Wearable sensors capable of simultaneous monitoring of multiple physiological markers have the potential to dramatically reduce healthcare cost through early detection of diseases and accelerating rehabilitation processes. These skin-like sensors can deliver significant benefits thanks to their ability to continuously track various physiological indicators over extended periods. However, due to the

The development of neuromorphic systems necessitates the use of memcapacitors that can adapt to optoelectronic modulation. Two-dimensional (2D) materials with atomically thin features and their derived heterostructures are able to allow for controlling local transfer of charge carrier but reports on 2D materials-enabled capacitive-type photoelectric synapses have not been experimentally exploited yet

The rapid progress of high-performance microelectronic devices underscores the urgent necessity to develop materials possessing superior thermal conductivity for effectively dissipating heat in cutting-edge electronics. Boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional thermal conductivity, combined with electrical insulation and low thermal expansion coefficient

Recently, the rapid development of flexible electronic materials and devices has profoundly influenced various aspects of social development. Flexible magnetoelectric systems (FMESs), leveraging magnetoelectric coupling, hold vast potential applications in the fields of flexible sensing, memory storage, biomedicine, energy harvesting, and soft robotics. Consequently, they have emerged as a significant

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a crucial role in affecting health, environmental integrity, and industrial operations, from air quality to medical diagnostics. The need for highly sensitive and selective detection of these compounds has spurred innovation in sensor technologies. This editorial introduces a special collection of articles in Applied Physics Reviews, exploring the latest advancements

Single-photon terahertz (THz) detection is one of the most demanding technologies for a variety of fields and could lead to many breakthroughs. Although significant progress has been made in the past two decades, operating it at room temperature still remains a great challenge. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, a room temperature THz detector at single-photon levels based on nonlinear wave

Recently, the flexoelectric effect has triggered considerable interest in energy-related applications, such as flexo-actuation, flexo-photovoltaic, and flexo-catalysis, because of its ubiquitous feature allowing the creation of electric polarity, i.e., the flexoelectric polarization (Pflexo), in non-polar materials by strain gradient. Here, we show a flexoelectric strategy in electrocatalytic water

The rapid pace of technology and increasing energy demands underscore the urgent need for eco-friendly materials with exceptional energy conversion and storage capabilities. Two-dimensional (2D) energy materials, characterized by unique physicochemical properties, hold great promise in renewable energy conversion, catalysis, and electronics. Nevertheless, conventional synthesis methods often falter

Perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have emerged as a potential solution-processible technology that can offer efficient light emission with high color purity. Here, we explore the device physics of perovskite LEDs using simple analytical and drift-diffusion modeling, aiming to understand how the distribution of electric field, carrier densities, and recombination in these devices differs from

Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, is an innovative technique for fabricating batteries with arbitrary architectures. Understanding the intricacies of 3D printing designs in sodium battery materials is crucial for optimizing their electrochemical properties and unlocking the full potential of 3D printed sodium batteries. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key aspects

Encoding and processing quantum information in the time-of-arrival of photons offer significant advantages for quantum information science and technology. These advantages include ease of experimental realization, robustness over photon state transmission, and compatibility with existing telecommunication infrastructure. Additionally, time-of-arrival encoding has the potential for high-rate quantum

This review aims to offer strategic synthesis of new carbon materials under the thematic concept of “nanoarchitectonics” applied to metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived porous carbons. The background tracing of carbon materials in terms of the development of carbon microstructure is outlined first to offer the microstructural level of understanding of traditional carbons as well as recent MOF-derived

Understanding contact mechanics and adhesion processes in thin films and micro-structured materials is fundamental in phonon and heat transport phenomena and is ubiquitous for the miniaturization of mechanical and thermal devices as well as the design/functionalization of structured surfaces and membranes. Acoustic-based methods are of great interest in this context since they provide a nondestructive

Metamaterials, a kind of novel materials with artificial design, have exhibited extraordinary properties that cannot be found in nature. In the past decade, remarkable achievements have been made in the field of metamaterial-based photodetectors. However, there is hardly any systematic and thorough review of the metamaterials' recent development in photodetection devices. Herein, we summarized recent

Discovering light dosimeters that can function effectively from liquid nitrogen temperature to 700 K presents significant challenges. Such dosimeters facilitate a range of cutting-edge applications, including anti-counterfeiting measures at low temperature for cryo-preservation. To facilitate such discovery, stacked vacuum referred binding energy diagrams for the LiYGeO4 cluster of crystals have been

In conventional metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) electronics, the logic state of a device is set by a gate voltage (VG). The superconducting equivalent of such effect had remained unknown until it was recently shown that a VG can tune the superconducting current (supercurrent) flowing through a nanoconstriction in a superconductor. This gate-controlled supercurrent (GCS) can lead to superconducting

