The rapidly developing III-nitrides materials and devices technologies are driving the advancements in hybrid heterogeneous structures for multi-material and multifunctional electronic or optoelectronic integrated systems. Beyond heteroepitaxial growth, the process integrations of freestanding thin-film devices open up more possibilities for high levels of integration and multi-functionalization applications

Compositional engineering is a promising avenue for enhancing external quantum efficiency and adjusting emission wavelengths in halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs). However, the occurrence of ion migration within these materials poses a notable challenge as it can lead to elemental segregation during crystallization or under external stimuli such as heat, light, and bias, especially when

Control over the amplitude, phase, and spatial distribution of visible-spectrum light underlies many technologies, but commercial solutions remain bulky, require high control power, and are often too slow. Active integrated photonics for visible light promises a solution, especially with recent materials and fabrication advances. In this review, we discuss three growing application spaces which rely

Unlocking the vast potential of optical sensing technology has long been hindered by the challenges of achieving fast, sensitive, and broadband photodetection at ambient temperatures. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the study of nonlinear photocurrent in topological quantum materials, and its application in broadband photodetection without the use of p–n junction based semiconductor

Interference, which refers to the phenomenon associated with the superposition of waves, has played a crucial role in the advancement of physics and finds a wide range of applications in physical and engineering measurements. Interferometers are experimental setups designed to observe and manipulate interference. With the development of technology, many quantum interferometers have been discovered

Weak-value amplification (WVA) is a metrological protocol that effectively amplifies ultra-small physical effects, making it highly applicable in the fields of quantum sensing and metrology. However, the amplification effect is achieved through post-selection, which leads to a significant decrease in signal intensity. Consequently, there is a heated debate regarding the trade-off between the amplification

Probing the optical and charge transport characteristics in molecular junctions not only provides fundamental understanding of light–matter interactions and quantum transport at the atomic and molecular scale, but also holds great promise for the development of molecular-scale optical and electronic devices. Herein, an overview of recent progress in fabricating and characterizing photoswitching molecular

The minimalistic design of InGaN-based MQW microdisk lasers based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonances has been attracting research interests in recent years. To compete with the prevalent InGaN-based VCSELs and edge-emitters, microdisk lasers must demonstrate superior performance under electrical injection. Yet, the challenges in the shift from initial optically pumped investigations to studies

Miniaturized and rationally assembled nanostructures exhibit extraordinarily distinct physical properties beyond their individual units. This review will focus on structured small-scale optical cavities, especially on plasmonic nanoparticle lattices that show unique electromagnetic near fields from collective optical coupling. By harnessing different material systems and structural designs, various

Advanced laser methods have recently been used in human and animal head tissues for functional and molecular imaging. Combining these approaches with various probes and nanostructures gives up a new path for theranostic applications in brain tissues. The diverse optical properties of head tissues such as the scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain tissues result in considerable photon scattering

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetism in van der Waals (vdW) atomic crystals and moiré superlattices has emerged as a topic of tremendous interest in the fields of condensed matter physics and materials science within the past half-decade since its first experimental discovery in 2016 – 2017. It has not only served as a powerful platform for investigating phase transitions in the 2D limit and exploring new

Encoding quantum information into a set of harmonic oscillators is considered a hardware efficient approach to mitigate noise for reliable quantum information processing. Various codes have been proposed to encode a qubit into an oscillator—including cat codes, binomial codes and Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) codes—and are among the first to reach a break-even point for quantum error correction.

Quantum sensing, built upon fundamental quantum phenomena like entanglement and squeezing, is revolutionizing precision and sensitivity across diverse domains, including quantum metrology and imaging. Its impact is now stretching into radar and LiDAR applications, giving rise to the concept of quantum radar. Unlike traditional radar systems relying on classical electromagnetic, quantum radar harnesses

Mechanical systems prepared in quantum non-Gaussian states constitute a new advanced class of phenomena breaking the laws of classical physics. Specifically, such mechanical states cannot be described as any mixture of the Gaussian states produced by operations described by Hamiltonians at most quadratic in position and momentum, such as phase rotations, squeezing operations and linear driving. Therefore

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Optical coherence is a fundamental characteristic of light that plays a significant role in understanding interference, propagation, light–matter interaction, and other fundamental aspects of classical and quantum wave fields. The study of optical coherence has led to a wide range of applications, including optical coherence tomography, ghost imaging, and free-space optical communications. In recent

The photonic spin Hall effect (PSHE), as an exotic analogy to the spin Hall effect in electronics, is induced by the spin-orbit interaction of light and manifests itself as a spin-related splitting of left- and right-handed circularly polarized beams. Recently, the PSHE has been revealed and explored in a wide range of fields such as optical interfaces, metasurfaces/metamaterials, near-field optics

