In the midlatitudes, extratropical cyclones produce the majority of winter precipitation. Precipitation rates and accumulation depend strongly on both the cyclone intensity and the environmental moisture amount. Using 5 years of the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) product, cyclone-centered composites of surface precipitation rates are compared between

Accurate representation of scale-aware boundary layer similarity functions at gray-zone resolutions is crucial for advancing boundary layer schemes. Although these functions have been extensively studied in conventional boundary layers, such as convective and sheared types, their application to tropical cyclone boundary layers (TCBLs) remains both challenging and relatively unexamined. Through large-eddy

If the rotational equilibrium of a planetary body is disturbed, the rotation pole responds with a cyclical motion. The duration of one cycle is referred to as the Chandler period, and, when viewed from space, the body wobbles. Because planets are not rigid, the wobble period differs from the Euler period by the factor (1−kX/kf)$\left(1-{k}_{\mathrm{X}}/{k}_{\mathrm{f}}\right)$, where kX/kf${k}_{\m

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Extreme weather events severely impact human and natural systems, and their impacts would be exacerbated when events occur synchronously. Extensive studies have examined changes in individual events under global warming, but changes in the synchrony of multiple events remain less understood. Here we quantify the synchrony of extreme heat and precipitation events over global land areas and assess how

Global warming may trigger more frequent snow droughts (SD). SD can result from low total precipitation (dry-SD), high temperatures leading to less solid precipitation (warm-SD), or a combination of both (dry-warm compound SD). Those three SD types threaten ecosystems differently. Nevertheless, the regions dominated by SD types, the transition patterns, and future risks under climate change remain

Using our recently developed X-ray diffraction based force constants approach, we have determined the equilibrium Si isotope fractionation between omphacite/garnet, quartz/kyanite, and quartz/zircon at temperatures relevant to the petrogenesis. We find that Na strongly affects the Si isotope fractionation between omphacite and garnet. Our results have suggested that the omphacite and garnet in eclogite

Marine ecosystems in the wider Caribbean region (WCR) are biodiversity hotspots. They include coral reefs and provide critical societal benefits, yet climate change, pollution, and overfishing are threatening them. Marine ecosystem protection and restoration require understanding connectivity. Fish and coral larvae are actively exchanged across connected areas and larval transport promotes the replenishment

High-frequency plasmaspheric hiss (HFPH) is considered to be excited by substorm-injected electrons in a case study (He et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl081578). To better understand its generation, we performed a statistical study on this wave and electron distributions, based on the Van Allen Probe data from 2012 to 2018. It shows HFPH cover a wide space from predawn to dusk side during

Impulse-response functions (IRFs) are mathematical functions that represent the response of the coupled carbon-climate system to different trajectories of fossil-fuel emissions and land-use. They help understand the time-scales of the Earth system response to perturbations and have played a prominent role in climate policy. However, there are limitations due to assumptions of linearity and time/state-invariance

Eddies can carry water over hundreds of kilometers, but there is also water leakage during eddy movement. By tracking the global drifters' trajectories related to oceanic eddies, we find that, in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere, drifters in the eddies tend to leave anticyclonic/cyclonic eddies from the rear left/right (right/left) side relative to the eddy movement direction. A further simulation

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are extended periods of unusually warm ocean temperatures that significantly impact marine ecosystems. While most studies concentrate on temporal changes at a single point or spatial changes over a fixed duration, the combined daily progression of these changes in both space and time is still largely unexplored. Here, we employ observational data from a three-dimensional perspective

The tectonic attributes of the fossil suture zone are crucial for reconstructing tectonic evolution, but they remain contentious due to inadequate crustal constraints. This study introduces a high-resolution crustal structure derived from a cost-effective short-period dense seismic array across fossil suture zones between the Xing'an and the Songnen-Xilinhot blocks in the eastern Central Asian Orogenic

Water in the mantle controls mantle convection and chemical transport processes within Earth's interior. However, whether the water in the lower mantle is primordial or recycled remains an open question. Here we report an electrical structure consisting of two stepped high-conductivity anomalies crossing the 660-km interface beneath northeastern Asia. The sheet-like first-step conductor locates in

Glacier flow is typically modeled using a power-law rheology known as the Glen–Nye flow law, with the power n$n$ assumed to be 3. However, recent research and past observations suggest that n=4$n=4$ may better represent ice flow in some locations. We lack a quantitative understanding of how much n$n$ affects ice-loss projections, and its significance relative to other sources of uncertainty. Here,

Mode waters are critical for ocean ventilation and carbon sequestration. Using observations, we trace their subduction pathways and biogeochemical evolution. Solving modified mixing equations that account for respiration reveals that less than 50% of the oxygen changes along mode water ventilation pathways are due to respiration within the water mass, the rest being due to mixing with oxygen-poorer

