The regional sea level budget and interannual sea level changes around Taiwan and Philippines are studied using altimetry, GRACE, and in-situ hydrographic data during 1993‒2021. Results show that the average sea level trend around Taiwan and Philippines during 1993–2021 derived from the altimetric data is 3.6 ± 0.2 mm/yr. Over 2002–2021, the study shows closure of sea level budget in the eastern ocean

The Kalman filter stands as one of the most widely used methods for recursive parameter estimation. However, its standard formulation typically assumes that all state parameters avail initial values and dynamic models, an assumption that may not always hold true in certain applications, particularly in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data processing. To address this issue, Teunissen et al

Numerical methods, like the finite element method (FEM) or finite volume method (FVM), are widely used to provide solutions in many boundary value problems. In previous studies, these numerical methods have also been applied in geodesy but demanded extensive computations because the upper boundary condition was usually set up at the satellite orbit level, hundreds of kilometers above the Earth. The

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation in Central Africa (CA) has become important because of the increased global demand for vegetable oils. The region is highly suitable for the cultivation of oil palm and this increases pressure on forest biodiversity in the region. Accurate maps are therefore needed to understand trends in oil palm expansion for landscape‐level planning, conservation management

Heterogeneous Remote Sensing Images Change Detection (HRSICD) is a significant challenge in remote sensing image processing, with substantial application value in rapid natural disaster response. However, significant differences in imaging modalities often result in poor comparability of their features, affecting the recognition accuracy. To address the issue, we propose a novel HRSICD method based

This study presents the development of China’s first national-scale sub-meter mangrove map, addressing the need for high-resolution mapping to accurately delineate mangrove boundaries and identify fragmented patches. To overcome the current limitation of 10-m resolution, we developed a novel Semi-automatic Sub-meter Mapping Method (SSMM). The SSMM enhances the spectral separability of mangroves from

In the realm of remote sensing, images captured by different platforms exhibit significant disparities in spatial resolution. Consequently, effective large scale factor super-resolution (SR) algorithms are vital for maximizing the utilization of low-resolution (LR) satellite data captured from orbit. However, existing methods confront challenges such as semantic inaccuracies and blurry textures in

Vertical land motion and the redistribution of masses within and on the surface of the Earth affect the Earth’s gravity field. Hence, studying the ratio between temporal changes of the surface gravity \(\left( {\dot{g}} \right)\) and height (\(\dot{h}\)) is important in geoscience, e.g., for reduction of gravity observations, assessing satellite gravimetry missions, and tuning vertical land motion

As the power grid is an indispensable foundation of modern society, creating a digital twin of the grid is of great importance. Pylons serve as components in the transmission corridor, and their precise 3D reconstruction is essential for the safe operation of power grids. However, 3D pylon reconstruction from LiDAR point clouds presents numerous challenges due to data quality and the diversity and

Synthetic Aperture Radar tomography (TomoSAR) has garnered significant interest for its capability to achieve three-dimensional resolution along the elevation angle by collecting a stack of SAR images from different cross-track angles. Compressed Sensing (CS) algorithms have been widely introduced into SAR tomography. However, traditional CS-based TomoSAR methods suffer from weaknesses in noise resistance

Global warming has significantly accelerated the retreat of glaciers and expansion of glacial lakes in the central Himalayas, thereby heightening the risks of various disasters, including ice avalanches, rock avalanches, and glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs). These events pose considerable threats to the lives and properties of individuals residing in downstream areas. Consequently, conducting comprehensive

Agroecosystems are experiencing a biodiversity crisis. Biodiversity monitoring is needed to inform conservation, but existing monitoring schemes lack standardisation and are biased towards birds, insects and plants. Automated monitoring techniques offer a promising solution, but while passive acoustic monitoring and remote sensing are increasingly used, the potential of camera traps (CTs) in farmland

Weather radar systems have become a central tool in the study of nocturnal bird migration. Yet, while studies have sought to validate weather radar data through comparison to other sampling techniques, few have explicitly examined the impact of range and topographical blockage on sampling detection—critical dimensions that can bias broader inferences. Here, we assess these biases with relation to the

LARES-2 is a new geodetic satellite designed for high-accuracy satellite laser ranging. The orbit altitude of LARES-2 is similar to that of LAGEOS-1, whereas the inclination angle of 70° complements the LAGEOS-1 inclination of 110°; hence, both satellites form the butterfly configuration for the verification of the Lense–Thirring effect. Although the major objective of LARES-2 is testing general relativity