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Nanophotonic devices, such as metasurfaces and silicon photonic components, have been progressively demonstrated to be efficient and versatile alternatives to their bulky counterparts, enabling compact and light-weight systems for the application of imaging, sensing, communication and computing. The tremendous advances in machine learning provide new design methods, metrology and functionalities for

We propose metasurface holograms as a novel platform to generate optical trap arrays for cold atoms with high quality, efficiency, and thermal stability. We developed design and fabrication methods to create dielectric, phase-only metasurface holograms based on titanium dioxide. We experimentally demonstrated optical trap arrays of various geometries, including periodic and aperiodic configurations

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Orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light is an important feature of structured electromagnetic fields exhibiting non-uniform spatial distribution. In contrast to a spin angular momentum (SAM) reflecting angular rotation of a polarization vector, OAM is the quantity that expresses the amount of dynamical rotation of a wavefront about an optical axis. In 1992 it was demonstrated that such rotation can

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Edge-emitting mode-locked quantum-dot (QD) lasers are compact, highly efficient sources for the generation of picosecond and femtosecond pulses and/or broad frequency combs. They provide direct electrical control and footprints down to few millimeters. Their broad gain bandwidths (up to 50 nm for ground to ground state transitions as discussed below, with potential for increase to more than >200 nm

In recent years, Gallium Nitride (GaN) has been established as a material of choice for high power switching, high power RF and lighting applications. In c-direction, depending on the surface termination III-nitrides have either a group III element (Al, In, Ga) polarity or a N-polarity. Currently, commercially available GaN-based electronic and optoelectronic devices are fabricated predominantly on

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Brillouin dynamic gratings (BDGs) in optical fibers have been developed for more than a decade and gained considerable interests in different photonics fields. Based on its features of flexibility and all-optical generation, BDG has been explored for many applications including distributed optical fiber sensing (temperature, strain, transverse pressure, hydrostatic pressure, and salinity), all-optical

Optical frequency comb, with precisely controlled spectral lines spanning a broad range, has been the key enabling technology for many scientific breakthroughs. In addition to the traditional implementation based on mode-locked lasers, photonic frequency microcombs based on dissipative Kerr and quadratic cavity solitons in high-Q microresonators have become invaluable in applications requiring compact

Recently, thanks to their unique and attractive properties, such as tunable bandgap, high absorption coefficient, and long charge carrier diffusion length, metal halide perovskites have been recognized as one of the emerging candidates for next-generation optoelectronic devices. Optoelectronic devices based on perovskites have achieved significant breakthroughs in a relatively short period of time

To manipulate the electrical and optical properties of ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, many approaches including the engineering of strain, doping, defects, and chemical absorption have been developed in recent years. However, the researches on crested substrates, which cause strains and emerging functionalities from the rigid substrate are limited. It shows great potential in improving

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This paper reviews the progress that has been made in our knowledge of quantum correlations at the mesoscopic and macroscopic level. We begin by summarizing the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) argument and the Bell correlations that cannot be explained by local hidden variable theories. It was originally an open question as to whether (and how) such quantum correlations could occur on a macroscopic scale

The magneto-optical effect (Faraday effect) was discovered in the middle of the 19th century. In the latter half of the 20th century, the practical use of isolators using single crystals (Faraday rotators) using the melt growth method began. One century after Faraday's discovery of the magneto-optic effect, R.L. Coble proved translucency of polycrystalline ceramics. Ceramics may have many scattering

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Pronounced polarization anisotropy in semiconductor nanowires has been exploited to achieve polarization-sensitive devices operating across the electromagnetic spectrum, from the ultraviolet to the terahertz band. This contribution describes the physical origins of optical and electrical anisotropy in nanowires. Polarization anisotropy arising from dielectric contrast, and the behaviour of (nano)wire

The ability to manipulate light at the level of single photons, its elementary excitation quanta, has recently made it possible to produce a rich variety of tailor-made quantum states and arbitrary quantum operations, of high interest for fundamental science and applications. Here we present a concise review of the progress made over the last few decades in the engineering of quantum light states.

The outstanding properties of wide and flexibly tunable emission range, high color saturation, and cost-effectiveness make quantum dots (QDs) promising candidates in display field. However, the vast majority of QDs used in high-performance display devices contain toxic elements such as cadmium (Cd) or lead (Pb). In recent years, with increasing attention to physical health and ecological environment

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Visible lasers are sought for in a variety of applications. They are required in fields as diverse as medicine, materials processing, display and entertainment technology and many others. Moreover, in contrast to infrared lasers, they enable very simple and efficient access to the UV spectral range by a single frequency doubling step. Currently, the choice of direct visibly emitting lasers is limited:

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Semiconductor nanowire lasers are single-element structures that can act as both gain material and cavity for optical lasing. They have typical dimensions on the order of an optical wavelength in diameter and several micrometres in length, presenting unique challenges for testing and characterisation. Optical microscopy and spectroscopy are powerful tools used to study nanowire lasers; here, we review

In this review article, we discuss the molecular beam epitaxy and basic structural, electronic, optical, excitonic, chemical and catalytic properties of III-nitride nanostructures, including nanowires, monolayer heterostructures, and quantum dots. Their emerging applications in ultraviolet, visible and infrared photonics, quantum optoelectronics, and artificial photosynthesis that are relevant for

Semiconductor lasers are ubiquitous in modern science and technology for they are compact, fast, and efficient. They require relatively low power and thus are well suited for applications in the information technology. However, in conventional semiconductor lasers, the power required to reach the lasing threshold has a fundamental lower bound determined by the carrier density required to reach population

The research on optical wireless communication (OWC) has been going on for more than two decades. Particularly, visible light communication (VLC), as a means of OWC combining communication with illumination, has been regarded as a promising indoor high-speed wireless approach for short-distance access. Recently, lightwave, millimeter-wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz) and other spectrum mediums are considered

Owing to their novel physical properties, semiconductors have penetrated almost every corner of the contemporary industrial system. Nowadays, semiconductor materials and their microelectronic and optoelectronic devices are widely used in civil and military fields. Recently, ultrawide-bandgap (UWBG) semiconductors with bandgaps considerably wider than 3.4 ​eV of GaN, such as aluminium gallium nitride

Quantum non-Gaussian states of photons and phonons are conclusive and direct witnesses of higher-than-quadratic nonlinearities in optical and mechanical processes. Moreover, they are proven resources for quantum sensing, communication and error correction with diverse continuous-variable systems. This review introduces theoretical analyses of nonclassical and quantum non-Gaussian states of photons

The epitaxial growth of semiconductor materials in nanowire geometries is enabling a new class of compact, micron scale optoelectronic devices. The deterministic selection and integration of single nanowire devices, from large growth populations, is required with high spatial accuracy and yield to enable their integration with on-chip systems. In this review we highlight the main methods by which single

Over the past few decades, optoelectronic devices have played a key role in human life and modern technology. To meet the development trends of the industry, photonics with tunable functions have emerged as building blocks with immense potential in controlling light–matter interactions, sensors, and integrated photonics. Compared with artificially designed materials and physical approaches, stimuli-responsive

The terahertz (THz) quantum cascade laser (QCL), first demonstrated in 2002, is among the most promising radiation sources in the THz region owing to its high output power and broad frequency coverage from ∼1.3 to ∼5.4 ​THz and sub-terahertz, without and with assistance of external strong magnetic field. The operation of THz QCLs, however, has thus far been limited to applications below room temperature

We present a review on the photoionization bands that can be found in the far ultraviolet part of the spectrum using all sapphire cells in absorption experiments with hot alkali vapor. We describe cesium and rubidium dimers which have very pronounced photoionization bands together with bialkali mixtures like KCs and RbCs. We explain the origin of these peculiar bands as special molecular transitions

The measurement of optical ultrafast laser pulses is done indirectly because the required bandwidth to measure these pulses exceeds the bandwidth of current electronics. As a result, this measurement problem is often posed as a 1-D phase retrieval problem, which is fraught with ambiguities. The phase retrieval method known as ptychography solves this problem by making it possible to measure ultrafast

The concept of tunneling injection was introduced in the 1990’s to improve the dynamical properties of semiconductor lasers by avoiding the problem of hot carrier injection which increase the gain nonlinearity and hence limit the modulation capabilities. Indeed, tunneling injection led to record modulation speeds in quantum well lasers. Employing tunneling injection in quantum dot lasers is significantly

Photonic spin and orbital angular momenta, which are determined by the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom of photons, are strongly coupled with each other in subwavelength structured metasurfaces. The photonic spin-orbit interaction (PSOI) results in the splitting of the degenerated system states. In this review, we focus on the principles of symmetric PSOI associated with the conjugated geometric

Since the seminal work by J. H. Poynting, light has been known to carry momentum and angular momentum. The typical dynamical features of light and its interactions—termed spin–orbit interactions (SOIs), which have been investigated intensely over the last 30 years—play a crucial role in various light-matter interactions, for example: spin Hall effect, spin–orbit conversion, helicity-controlled unidirectional