PURPOSE The effect of exercise on serum concentration of vitamin D metabolites remains inconclusive, with studies reporting deviating results. This study evaluated the acute effect of a single session of two specific exercise forms; strength training (ST) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), free25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D),

PURPOSE To examine the physiological, power-duration, nutritional intake and training characteristics of the recent lightweight (- 75 kg) 50+, 60+ and 70 + yr world champion indoor rowers. METHODS Laboratory assessments, undertaken over 2 visits, examined body composition, pulmonary function, blood lactate/ventilatory landmarks, efficiency, fat/carbohydrate oxidation, primary component time-constant

PURPOSE Red blood cells (RBCs) senescence and blood rheology during ultra-endurance running events appear to be impacted differently depending on the race distance. The physiological mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly understood. METHODS We investigated the effects of three different ultra-trail running races performed in La Reunion Island (Mascareignes, "the 70 km", 70 km/4,000 m D+;

PURPOSE We hypothesized that male and female volunteers would exhibit distinct changes in cardiac morphology, systolic, and diastolic function following endurance (END) and resistance (RES) training. METHODS Thirty-eight females and 26 males participated in a randomized cross-over design trial in which all participants completed 12-weeks END and RES, separated by a 12-week washout. Echocardiograms

PURPOSE Exercise-induced heat acclimation can mitigate age-related reductions in heat-loss capacity, though performing repeated bouts of strenuous exercise in the heat may be untenable for many older adults. While short-term passive heat acclimation (e.g., ≤7 days of warm-water immersion) enhances whole-body heat loss in young adults, evidence of its efficacy in older adults is lacking. Thus, we examined

PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the pathological responses of glial cells at different distances from amyloid plaques and the characteristics of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in perivascular clustering. Additionally, it sought to explore the impact of exercise training on AD pathology, specifically focusing on the modulation of glial responses and the effects of OPC perivascular clustering

PURPOSE This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to investigate the effects of gymnastics programs with high versus low cognitive load on children's visuospatial working memory (VSWM) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) oxygenation. METHODS Eighty-one healthy children aged 7 to 10 from Taipei City were randomly assigned to high cognitive load (HG), low cognitive load (LG), and control

INTRODUCTION ActiGraph accelerometers are used extensively to objectively assess physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep. Here, we present an objective validation of five generations of ActiGraph sensors to characterize potential differences in output arising from changes to hardware or firmware. METHODS An orbital shaker generated accelerations from 0 to 3700 milli-g in a randomized order

PURPOSE Reduced force control after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction may contribute to poor function. Various metrics (linear and nonlinear) have been employed to quantify force control. The aims of this review were to synthesize evidence assessing knee extensor and flexor force control after ACL injury (ACLD) or reconstruction (ACLR) and to investigate the potential effects

PURPOSE This study compared %BFUS to %BF4C in young adult athletes. METHODS University club sport athletes (86 women, 138 men) from a variety of teams participated. ADP, DXA, and bioimpedance spectroscopy were used to measure body volume, bone mineral content, and total body water, respectively, for the 4C model. Ultrasound measurements were taken at three sites to estimate %BFUS. Comparisons between

INTRODUCTION The linear and continuous increase in power output (PO) during ramp incremental (RI) exercise causes a distinct V̇O2/PO relationship compared to constant work rate (CWR) exercise. Current methods enabling a translation of ramp-derived PO to CWR PO assume a linear development of the CWR V̇O2/PO relationship in the heavy-intensity domain. This study aimed to model the RI versus CWR V̇O2/PO

Poor physical function and possession of the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are each associated with increased dementia risk, but it is unclear how these exposures interact to influence brain health. Purpose: To investigate whether self-reported walking pace (a marker of physical function) and the presence of APOE-ε4 allele interact to modify brain health outcomes. Methods: We used data

PURPOSE The present study aimed to compare the impacts of different exercise types on cardiovascular health and executive function in sedentary young individuals, and to determine the associations between cardiovascular function and executive function (EF) after exercise. METHODS Sixty-three sedentary participants were randomly divided into high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity

Kinesiophobia (KP) is the fear of movement or physical activity (PA) that is related to a medical condition. In adolescents, KP is associated with depression, anxiety, and impaired quality of life (QoL). Adolescents with heart disease (HD) often avoid PA. Factors that may moderate PA avoidance, such as KP, have not been adequately studied in this population. Purpose: To assess the validity and reliability

PURPOSE The purpose was to evaluate the individual and combined use of the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q) and the Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire (BEDA-Q) to detect clinical indicators associated with Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 50 female endurance athletes training ≥4x/week completed the LEAF-Q and BEDA-Q

Background : The acute effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on blood pressure (BP) may depend on the exercise protocol performed. Purpose: To compare the acute effect of high and low-volume HIIT on post-exercise and ambulatory BP in untrained older females diagnosed with both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension (HTN). Methods: Fifteen females (69 [65 ─ 74] years) completed a crossover