We release a new global catalog of impact craters on the Moon containing about 5 million craters. Such catalog was derived using a deep learning model, which is based on increasing the spatial image resolution, allowing crater detection down to sizes as small as 0.4 km. Therefore, this database includes ∼69.3% craters with diameter lower than 1 km. The ∼28.7% of the catalog contains mainly craters

The Hongguleleng Formation in western Junggar, northwest China preserves a rich variety of fossils and was previously regarded as a “refugium” during the Late Devonian biotic crisis. Uncertainty in the age of the Hongguleleng Formation has persisted for a considerable time. In this study, cyclostratigraphic analysis was carried out on the Upper Devonian Bulongguoer and Wulankeshun sections from western

Change Detection (CD) is important for natural disaster assessment, urban construction management, ecological monitoring, etc. Nevertheless, the CD models based on the pixel-level classification are highly dependent on the registration accuracy of bi-temporal images. Besides, differences in factors such as imaging sensors and season often result in pseudo-changes in CD maps. To tackle these challenges

Multi-looking, aimed at reducing data size and improving the signal-to-noise ratio, is indispensable for large-scale InSAR data processing. However, the resulting “Fading Signal” caused by multi-looking breaks the phase consistency among triplet interferograms and introduces bias into the estimated displacements. This inconsistency challenges the assumption that only unwrapping errors are involved

The millennial-scale hydroclimate variability in East Asia has been debated for a long time due to the lack of reliable precipitation records from southern China and inconsistent model simulations. Here, we reconstruct a 40-kyr rainfall record for southern China and Taiwan based on enviro-magnetic and clay mineral proxy parameters from a northern South China Sea marine sediment core. Both proxies suggest

The Miocene-Pliocene boundary (∼5.3 million years ago, Ma) represents a climate transition, where global warming resulted in a rise in sea surface temperatures from near modern values in the late Miocene, to sustained, warmer than modern values in the early Pliocene. Estimated atmospheric CO2 concentrations were within the range of anthropogenic values. Thus, this transition provides an opportunity

Rapid climate change is reshaping the ecological dynamics of coral reefs, posing significant challenges in understanding the long-term effects of environmental disturbances on reef development. In the current study, we conducted a chronological analysis and regional review of Holocene massive Porites corals in the northern South China Sea, revealing a unique episodic growth pattern, including a 2500-year

The terrigenous sediment source-to-sink processes in marginal seas are governed by intricate interactions among climate, sea level, and ocean currents. The continental slope of the northern South China Sea (SCS) provides an excellent setting to examine these processes due to its substantial terrigenous influx and continuous sedimentation. In this study, we present a high-resolution sedimentary record

For precise orbit determination (POD) and precise applications with POD products, one of the critical issues is the modeling of non-conservative forces acting on satellites. Since the official publication of Galileo satellite metadata in 2017, analytical models including the box-wing model and thermal thrust models have been established to absorb a substantial amount of solar radiation pressure (SRP)

The Nama Group in southern Namibia captures one of the best-preserved records of the last ∼10 million years of the Ediacaran Period, recording pivotal changes to Earth's biosphere and oceans. Within the Nama Group, the lower Schwarzrand Subgroup preserves early complex bilaterian trace fossils, but uncertainties surrounding the ages of their first occurrences hinder global correlation and the understanding

Due to the inappropriate estimation and inadequate awareness of scattering from complex substructures within ships, a reasonable, reliable, and complete interpretation tool to characterize ship scattering for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) is still lacking. In this paper, a fine polarimetric decomposition with explicit physical meaning is proposed to reveal and characterize the loc

Semantic interpretation of 3D scenes poses a formidable challenge in point cloud processing, which also stands as a requisite undertaking across various fields of application involving point clouds. Although a number of point cloud segmentation methods have achieved leading performance, 3D rare class segmentation continues to be a challenge owing to the imbalanced distribution of fine-grained classes

Detecting building changes with multi-temporal remote sensing (RS) imagery at a very high resolution can help us understand urbanization and human activities, making informed decisions in urban planning, resource allocation, and infrastructure development. However, existing methods for building change detection (BCD) generally overlook critical uncertainty phenomena presented in RS imagery. Specifically

The simultaneous occurrence of extremes (e.g., droughts) at multiple regions (usually termed as spatial compounding of extremes), such as croplands, may lead to large impacts on global food security. Recently, the concurrent droughts and hot extremes at a specific location, which are referred to as compound droughts and hot extremes (CDHEs), have garnered considerable attention due to the potentially

