africa and the tropical Atlantic. How these features will change with a warming climate is just starting to be addressed due to global climate model limitations in resolving convection. We employ a novel regional setup for an atmospheric convection-permitting model alongside the pseudo-global

Radiative heating of clouds, particularly those in the upper troposphere, alters temperature gradients in the atmosphere, affecting circulation and precipitation in today's and future climates. However, the response of cloud radiative heating to global warming remains largely unknown. We study changes to high cloud radiative heating in a warmer climate, identify physical mechanisms responsible for

Recent research highlights the influence of the Atlantic Niño on the likelihood of strong hurricanes forming in the tropical Atlantic. This phenomenon increases the risk of hurricanes impacting the Caribbean islands and the United States. A recent study identifies two distinct types of the Atlantic Niño, with warming concentrated in the central (CA) and eastern (EA) equatorial Atlantic, respectively

Large wildfires are increasing in the eastern United States; however, what factors are heightening large wildfire risk remains unclear. Increases in fuel loads from woody encroachment and canopy infilling have been associated with increasing wildfire risk in other US regions. Understanding if and where woody cover increases wildfire risk can help direct proactive fuels management. We characterize multi-scale

Robust modern gradients in sea surface temperature (SST) and biological productivity across the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) Ocean between 80° and 140°W derive from vigorous upwelling of cold and nutrient-rich waters. However, during the mid-Pliocene warm period (3.0–3.3 Ma), the zonal SST gradient within the EEP was reduced to <0.5°C while the productivity gradient remained as strong if not stronger

Managing fluid-driven fracture networks is crucial for subsurface resource utilization, yet the current understanding of the key controlling factors remains insufficient. While geologic discontinuities have been shown to significantly influence fracture network complexity, this study identifies another major contributor. We conducted a new set of experiments using a transparent true triaxial cell,

Rockfalls are ubiquitous expressions of present-day landscape evolution across the solar system. On Mars, their distribution has been proposed to indicate endo- and exogenic drivers, such as tectonic activity and solar-driven thermal fatigue. Here, we present the first global catalog of 1,383 rockfall-bearing locations on Mars, derived using MRO HiRISE images and a machine learning-driven and human-reviewed

Plasma in Earth's magnetosheath rarely experiences interparticle collisions, so kinetic microinstabilities are thought to contribute to regulating the plasma thermodynamics. Instabilities excite waves and redistribute free energy in velocity space, reducing free energy in the velocity distribution function (VDF). Using 24 hr of data spread over 163 intervals of in situ magnetosheath observations by

In this study, we leverage 25 years of observations from spaceborne radars, along with coincident reanalysis data, to determine how the depth and width of precipitating convective storms are related to the large-scale environments in which they are observed. We find that the deepest convective features are observed in environments markedly different from the environments of other convective features

The Arabian Gulf (AG) exports hypersaline, dense waters into the Sea of Oman (SOO), replaced by fresher inflowing surface waters from the Indian Ocean. We investigate the impact of recent AG warming on its exchange with the SOO and the implications this has on the AG biogeochemistry. Using an eddy-resolving hindcast model simulation, we analyze the hydrography and biogeochemistry of the AG and the

The Indonesian seas are a renowned global biodiversity hotspot, yet nutrient sources and fluxes (especially the vertical flux) sustaining this richness remain unclear. Here, we used non-atmospheric helium-3 (3He) to constrain the vertical diffusion coefficient (Kd) in the Indonesian seas, which ranges from 5.2 × 10−5 to 2.3 × 10−3 m2 s−1 and averages 6.6 × 10−4 m2 s−1, a value notably higher than those

Extreme heat poses significant threats to human life and ecosystems. Quantifying the effects of anthropogenic climate change on extreme heat has remained challenging, in part due to the short observational record. Here, we isolate the most slowly varying component of the frequency at which the historical 90th and 99th percentiles were exceeded in observational records from 1955 to 2021 by using a statistical

A long-standing question is how felsic continental crust is differentiated from its mafic parent mantle magmas. One currently proposed fundamental mechanism is lithospheric foundering and loss of dense material into the mantle. A type locality is the young extinct arc forming the Sierra Nevada, California. Here, we image a distinct anisotropic shear layer below the crust-mantle boundary using receiver

Mercury is surrounded by a tenuous neutral exosphere composed primarily of sodium atoms, which can be continuously ionized. The production of sodium ions is concentrated on the dayside, and these ions can subsequently be transported to the magnetotail and flanks. MESSENGER spacecraft observations revealed dawn-dusk asymmetric distributions of sodium ions N⁢a+$N{a}^{+}$. In this study, we investigate

Aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI) pose the largest uncertainty for climate projection. Among many challenges of understanding ACI, the question of whether ACI can be deterministically predicted has not been explicitly answered. Here we attempt to answer this question by predicting cloud droplet number concentration Nc${N}_{c}$ from aerosol number concentration Na${N}_{a}$ and ambient conditions using

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) and cold-spells (MCSs) are extreme sea surface temperature events with significant impacts on marine ecosystems. However, the connection between these events and mixed layer depth (MLD) variations, as well as how their intensity relates to MLD changes, remains unclear. Integrating OISST V2.1 data with Argo profiles, this analysis finds that during MHWs, MLD decreases by 8.10%

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have devastating effects on ecosystems. Yet a global assessment of the regional impacts of MHWs on the sea-air CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$ exchange is missing. Here, we analyze 30 global observation-based sea-air CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$ flux data sets from 1990 to 2019. Globally, the oceanic CO2${\text{CO}}_{2}$ uptake is reduced by 8% (3%–19% across data sets) during MHWs. Regionally

Accurate and timely precipitation nowcasting is essential for numerous applications including emergency services, infrastructure management, and agriculture. Recently, deep learning (DL) techniques have shown promise in enhancing nowcasting capabilities. This study introduces a novel Physical-Driven Diffusion Network (PDDN) model that leverages both radar and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data

Thermal circulations are important for ozone transport and are affected by synoptic weather systems and urbanization. In this study, based on in-situ observations and numerical simulations, changes in thermal circulations induced by urbanization in Suzhou and their impacts on ozone pollution during tropical cyclone Jongdari were investigated. We found that calm weather conditions due to subsidence

Understanding and predicting “droughts” in wind and solar power availability can help the electric grid operator planning and operation toward deep renewable penetration. We assess climate models' ability to simulate these droughts at different horizontal resolutions, ∼100 and ∼25 km, over Western North America and Texas. We find that these power droughts are associated with the high/low pressure systems

Global climate model (GCM) projections of future climate are uncertain largely due to a persistent spread in cloud feedback. This is despite efforts to reduce this model uncertainty through a variety of emergent constraints (ECs); with several studies suggesting an important role for present-day biases in clouds. Here, we use three generations of GCMs to assess the value of climatological cloud metrics

As a typical hotspot of heatwaves, southern China experienced a marked shift from dry to humid heatwaves in the recent decade of 2013–2022. Significant 10–30-day intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in temperature and humidity is a major contributor to the humid heatwaves. Configuration of the 10–30-day quasi-barotropic wave train at mid–high latitudes with the dipolar pattern of tropical convection leads

Earthquake ruptures produce fault slip and kilometer-wide diffuse deformation of the host rocks. However, the origin of the diffuse deformation and its role in the rupture process are debated. We produce a refined slip model for the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquakes, and analyze the relations between down-dip rupture process, and surface diffuse deformation. We show that the decrease in coseismic

An annular solar eclipse was visible on 14 October 2023 from 15:00–21:00 UT as its path traveled across North, Central, and South America. In this letter, we present the first multi-frequency Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) observations of the bottomside ionospheric response to a solar eclipse using a novel experimental mode designed for the October 2023 annular eclipse. We compare our

Holocene temperature evolution remains poorly understood. Proxies in the early and mid-Holocene suggest a Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM) where temperatures exceed the pre-industrial, whereas climate models generally simulate monotonic warming. This discrepancy may reflect proxy seasonality biases or errors in climate model internal feedbacks or dynamics. Using seasonally unbiased ice core reconstructions

Nitrogen (N) dominates Earth's atmosphere (78% N2) but occurs in trace abundances in silicate minerals, making it a sensitive tracer of recycled surface materials into the mantle. The mechanisms controlling N transfer between terrestrial reservoirs remain uncertain because low N abundances in mineral-hosted fluid inclusions (FIs) are difficult to measure. Using new techniques, we analyzed N and He

Steady-state sequences are a new protocol for surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), that can yield high quality data in a short time. In addition to faster acquisition, steady-state surface NMR purports to measure the transverse relaxation time T2${T}_{2}$, which is correlated with hydrogeological parameters like pore-size. This is in contrast to the effective transverse relaxation time T2∗${T}_{2}^{\ast

Recent observations show very near-Earth reconnection (∼8–13RE) could efficiently power the ring current during the main phase of geomagnetic storms, but whether the recovery phase might be contributed remains unclear. During the recovery phase of the May 2024 major geomagnetic storm, intense auroral brightening and geomagnetic disturbances were observed at midnight, indicative of particle injections