As a highly volatile heavy metal, Hg is transported over long distances in the atmosphere and enters global ecosystems via Hg(II) wet deposition and Hg(0) dry deposition. The Chinese Loess Plateau develops loess-paleosol sequences (eolian deposits) reflecting glacial-interglacial cycles. Here, we investigate the Hg concentration and isotopic composition of loess-paleosol sequences covering three glacial-interglacial

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE) instrument, launched in November 2023, provides direct observation of small-scale (30–300 km) gravity waves (GWs) in the mesosphere on a global scale. This work examined changes in GW activity observed by AWE during two major Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) in the 2023 and 2024 winter season. Northern Hemisphere

The development of deep learning (DL) weather forecasting models has made rapid progress and achieved comparable or better skill than traditional Numerical Weather prediction (NWP) models, which are generally computationally intensive. However, applications of these DL models have yet to be fully explored, including for severe convective events. We evaluate the DL model Pangu-Weather in forecasting

In parts of the global ocean, large internal variability continues to mask the detection of externally forced sea surface temperature (SST) trends in observations and climate models. Such regions of large internal variability are typically where wind driven ocean dynamical processes contribute heavily to SST variability. Through analysis of two climate model ensembles, we find that internal wind driven

Before interacting with the magnetosphere, an interplanetary shock travels through the magnetosheath where its speed and shape are modified. Previous studies have reported widely different answers to the question of the speed of an interplanetary shock in the magnetosheath. Observational studies generally answer this question “macroscopically”, by measuring the time delay between detections of the

Cloud feedback has prevailed as a leading source of uncertainty in climate model projections under increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Cloud-controlling factor (CCF) analysis is an approach used to observationally constrain cloud feedback, and subsequently the climate sensitivity. Although high clouds contribute significantly toward uncertainty, they have received comparatively little attention

Convection is the main heat transport mechanism in the Earth's liquid core and is thought to power the dynamo that generates the geomagnetic field. Core convection is strongly constrained by rotation while being turbulent. Given the difficulty in modeling these conditions, some key properties of core convection are still debated, including the dominant energy-carrying lengthscale. Different regimes

Observations of the 2019 magnitude 7.1 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake indicate a relatively slow rupture (∼${\sim} $2 km/s). The fault is surrounded by sedimentary rocks and low-velocity damage zones, which can amplify ground motions but also slow down rupture. Here, we develop 3D dynamic rupture models to elucidate the significance of such effects on the Ridgecrest earthquake. We find that: (a)

Continental breakup is a fundamental tectonic process, which leads to seafloor spreading and the generation of oceanic crust. However, the current understanding of continental margins, based largely on 2-D seismic transects, is inadequate to capture the spatial complexity of crustal evolution. Here we present a 3-D seismic velocity model through a young, magma-poor margin at the north-eastern Gulf

We conduct observations of sea ice thermal strain using a laser theodolite in situ (0.3–1 km distances) and InSAR remote sensing (1–22 km). We capture the thermal strain relationship of sea ice at geophysical scales never before measured. Net strain was, unexpectedly, observable only in cooling First Year Ice below −11°C and found to be dependent on cumulative, as opposed to net, temperature decrease

Climate change affects the spatial distribution and abundance of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares, YFT) in the tropical Pacific, yet the mechanisms linking remote climate modes to YFT dynamics remain unclear. This study finds that the variability of autumn tropical Pacific YFT is tied to the spring sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) of the North Atlantic Tripole (NAT), mediated by the Victoria

Submesoscale dynamics, operating at spatial scales of O⁡(1−10km)$\mathcal{O}(1-10\,\text{km})$ and temporal scales of O⁡(1day)$\mathcal{O}(1\,\text{day})$, are particularly important for marine ecosystems as they occur on similar timescales as phytoplankton growth, enabling biophysical feedbacks. Lateral stirring at the submesoscale impacts phytoplankton communities by altering nutrient fluxes, spatial

The time history of the Earth's dynamic oblateness, or J 2 ${J}_{2}$ , is a unique climate data record, with its estimation from satellite laser ranging (SLR) tracking data beginning in 1976. Due to its impact on variations in length of day (LOD), the long-term J 2 ${J}_{2}$ time series is frequently applied to LOD studies and their contributions, which include tidal friction, glacial isostatic adjustment

Accurate representation of cloud phase partitioning is critical for understanding the cloud feedback to climate change, but the supercooled liquid fraction is often underestimated in global climate models, in part due to the assumption of homogeneous distributions of hydrometeors in mixed-phase clouds. In this study, we take into account the heterogeneous liquid-ice mixing in modeling the ice depositional