Disentangling the environmental determinants of tropical biomes is crucial for understanding their response to climate change. This study investigated the effect of climate and soil-related variables on biome transitions in the Caribbean region of Colombia and Panama, focusing on xerophytic forest (XF), tropical dry forest (TDF), and tropical rainforest (TRF). We analyzed the climatic variables at

Inland Asia is a major global source of dust and the dust transport from this region has global implications. However, the processes and forcing mechanisms of dust activity in inland Asia during the Holocene are still debated due to the lack of high-quality records with accurate dating, unambiguous dust signals, and a high resolution. Here we present a well-dated record of dust activity based on the

The random encounter model (REM) estimates animal densities from camera‐trap data by correcting capture rates for a set of biological variables of the animals (average group size, speed and activity level) and characteristics of camera sensors. The REM has been widely used for setups in which cameras are mounted on trees or other structures aimed parallel to the ground. Here, we modify the REM formula

Carrier phase integer ambiguities must be determined for BDS-3/inertial navigation system (INS) tightly coupled (TC) integration to achieve centimetre-level positioning accuracy. However, cycle slip breaks the consistency of the integer ambiguities. Conventional multi-frequency cycle slip methods use the pseudorange; thus, requiring improvement when applied to kinematic situations. Furthermore, a concise

This paper focuses on the retrieval of refractivity fields from GNSS measurements by means of least-squares collocation. Collocation adjustment estimates parameters that relate delays and refractivity without relying on a grid. It contains functional and stochastic models that define the characteristics of the retrieved refractivity fields. This work aims at emphasizing the capabilities and limitations

Deformation phenomena on Earth are inherently three dimensional. With SAR interferometry (InSAR), in many practical situations the maximum number of observations is two (ascending and descending), resulting in an infinite number of possible displacement estimates. Here we propose a practical solution to this underdeterminancy problem in the form of the strapdown approach. With the strapdown approach

The accurate positioning of individual trees, the reconstruction of forest environment in three dimensions and the identification of tree species distribution are crucial aspects of forestry remote sensing. Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms, primarily based on LiDAR or visual technologies, serve as essential tools for outdoor spatial positioning and mapping, overcoming signal

3D topographic point cloud change estimation produces fundamental inputs for understanding Earth surface process dynamics. In general, change estimation aims at detecting the largest possible number of points with significance (i.e., difference > uncertainty) and quantifying multiple types of topographic changes. However, several complex factors, including the inhomogeneous nature of point cloud data

The burial of terrestrial organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments is a crucial process in the global carbon cycle, as it transfers carbon from relatively active to inactive reservoirs. However, there remains a limited understanding of the spatial and temporal variations in the source and age characteristics of terrestrial OC in marine sediments, which determine its ability to serve as a contemporary

Drones are being increasingly used to monitor wildlife populations; their large spatial coverage and minimal disturbance make them ideal for use in remote environments where access and time are limited. The methods used to count resulting imagery need consideration as they can be time‐consuming and costly. In this study, we used a fixed‐wing drone and Beyond Visual Line of Sight flying to create high‐resolution

Correspondence pruning aims to remove false correspondences (outliers) from an initial putative correspondence set. This process holds significant importance and serves as a fundamental step in various applications within the fields of remote sensing and photogrammetry. The presence of noise, illumination changes, and small overlaps in remote sensing images frequently result in a substantial number

Glacial lakes are expanding exponentially in the cryospheric environment of the Hindukush-Karakoram-Himalayas (HKH). Rapid glacier melting due to an above mean global annual temperature increase in HKH is attributed as the main reason for the expansion of the glacial lakes. The rapid expansion of glacial lakes increases the risk of future Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) events in the HKH.

Accurate information on satellite antenna phase center offsets (PCOs) and phase variations (PVs) is indispensable for high-precision geodetic applications. In the absence of consistent pre-flight calibrations, satellite antenna PCOs and PVs of global navigation satellite systems are commonly estimated based on observations from a global network, constraining the scale to a given reference frame. As

An attractive feature of PPP-RTK is the possibility of reducing the amount of data that needs to be transferred to users. By leveraging the state-space Representation (SSR) of the corrections, the correction provider (i.e., a GNSS network) can consider distinct transfer rates for each of the individual corrections according to their temporal characteristics. Reducing the transfer rates comes at the

Timely and accurate information on crop productivity is essential for characterizing crop growing status and guiding adaptive management practices to ensure food security. Terrestrial biosphere models forced by satellite observations (satellite-TBMs) are viewed as robust tools for understanding large-scale agricultural productivity, with distinct advantages of generalized input data requirement and