PURPOSE Eccentric calf training for Achilles tendinopathy shows variable success in athletes. Recent insights suggest a role for tendon fluid flow (exudation or redistribution) during exercise, which explains post-exercise reductions in thickness and increases in stiffness of the tendon. This fluid flow is thought to be beneficial as it may promote tendon remodeling, reduce intratendinous pressure

PURPOSE Sleep deprivation and elevated blood pressure (BP) increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of sleep deprivation on BP response, especially at exercise onset remain unclear. We aimed to elucidate the effects of experimental sleep deprivation (ESD) on resting and exercise BPs, including that at exercise onset, and investigate whether a night-time nap during ESD changes

PURPOSE Irisin plays an important role in bone-muscle crosstalk. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of long-term exercise induced irisin response with body composition and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. METHODS We recruited 29 postmenopausal women (age: 62.67 ± 3.9 years) without regular exercise habits to participate in a 24-week program of alternating aerobic and

PURPOSE COVID-19 is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to determine the burden, characteristics, and causes of sudden death in sport (SrSD) before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population. METHODS Retrospective observational study. Autopsied SrSD studied in Catalonia were consecutively included. Two periods were considered: Before lockdown

Physical activity is frequently touted as beneficial for mental health. This paper, based on a 2023 ACSM colloquium, highlights key strengths and limitations of the evidence regarding physical activity and mental health from three perspectives: epidemiological studies, randomized controlled trial experiments, and investigations that explicitly consider the potential role that contextual factors, such

PURPOSE While weight-bearing physical activity (PA) benefits bone health, it remains unclear whether PA can counteract hormone-driven menopausal bone deterioration. This secondary analysis of a population-based prospective follow-up study examined changes in bone health indicators around menopause and evaluated whether accelerometer-measured habitual skeletal loading is associated with these changes

Exercise in warm environments increases thermal/cardiovascular strain and decreases gastrointestinal (GI) integrity and endurance performance. However, laboratory-based studies have provided little to/no facing airflow, potentially exacerbating these effects, particularly for cycling, where convective cooling may be a major contributor to thermal balance. PURPOSE This study investigated the effect

PURPOSE This study investigated the mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in quadriceps and hamstring muscles following soccer match-play and typical training sessions dedicated to the physical development of players. METHODS Fifteen male professional academy soccer players completed at different visits a 90-minute simulated soccer match-play (MATCH) and four training sessions modulating

PURPOSE This study aimed to determine whether individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) can activate the fibularis longus compartments with high-density surface electromyography (HD-sEMG) biofeedback to the same extent as those without CAI, and to analyze the effect of ankle position on compartment activation in individuals with CAI using HD-sEMG feedback. METHODS There were 16 volunteers per

PURPOSE To examine movement behaviour with stress-related biomarkers alongside self-reported mental health issues in adolescents with Neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS One hundred fifty-one adolescents with clinically diagnosed NDD and aged between 12-17 years were recruited in Hong Kong secondary schools. Salivary cortisol as a stress-related biomarker and self-reported mental health variables

AIM We examined bench press adaptations to three widely used strength training methods; maximal strength training (MST), hypertrophy training (HT) and explosive strength training (EST). To reflect how these methods are typically applied by practitioners, MST and EST were volume matched, whereas HT were performed at higher volume. METHODS Sixty-three moderately trained subjects (32 males; 31 females)

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate differences in cortical activation between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI) during a dorsi-plantarflexion task and further explore its association with sensorimotor function. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 62 participants were recruited, including 31 adults with CAI and 31 healthy adults. Sensorimotor functions, including

PURPOSE We investigated if a bout of HIIE is more efficacious at reducing postprandial hyperglycemia than an isocaloric bout of MICE. METHODS Nineteen healthy physically active individuals (21% women) completed three trials in a randomized order: i) HIIE cycling consisting of 5 bouts of 4 min at 83 ± 9% of subjects' maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2 MAX) with active recoveries at 53 ± 8% for a total

INTRODUCTION We compared the 12-months effects of arthroscopic surgery and physiotherapist-led care for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome on the time-varying magnitude of hip contact force and muscle contributions to hip contact force during walking. METHODS Secondary analysis was performed on thirty-seven individuals with FAI syndrome who received biomechanical assessment before and 12-months

INTRODUCTION We tested the hypothesis that muscle damage protection effect would be induced by its antagonist muscle eccentric exercise. METHODS Sedentary young (20-28y) men were randomly assigned into six groups; three groups each for arm or leg exercise group (n = 12/group). One group performed two bouts of 30 maximal eccentric contractions (30MaxEC) of the elbow flexors (EF) or 60 maximal eccentric

