An ever-expanding body of studies has revealed that the evolution of late Permian ecosystems was very complex and possibly involved some yet under-studied ‘early warning signals’ prior to the end-Permian mass extinction. However, the evidence in support of pre-extinction ‘warning signals’ is still limited. In a global review, this paper examined the timing for the initial and peak stages of the late Permian (including the Permian-Triassic boundary interval) biodiversity crisis across different palaeogeographic (palaeobathymetric) settings ranging from pelagic, deep-water basin/deep shelf, through moderately deep-water slope, and to shallow-water carbonate, reef and shallow shelf settings. Based on detailed correlations of globally significant Permian-Triassic sections (20 key sections reviewed) and key stratigraphic boundaries using bio-, chrono- and chemo-stratigraphy, this paper evaluated, summarized and compared the timing and pacing of the environmental and ecosystem deterioration processes in each and among the different palaeogeographic settings and between planktons (mainly radiolarians) and benthos (represented mainly by brachiopods and benthic foraminifers) in deep and moderately deep marine waters. Additionally, where data available we also reviewed the temporal evolution of redox conditions for 17 Permian-Triassic key sections in an attempt to ascertain if there were any notable temporal correlations between these two seemingly separate but potentially mechanistically linked processes. Finally, we also discussed the possible cause-effect and mutually amplifying relationships among volcanism, warming, dynamics of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), and the deterioration and final collapse of both marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the late Permian in the lead up to the end-Permian mass extinction.

中文翻译：

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晚二叠纪海洋生态系统的恶化和崩溃以及二叠纪末期的大规模灭绝：全球视野


不断扩大的研究机构表明，二叠纪晚期生态系统的进化非常复杂，并且可能涉及二叠纪末大灭绝之前一些尚未得到充分研究的“早期预警信号”。然而，支持灭绝前“警告信号”的证据仍然有限。在一项全球综述中，本文研究了不同古地理学（古测深）环境中晚二叠世（包括二叠纪-三叠纪边界间隔）生物多样性危机的初始和高峰阶段的时间，从中上层、深水盆地/深陆架，到浅水碳酸盐岩、珊瑚礁和浅水大陆架环境。基于使用生物、年代和化学地层学对全球重要的二叠纪-三叠纪剖面（回顾了 20 个关键剖面）和关键地层边界的详细相关性，本文评估、总结和比较了环境和生态系统恶化过程的时间和节奏，在不同古地理环境中以及浮游生物（主要是放射虫）和底栖生物（主要以腕足类和底栖有孔虫为代表）之间）在 深部和中等深海水。此外，在可用数据的情况下，我们还回顾了 17 个二叠纪-三叠纪关键部分的氧化还原条件的时间演变，以试图确定这两个看似独立但可能在机制上相关的过程之间是否存在任何显着的时间相关性。 最后，我们还讨论了火山活动、变暖、最低氧区 （OMZ） 动力学以及二叠纪晚期海洋和陆地生态系统在二叠纪末大灭绝前的恶化和最终崩溃之间可能的因果关系和相互放大的关系。