Sinuous channel networks dissecting tidal wetlands are highly dynamic and are often abandoned as a result of channel captures and meander cutoffs. However, the effects of channel dynamics on blue carbon fluxes remain unclear. Analyses of abandoned tidal channels in the Venice Lagoon (Italy) demonstrate that they take up organic carbon at significantly faster rates than neighboring marshes. This is

The Australian summer monsoon (AUSM) is the strongest monsoon in the Southern Hemisphere and it is greatly influenced by the climate conditions in the Indo-Pacific and adjacent regions. Inspite of the substantial studies of the monsoon, the linkage between the AUSM and the high-latitude Southern Ocean climate has not been fully understood. This study investigates how AUSM rainfall is affected by the

Interactions among the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Basin mode (IOB), and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) significantly impact global climate variability and seasonal predictions. Traditionally, positive IOD (pIOD) and IOB warming events are associated with El Niño, driven by its influence on the tropical Indian Ocean through Walker Circulation anomalies. Our findings enrich this framework

Since the weather is chaotic, it is necessary to forecast an ensemble of future states. Recently, multiple AI weather models have emerged claiming breakthroughs in deterministic skill. Unfortunately, it is hard to fairly compare ensembles of AI forecasts because variations in ensembling methodology become confounding and the baseline data volume is immense. We address this by scoring lagged initial

Previous studies have noted the asymmetry in the annual cycle of zonal mean surface air temperature, defined as the difference in the lengths of warming and cooling periods. Pronounced north-south hemispheric differences in this asymmetry, by up to 40 days, were attributed to the eccentricity of Earth's orbit. However, we propose that the dominant factor comes from the difference in the land-sea fraction

Although the Drake Passage has been considered a critical component of ocean circulation and climate, its initial opening age remains controversial due to the weak constraints on the paleoposition of the Antarctic Peninsula. Here, new zircon U-Pb geochronological studies are conducted on the Barchans Islands, providing a critical age constraint on the paleopole (Latitude = 76.9°S, Longitude = 332.1°E

Climate impacts of the South-to-North water diversion project in China on water-receiving areas (WRA) is simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The results show that during the 2015–2022 water diversion period, the WRA experiences increased precipitation and decreased temperature. Annual precipitation increased by 2.8 mm, mainly dominated by non-convective precipitation (1.92 mm)

Propagating in the lower troposphere, the trapped lee waves (TLWs) generate severe turbulence over a large area in the afternoon and thus have a significant impact on aviation safety and atmospheric environment. Due to the lack of high temporal and spatial resolution observations, the diurnal variation of the TLWs remains unknown. This study employed the U-Net deep learning model to identify 3,533

Velocity and turbulence observations are used to estimate the forward cascade of kinetic energy from the internal tide to dissipation within a steep canyon. Two methods for computing cross-frequency kinetic energy flux are compared to observed dissipation. One method, coarse graining, allows strongly nonlinear dynamics while the other assumes weak nonlinearity. Fluxes from both methods agree within

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are elongated areas of pronounced atmospheric water vapor transport that play an important role in the hydrological cycle over North America during winter. We investigate the sources of winter seasonal AR predictability over North America using average predictability time (APT) analysis. The skill of seasonal AR frequency predictions, in dynamical model forecasts provided by

We investigated the paleogeography of Baltica via a paleomagnetic study of 471-454 Ma limestones from the Siljan (Sweden) impact structure. Stepwise thermal demagnetization isolated a well-defined magnetization component that unblocks up to the Curie temperature of magnetite and passes fold and reversal tests, indicative of a primary magnetization. Paleolatitude data show that Baltica experienced an

The classic Eliassen-Palm (E-P) flux in the geophysical fluid dynamics is a vector to qualify the eddy momentum and heat flux transport by Rossby waves in the latitude-height plane. In this investigation, we derive two magnetic E-P fluxes to quantify the eddy energy transport by magnetic Rossby waves by using magnetohydrodynamic quasi-geostrophic theory. The first extends the classic E-P relation;

Pressure and temperature increase with depth, modifying the microstructure of crustal rocks. The opening or closing of micro- and macrocracks resulting from variations in the in-situ conditions influences the permeability of crustal rocks. While confining pressure is known to close pre-existing cracks, reducing permeability, the influence of temperature has received less attention. Here, we measured

Recent advancements in state-of-the-art generative deep-learning models, particularly diffusion models, have significantly enhanced the capability to produce realistic and diverse synthetic images and videos. These advancements have had a profound impact on fields such as computer vision and natural language processing. In this study, we leverage this cutting-edge generative model to refine Numerical

The Earth's core flows are governed by magnetohydrodynamic equations, where boundary conditions determine how the electric field in the liquid core relates to that in the conducting boundaries. In the Earth's core, the no-slip condition implies continuity of the electric field, following the continuous horizontal velocity field. However, numerical models often employ a free-slip condition, permitting