Climate is thought to affect the structure and evolution of drainage basins, but it is not clear how climate impacts the power law scaling between channel length and drainage area. Since climate controls runoff, streamflow, and erosion regimes, we looked for dependency of drainage basin morphometrics on climate within a near-global data set. We show that increasingly arid regions have longer channels

The path of totality of the 8 April 2024 solar eclipse traversed the fields-of-view of four US SuperDARN radars. This rare scenario provided an excellent opportunity to monitor the large-scale ionospheric response to the eclipse. In this study, we present observations made by the Blackstone (BKS) SuperDARN radar and a Digisonde during the eclipse. Two striking effects were observed by the BKS radar:

Satellite observations reveal a widespread afternoon depression of photosynthesis globally. Utilizing satellite observations and eddy covariance tower-based observations worldwide, we investigated the impact of climate factors on the diurnal patterns of ecosystem gross primary production (GPP). Our analysis revealed that the increase in vapor pressure deficit (VPD) shifts the diurnal peak of GPP activity

We investigate how micro-geoelectrical monitoring is promising for studying microscale coupled processes since it facilitates the upscaling of pore-scale observations and enhances the petrophysical interpretation of the geoelectrical measurements. Microscale geophysics using microfluidics emerges and combines direct visualization of pore scale dynamics and chemical reactivity with geoelectrical monitoring

This study analyzed time series data from six GPS stations within the Tatun Volcano Group (TVG), a long-dormant volcanic system in northern Taiwan, using multichannel singular spectrum analysis to search for potential spatiotemporally correlated transient deformations. A notable cycle of transient deformation was identified from 2015 to 2020, characterized by ground subsidence and uplift of up to 10 mm

China's Chang'e-6 (CE-6) mission has returned the first-ever lunar farside samples from a mare plain on the southern Apollo basin floor. The crater statistics of the CE-6 mare unit and the provenance of the samples are crucial in interpreting the CE-6 sample analysis results and re-calibrating the crater chronology function. Here, we conduct a thorough survey of the formation sequence and main source

The Martian magnetotail is largely controlled by the solar wind (SW) and is modulated by variations in the upstream drivers. However, due to the limitations of single-spacecraft observations, the effects of SW variations on the Martian magnetotail have not been fully understood so far. Here, using Tianwen-1 and MAVEN data, we report for the first time the rapid response of Martian magnetotail to the

Improvement of subseasonal to seasonal North Atlantic winter forecasting requires better prediction of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant mode of variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Despite recent research demonstrating the importance of stratosphere-troposphere coupling for NAO predictability, the driving mechanisms and implications are not fully understood. This study reveals

The glory, a striking optical phenomenon seen from space in unpolarized satellite images can be mapped onto the cloud's droplet sizes with a characteristic scale of 10μ⁢m$\mu m$. Such a mapping allows us to infer the mean and variance of the cloud droplets' radius, an important property that has remained elusive and inaccessible to passive unpolarized satellite sensing. Here, we propose a simple and

Altered oceanic crust (AOC) is the largest contributor to the subducted sulfur (S) budget and its recycling modulates the redox evolution and S distribution in the mantle. However, the role of AOC in the deep cycling of S remains poorly constrained. Here we probe the primary S isotopes of Cenozoic intraplate basalts in eastern China by investigating sulfide inclusions in magmatic clinopyroxene megacrysts

Meridional freshwater transport (MFT) in the Atlantic Ocean (Atlantic meridional freshwater transport (AMFT)) plays a vital role in the Atlantic Ocean circulations, but an accurate estimate of AMFT time series remains challenging. This study uses an indirect approach that combines ocean salinity, surface evaporation and precipitation observations to derive AMFT and its uncertainty by solving the ocean

Representing glacial-interglacial changes in ocean carbon sequestration remains a major challenge for Earth System Models (ESMs). Uncertainties in ocean circulation and biological carbon export are essential causes for model-data mismatch. We quantify the impact of these factors by calibrating the Max Planck Institute-ESM. A shallower and weaker glacial Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)

Monsoonal precipitation is dominated by intraseasonal variabilities, whose skillful prediction lead time is currently less than 5 days and remains a grand challenge. Here we show that an intrinsic variability in the Indian Ocean, the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) mode, when combined with a machine learning (ML) algorithm, can produce skillful predictions of intraseasonal precipitation over the monsoon

No abstract is available for this article.

Using data from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission captured in a reconnection inflow on the magnetospheric side of Earth's dayside magnetopause, we find a region where the heat flux density gradient term balances the parallel compression term in the electron parallel temperature equation. Combining these observations with analysis of the generalized fluid equations indicates that such a behavior