Developing single-pixel full-color liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that do not require orientation layers and color filters is highly desirable since this would allow to better optimize their image resolution and light utilization efficiency while considerably reducing fabrication cost. However, so far, organic polymers have shown only limited color modulation range and inorganic materials have mostly

Superlattices are materials created by the alternating growth of two chemically different materials. The direct consequence of creating a superlattice is the folding of the Brillouin zone, which gives rise to additional electronic bands and phonon modes. This phenomenon has been successfully exploited to achieve new transport and optical properties in semiconductor superlattices. Here, we show that

Molecular-scale junctions (MSJs) have been considered the ideal testbed for probing physical and chemical processes at the molecular scale. Due to nanometric confinement, charge and energy transport in MSJs are governed by quantum mechanically dictated energy profiles, which can be tuned chemically or physically with atomic precision, offering rich possibilities beyond conventional semiconductor devices

Reduction of phonon mediated thermal transport properties, i.e., lattice thermal conductivity (κL), of semiconductors can strongly affect the performance of thermoelectrics and optoelectronics. Although extrinsic routes to reduce κL have been achieved through selective scattering of phonons via doping, alloying, and hierarchical nano-structuring, semiconductors with intrinsically low κL have recently

Third-generation photovoltaic materials, including metal halide perovskites (MHPs), colloidal quantum dots (QDs), copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS), and organic semiconductors, among others, have become attractive in the past two decades. Unlike their first- and second-generation counterparts, these advanced materials boast properties beyond mere photovoltaic performance, such as mechanical flexibility

Flexible electrode is crucial for wearable electronic devices. To prevent performance degradation due to bending or stretching, the development of highly flexible and durable materials is imperative. Here, we address this challenge by selecting stainless-steel electrodes with excellent stability and flexibility. Through an anodization process on the stainless steel, we created an integrated flexible

Maintaining an acceptable quality of life worldwide increasingly depends on the availability of clean and cost-effective energy, with power consumption expected to double by 2050. Therefore, the need for sustainable and affordable green energy has spurred innovative electrocatalysis research with the goal to develop materials and processes that are capable of producing environmentally friendly, carbon-neutral

High-responsivity and energy-saving ultraviolet photodetectors become crucial components for modern optoelectronic information sensing and communication systems. This study presents an advanced self-powered MXene/GaN Schottky ultraviolet photodetector that features a high-quality van der Waals interface to enhance photoresponsivity. The photodetector exhibits a high responsivity of 681.6 mA W−1 and

Spin-torque nano-oscillators (STNOs) have emerged as an intriguing category of spintronic devices based on spin transfer torque to excite magnetic moment dynamics. The ultra-wide frequency tuning range, nanoscale size, and rich nonlinear dynamics have positioned STNOs at the forefront of advanced technologies, holding substantial promise in wireless communication, and neuromorphic computing. This review

A novel tapered quartz tuning fork (QTF) was designed to enhance its stress magnitude and charge distribution in QTF-based laser spectroscopy, which had a low resonant frequency of 7.83 kHz and a wide fork gap for long energy accumulation time and easy optical alignment. Compared to the reported rectangular QTF, this tapered QTF transfers the maximum stress position from the root to the middle to improve

Anti-ferroelectric thin films are renowned for their signature double hysteresis loops and sheds light on the distinguished energy storage capabilities of dielectric capacitors in modern electronic devices. However, anti-ferroelectric capacitors are still facing the dual challenges of low energy density and efficiency to achieve state-of-the-art performance. Their large hysteresis and sharp first-order

Time-resolved x-ray microscopy is used in a low-alpha synchrotron operation mode to image spin dynamics at an unprecedented combination of temporal and spatial resolution. Thereby, nanoscale spin waves with wavelengths down to 70 nm and frequencies up to 30 GHz are directly observed in ferromagnetic thin film microelements with spin vortex ground states. In an antiparallel ferromagnetic bilayer system

Field-effect transistors are crucial components for modern electronics, generating significant research and profitable interest. Metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a pioneering active material in solar cells, generating interest in their potential use in other electronic and (opto)electronic devices, including field-effect transistors and phototransistors. However, before they can be

Recently, several experimental works have appeared in the literature where induced magnetism in single- and few-layer graphene (SL-gr and FL-gr) interfaced with layered van der Waals materials was investigated via the application of the anomalous Hall effect (AHE). In most of these works, it is suggested that the observation of the AHE in such systems can be explained by a magnetic exchange interaction

The demand for efficient solvers of complicated combinatorial optimization problems, especially those classified as NP-complete or NP-hard, has recently led to increased exploration of novel computing architectures. One prominent collective state computing paradigm embodied in the so-called Ising machines has recently attracted considerable research attention due to its ability to optimize complex

Ferromagnetic insulators and plasmons have attracted a lot of interest due to their rich fundamental science and applications. Recent research efforts have been made to find dopant-free ferromagnetic insulators and unconventional plasmons independently both in strongly correlated electron systems. However, our understanding of them is still lacking. Existing dopant-free ferromagnetic insulator materials

Vacancy-ordered perovskite oxides are attracting attention due to their diverse functions such as resistive switching, electrocatalytic activity, oxygen diffusivity, and ferroelectricity. It is important to clarify the chemical lattice strains arising from compositional changes and the associated vacancy order–disorder phase transitions at the atomic scale. Here, we elucidate the intermediate process

Synaptic transistors, which emulate the behavior of biological synapses, play a vital role in information processing and storage in neuromorphic systems. However, the occurrence of excessive current spikes during the updating of synaptic weight poses challenges to the stability, accuracy, and power consumption of synaptic transistors. In this work, we experimentally investigate the main factors for

Exchange bias (EB) is normally created by the interfacial exchange coupling at a ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (FM/AFM) interface. FM/AFM interfaces have also been proved to perform enhanced spin angular momentum transfer efficiency in spin pumping (SP), compared with typical FM/nonmagnetic interfaces. Here, we report an unexpected EB and enhanced SP between a ferromagnet and semiconductor. Considerable

This study presents an in-depth analysis of ferro-resistive switching (FRS) behaviors in a TiN/Hf0.5Zr0.5O2(HZO)/WOx/W ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) device, with a particular focus on the role of the tungsten oxide (WOx) interface layer (IL). Structural examinations confirm the presence of the WOx IL, which significantly influences the FRS properties of the device. Electrical measurements indicate

Significant efforts have been dedicated to hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) over the past five decades. However, achieving commercially viable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency in PWS systems remains elusive. These systems face intrinsic and extrinsic challenges, such as inadequate light absorption, insufficient charge separation, limited redox active sites, low

In vivo bioprinting, fabricating tissue-engineered implants directly in a patient, was recently developed to overcome the logistical and clinical limitations of traditional bioprinting. In vivo printing reduces the time to treatment, allows for real-time reconstructive adjustments, minimizes transportation challenges, improves adhesion to remnant tissue and ensuing tissue integration, and utilizes

Relaxation processes play a crucial role in glassy materials. However, current dielectric or mechanical spectroscopy typically reaches a lower limit of around 10−1 or 10−2 Hz, which restricts the exploration of long-time dynamics and stability. Here, we propose a mechanical protocol that enables the probing of relaxation processes down to 10−5 Hz, extending the lower limit by ∼3–4 orders of magnitude

Perovskite solar cells have made significant progress in achieving high power conversion efficiency (>26%) in the past decade. However, achieving long-term stability comparable to established silicon solar cells is still a significant challenge, requiring further investigation into degradation mechanisms and continued exploration of interface engineering strategies. Here we review stability at the

Knowing material behavior is crucial for successful design, especially given the growing number of next-generation energy, defense, and manufacturing systems operating in extreme environments. Specific applications for materials in extreme environments include fusion energy, semiconductor manufacturing, metal additive manufacturing, and aerospace. With increased applications, awareness of foundational

In the era of artificial intelligence and smart automated systems, the quest for efficient data processing has driven exploration into neuromorphic systems, aiming to replicate brain functionality and complex cognitive actions. This review assesses, based on recent literature, the challenges and progress in developing basic neuromorphic systems, focusing on “material-neuron” concepts, that integrate

The physiology and pathogenesis of biological cells have drawn enormous research interest. Benefiting from the rapid development of microfabrication and microelectronics, miniaturized robots with a tool size below micrometers have widely been studied for manipulating biological cells in vitro and in vivo. Traditionally, the complex physiological environment and biological fragility require human labor

The addition of low-loading content of nanofillers may improve the material properties of polymer-based nanocomposites. This improvement directly corresponds to the density of well-dispersed nanofillers in the matrix. However, for higher nanofiller loadings, the nanocomposites' material properties not only may not be improved but also may be degraded due to agglomeration. This complex phenomenon, where

There is an urgent need for infrared (IR) detection systems with high-level miniaturization and room-temperature operation capability. The rising star of two-dimensional (2D) semimetals with extraordinary optoelectronic properties can fulfill these criteria. However, the formidable challenges with regard to large-scale patterning and substrate-selective requirements limit material deposition options

The most important ocean energy sources are wind energy and water wave energy, both of which are significant to carbon neutrality. Due to uneven distribution and random movement, the conversion efficiency from the two energies into electrical energy is limited, so the coupling of them is necessary. However, the current energy harvesting technologies generally target one certain type, or are simple

Drug-eluting stents are commonly utilized for the treatment of coronary artery disease, where they maintain vessel patency and prevent restenosis. However, problems with prolonged vascular healing, late thrombosis, and neoatherosclerosis persist; these could potentially be addressed via the local generation of nitric oxide (NO) from endogenous substrates. Herein, we develop amine-functionalized graphene

This review explores the intersection of bio-plausible artificial intelligence in the form of spiking neural networks (SNNs) with the analog in-memory computing (IMC) domain, highlighting their collective potential for low-power edge computing environments. Through detailed investigation at the device, circuit, and system levels, we highlight the pivotal synergies between SNNs and IMC architectures

With the rapid fusion of temperature sensing technology and microwave technology, microwave temperature sensors have become the protagonist of competing research. We propose a planar resonator temperature sensor that combines substrate material modifications with sensor structure design. To realize this concept, high-performance TiO2-xwt. % ZnO (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) microwave dielectric ceramics are prepared

Emerging topological polar domains have a wide range of potential applications in electronic devices. It is critical to accurately manipulate these topological domains by electrical fields and explore their exotic properties for making more energy-efficient high-density non-volatile memories. Herein, we demonstrate that skyrmion-like polar nanodomains appear at room temperature in SrTiO3/PbTiO3 bilayer

The scarcity of fuels, high pollution levels, climate change, and other major environmental issues are critical challenges that modern societies are facing, mostly originating from fossil fuels-based economies. These challenges can be addressed by developing green, eco-friendly, inexpensive energy sources and energy storage devices. Electrochemical energy storage materials possess high capacitance

Interfacial chemicals for metal surface functionalization were developed for applications of high water dispersibility and environmental stability. Metal nanomaterials, i.e., gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), were synthesized by introducing various interfacial chemicals, to improve the hydrophilicity of biosensors, such as those used in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and lateral flow assay

It is only recently that the electric vehicle (EV) has evolved into a contemporary invention. There has been a rapid acceleration in the development of EVs in a number of nations in order to lessen their reliance on oil and their contribution to environmental pollution. In the tangible world, fully EVs do not release any carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from their tailpipes, unlike any other conventional

Quantum random number generation (QRNG) leveraging intrinsic quantum uncertainty has attracted significant interest in the field of integrated photonic architecture, with applications in quantum cryptography, tests of quantum nonlocality, and beyond. The demand for compact, low-energy consumption, robust, fast, and cost-effective QRNGs integrated into photonic chips is highlighted, whereas most previous

The phase diagram serves as a blueprint for designing the structure of a material, offering a comprehensive representation of its different phases under specific conditions, such as temperature and pressure. In the realm of two-dimensional (2D) materials, stacking order can play a crucial role in controlling and inducing phase transitions. However, in studying phase diagrams for 2D materials, the exploration

Since the discovery of bio-electrosprays, the technology has undergone a rigorous developmental program, which saw the technology exposing to well over 600 cell types ranging from primary, immortalized including stem cells to whole fertilized embryos. Those studies interrogated the post-treated cells in comparison to control cells (cells not exposed to bio-electrosprays) through both well-established

Because of widespread public concern about plastic waste treatment and recycling, there is a global trend toward replacing non-biodegradable polymers with biodegradable polymers. However, the inherent flammability of most biodegradable polymers presents a significant barrier to their potential application, necessitating the rapid development of fire-retardant biodegradable polymers. Herein, three major

We have examined the case of light atom (B, N) doped and co-doped graphitic films grown on copper for the anode-free Li Metal Battery (AFLMB) application. For nitrogen doping, the depositions were carried out by laser ablating pure graphite (Gr) in the presence of Nitrogen (N2) or Ammonia (NH3). In another interesting case, 5 wt. % Boron nitride (BN) was added into the graphite target itself to obtain

The progress of next-generation electromechanical devices is substantially reliant upon achieving high electromechanical coupling performance in piezoelectric materials. Here, a local stress regulation strategy is introduced to significantly enhance the overall electromechanical response of lead-free piezoceramics. A remarkable large piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of ∼800 pC N−1 and longitudinal electromechanical

Dense atom ensembles with Rydberg excitations display intriguing collective effects mediated by their strong, long-range dipole–dipole interactions. These collective effects, often modeled using Rydberg superatoms, have gained significant attention across various fields due to their potential applications in quantum information processing and quantum optics. In this review article, we delve into the