Pansharpening is a crucial technique in remote sensing for enhancing spatial resolution by fusing low spatial resolution multispectral (LRMS) images with high spatial panchromatic (PAN) images. Existing deep convolutional networks often face challenges in capturing fine details due to the homogeneous operation of convolutional kernels. In this paper, we propose a novel predictive filtering approach

Creating 3D digital models of heritage sites typically involves laser scanning and photogrammetry. Although laser scan-derived point clouds provide detailed geometry, occlusions and hidden areas often lead to gaps. Terrestrial and UAV photography can largely fill these gaps and also enhance definition and accuracy at edges and corners. Historical buildings with complex architectural or decorative details

The Chicxulub asteroid that ended the Cretaceous Era ∼66.05 million years ago caused a prolonged time of global darkness – the impact winter – leading to mass extinctions. Elements from the asteroid, including the platinum group elements (PGEs) osmium, iridium and platinum are known from the globally distributed boundary clay but their carrier elements have so far been unknown. We identify, for the

The direct precipitation model of Mn‑carbonate formation, based on investigation of the modern sedimentary record and simulation experiments, is commonly used to explain the genesis of both modern and ancient Mn‑carbonate deposits. This process is considered to be primarily influenced by physicochemical conditions and lacks microbial mediation. Despite the established role of microbes in global Mn

Zooplankton fecal pellets constitute a major component of passively sinking particles in the ocean. The sinking of zooplankton fecal pellets provides an efficient vehicle for the transfer and sequestration of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep sea, which has been widely reported in different regions. However, most existing studies focus on the sinking flux of fecal pellets within the upper

Dynamic changes in the cryosphere have profound implications for global warming. This study, through case studies of seasonal ice lakes and glacier-originated rivers, complemented by global data, offers novel insights into radium (Ra) isotopes' characteristic in the cryosphere. It elucidates the quantification of the “Ra quartet” as tracers in frozen hydrological processes across various timescales

Micropaleontological and geochemical analyses in samples from the Coniacian-Maastrichtian-aged Smoking Hills and Mason River formations in the Anderson Basin of the northern mainland coast of Arctic Canada provide a refined picture of the environmental conditions occurring in the incipient southern Arctic Ocean at the end of the Cretaceous. These units were deposited within a 22 myr time span in an

Artificial light at night (ALAN) has global impacts on animals, often negative, yet its effects in polar regions remains largely underexplored. These regions experience prolonged darkness during the polar night, while human activity and artificial lighting are rapidly increasing. In this study, we analyzed a decade of citizen science data on light‐sensitive seabird occurrences in Longyearbyen, a High‐Arctic

We propose a benchmark for comparing gap-filling techniques used on global time-variable gravity field time-series. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and the GRACE Follow-On missions provide products to study the Earth’s time-variable gravity field. However, the presence of missing months in the measurements poses challenges for understanding specific Earth processes through the gravity

Understanding the causes of variations in global atmospheric methane concentration (GAMC) is an important issue in the study of global climatic changes. Long-term GAMC varied rhythmically on glacial-interglacial timescales, and broadly followed the orbital/suborbital cycles in northern hemisphere solar insolation. Yet the late Holocene has witnessed an increasing GAMC trend since the mid-Holocene,

Through biological productivity and ocean-atmosphere CO2 exchange, North Pacific mid-depth ventilation has the potential to regulate regional climate over glacial timescales. Nevertheless, the subtropical Northwest Pacific currently lacks continuous long redox records that would enable us to evaluate this process. In this instance, we present δ98/95Mo and redox-sensitive trace element data derived

Canopy nitrogen content (CNC) is a crucial variable for plant health, influencing photosynthesis and growth. An optimized, scalable approach for spatially explicit CNC quantification using Sentinel-2 (S2) data is presented, integrating PROSAIL-PRO simulations with Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) and an Active Learning technique, specifically the Euclidean distance-based diversity (EBD) approach for

Dielectric constant for the earth and planetary surfaces has been estimated using reflection coefficients in the past. A recent trend is to use model-based decomposition for dielectric constant retrieval from polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (polSAR) data. We examine the reported literature in this regard and propose a unique dielectric constant estimation (UDCE) algorithm using three-component

Climate controls chemical weathering of silicate rocks on the transport of iron (Fe) and its isotopes from continent to the ocean, impacting the global Fe geochemical cycle. However, it's elusive if Fe isotope fractionation during silicate weathering reflects variations in climate factors. This study examines two granite-derived regolith profiles; one in Beijing (BJ), representing a temperate climate