We have conducted high-pressure electrical conductivity and Mössbauer spectroscopic measurements of peridotite glass as an analog of silicate melts. We observed the shoulder feature in the Mössbauer spectra above 60 GPa due to the emergence of the new Fe2+ component, which could be associated with the change of the iron partitioning coefficient between solid and melt observed in previous melting experiments

Direct observations of background diapycnal mixing rates in the Southern Ocean (SO) are limited spatially and temporally, making the choice of an appropriate value to parameterize this mixing in Earth system models a challenge. However, the deployment of Argo floats throughout the SO has provided an extensive range of observations of both physical and biogeochemical parameters. We use an ocean state

Extreme hydroclimates impact sediment fluxes from mountainous catchments to the oceans. Given modern global warming, a challenge is to assess the sensitivity of erosion in mountainous catchments to extreme climate perturbations. Here, we reconstruct paleo-sedimentary fluxes across an abrupt global warming, the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ∼56 Ma), using sedimentary archives and numerical

In coarse resolution ocean models, eddy diffusive effects are parameterized using an isopycnal mixing coefficient, which controls mixing strength along isopycnals. Recent high-resolution simulations show that increasing the wind stress over the Southern Ocean leads to increased local isopycnal mixing. In this work, we investigate how wind and isopycnal mixing affect surface temperature and salinity

We use atmospheric profiles from ERA5, JRA55, and MERRA2 between 1993 and 2023 to estimate Earth's global clear-sky longwave feedback strength on the seasonal and interannual timescale. Differences in the relationship of relative humidity with skin temperature prior to 2008 lead to interannual feedback strengths between 1.34 Wm−2 K−1 (JRA55) and 1.89 Wm−2 K−1 (MERRA2). Restricting the analysis to the

Analysis of ambient seismic noise is of increasing interest for its potential to monitor aquifers, seismic wave velocity being sensitive to fluctuations of the water table or to pore pressure variations. The correlation with groundwater pressure variations in confined aquifers, which are often strategic, is an open scientific question, as is the stored groundwater volume. Based on an experimental site

The probability estimation of rare or yet unobserved events is essential for hazard quantification, especially in the frequent case of short observational records. Data limitations can be mitigated by using regionalization techniques, which augment observational information, and by employing effective statistical models, such as the Metastatistical Extreme Value Distribution (MEVD), which maximizes

This study investigates the sources and regional attributions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the upper troposphere|upper tropospheric (UT) during the Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM). The importance of South Asia (SA) and East Asia (EA) contributions is the subject of main interest. Using artificial tracers in a chemistry-climate model, simulations with tracers from surface anthropogenic and lightning sources

Between 1985 and 2014 observations show an expansion of Southern Ocean sea-ice. This phenomena is not simulated in CMIP6 Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs). Here we quantify the impact of this discrepancy on radiative feedback and simulated global temperature trends. We find that both satellite reconstructions of the Earth's energy budget and atmosphere-only GCM simulations forced

The Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant source of tropical convective activity on intraseasonal timescales and a significant influence on extratropical weather through remote teleconnections. Here, we investigate decadal variability of the MJO and its boreal winter teleconnections with the Southwestern United States (SWUS) using an ensemble of historical climate simulations, where tropical

The absence of reliable paleomagnetic constraints from the Lhasa Block has led to alternative interpretations of its late Paleozoic position and timing of rifting from Gondwana, reflecting uncertainties in early Neo-Tethyan paleogeography. This study presents paleomagnetic and geochronological data from the middle Permian Luobadui Formation, providing a new paleogeographic constraint on the Lhasa Block

Magnetic measurements collected by the MESSENGER spacecraft showed that Mercury has a crustal magnetic field in addition to a core magnetic field. Within the region of data availability, this crustal magnetic field is strongest in the vicinity of the Caloris impact basin. Two origin hypotheses have been proposed for this observation: magmatic intrusions/buried tectonic features, or Caloris ejecta material

Global terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) products from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and its Follow-On mission (GRACE/FO) have an approximately three-month latency, significantly limiting their operational use in water management and drought monitoring. To address this challenge, we develop a Bayesian convolutional neural network (BCNN) to predict TWSA fields with uncertainty

Satellite Traces (STs) are the important ionogram signatures for the presence of upwellings in the bottom-side ionosphere, which provide the necessary seed perturbation for the development of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). In this study, a virtual ionosonde experiment is simulated to investigate the various ST signatures under the presence of shallow, deep, overhead, and off-centered upwellings

Large-scale volcanic eruptions, such as the Hunga-Tonga volcanic eruption that occurred in 2022, can impact the atmospheric structure and dynamics in a highly complex way. The response of Nitric oxide (NO) radiative emissions to the lower atmospheric forcing caused by the Hunga-Tonga eruption has been examined in this study using Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER)