Significant efforts have been dedicated to hydrogen production through photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) over the past five decades. However, achieving commercially viable solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency in PWS systems remains elusive. These systems face intrinsic and extrinsic challenges, such as inadequate light absorption, insufficient charge separation, limited redox active sites, low surface area, and scalability issues in practical designs. To address these issues, conventional strategies including heterojunction engineering, plasmonics, hybridization, lattice defects, sensitization, and upconversion processes have been extensively employed. More recently, innovative hybrid strategies like photonic crystal-assisted and polarization field-assisted PWS have emerged, which improve light absorption and charge separation by harnessing the slow photon effect, multiple light scattering, and the piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric properties of materials. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive examination and summary of these new synergistic hybrid approaches, integrating plasmonic effects, upconversion processes, and photonic crystal photocatalysis. It also explores the role of temperature in suppressing exciton recombination during photothermic photocatalysis. This article also highlights emerging strategies such as the effects of magnetic fields, periodic illumination, many-body large-hole polaron, and anapole excitations, which hold significant potential to advance PWS technology and facilitate renewable hydrogen generation.

中文翻译：

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增强光催化分解水的混合策略的进展：弥合传统和新兴方法


在过去的五十年里，人们致力于通过光催化分解水 （PWS） 制氢。然而，在 PWS 系统中实现商业上可行的太阳能制氢效率仍然难以捉摸。这些系统面临内在和外在挑战，例如光吸收不足、电荷分离不足、氧化还原活性位点有限、表面积低以及实际设计中的可扩展性问题。为了解决这些问题，包括异质结工程、等离子体、杂化、晶格缺陷、敏化和上转换过程在内的传统策略已被广泛采用。最近，出现了创新的混合策略，如光子晶体辅助和偏振场辅助 PWS，它们通过利用慢光子效应、多重光散射以及材料的压电、热释电和铁电特性来改善光吸收和电荷分离。这篇综述文章旨在对这些新的协同混合方法进行全面的检查和总结，整合等离子体效应、上转换过程和光子晶体光催化。它还探讨了温度在光热光催化过程中抑制激子复合中的作用。本文还重点介绍了新兴策略，例如磁场、周期性照明、多体大孔极化子和反极子激发的影响，这些策略在推进 PWS 技术和促进可再生氢生产方面具有巨大潜力。