PURPOSE To identify clinical concussion assessment outcomes that uniquely capture simulated driving performance among acutely concussed individuals, relative to controls. METHODS Cross-sectional design. Twenty-eight college students within 72-hours of concussion and 46 non-concussed controls participated in the study. We collected the following clinical concussion assessment outcomes: 4 concussion

INTRODUCTION Mountain ultramarathon induces extreme physiological stress for the human body. For instance, a decrease in total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) due to severe hemolysis is historically suspected. Nevertheless, hematological changes following a 330-km mountain ultramarathon have to date never been investigated. METHODS Blood volumes were determined before (pre-) and after (post-) a 330-km race

INTRODUCTION Plantar fasciitis (PF) is one of the most common running-related injuries. PURPOSE The aim of this prospective study was to determine the incidence of PF and identify potential risk or protective factors for PF in runners and non-runners. METHODS Data from 1206 participants from the 4HAIE cohort study (563 females/643 males; 715 runners/491 non-runners; 18-65 years of age) were included

INTRODUCTION Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) exhibit autonomic dysfunction, which contributes to reduced work capacity. The metaboreflex produces exercise-induced sympathoexcitation and can be assessed via post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI). Blunted sympathoexcitation is common in individuals with DS and contributes to the physiological basis for reduced work capacity observed this population

INTRODUCTION A bout of vigorous endurance exercise transiently activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and reduces TLR4 protein expressed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Endurance training, on the other hand, reduces TLR4-mediated signaling and minimizes the physiological stress imposed by exercise. Less is known about what occurs in skeletal muscle regarding TLR4 regulation and signaling

PURPOSE Cold limb immersion, a form of cryotherapy, can cause cardiovascular changes due to cold-pain induced autonomic reflexes. This cryotherapy treatment side effect has received less attention but could have direct implications for physical rehabilitation of individuals with cardiovascular comorbidities. METHODS To test hypotheses related to the pressor effects of varied limb sites and surface

ABSTRACT Changes in skeletal muscle size may be affected by resting blood flow (e.g., nutrient delivery) and this change in size is a hypothesized mechanism for changes in strength. PURPOSE To determine: 1) whether the relationship between isometric training and muscle growth depends on baseline blood flow or is mediated by a change in blood flow and 2) whether muscle growth mediates changes in maximal

INTRODUCTION Formulating individualized optimized jump training prescriptions based on the force-velocity profile has become popular, but its effectiveness has been contested. Such training programs have opposite effects on 'maximal average force' and 'maximal average shortening velocity', and we set out to investigate which training-induced changes in the neuromuscular system could cause such effects

PURPOSE The purpose of this project was to evaluate trends in daily steps in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) over a 12-month period using continuous activity monitoring. Environmental (temperature) and cultural factors (represented by day of the week) were evaluated as potential external sources of variability. It was hypothesized that participants daily step counts would decline over the

PURPOSE Valgus load opens the medial elbow compartment, causing elongation of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) that can eventually lead to attenuation and failure. Ideally, the muscles surrounding the medial aspect of elbow joint should coordinate medial elbow compression to prevent the medial elbow compartment from opening and loading the UCL. This study aimed to determine whether baseball pitchers

INTRODUCTION Perceived groove, a complex and integrated musical characteristic, is considered a core factor in inducing synchronization between movement and music. This study aimed to employ functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore the effective connectivity (EC) changes among brain regions during cycling activities under different perceived groove conditions. METHODS In a randomized

INTRODUCTION Force plate systems are increasingly utilized in the armed forces that claim to identify individuals at risk of musculoskeletal injury. However, factors influencing injury risk scores from a force plate system (SpartaScienceTM), and the effects of experimental perturbations on these scores, remain unclear. METHODS Healthy males (n = 823; 22.7 ± 3.9 years) performed a countermovement jump

PURPOSE To examine sex-based differences in substrate oxidation, postprandial metabolism, and performance in response to 24-hour manipulations in energy availability (EA), induced by manipulations to energy intake (EI) or exercise energy expenditure (EEE). METHODS In a Latin Square design, 20 endurance athletes (10 females using monophasic oral contraceptives and 10 males) undertook five trials, each

PURPOSE Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over the primary motor cortex modulates activity of the underlying neural tissue, but little is known about its consequence on neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) and its neural correlates. This study aimed to compare the effects of facilitatory versus inhibitory TBS on the NMF and excitability/inhibition of the corticospinal pathway in an unfatigued/fatigued muscle. METHODS

PURPOSE Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is associated with altered tendon's morphological and mechanical properties, yet it is unclear whether these properties are reversed upon mechanical loading to promote tendon healing. This study aims to determine the extent to which pathological tendon's morphological and mechanical properties adapt throughout a 12-week eccentric rehabilitation protocol. METHODS Forty

Purpose: Cigarette smoking (CS) induces systemic changes that impair cardiorespiratory and muscular function both at rest and during exercise. Although these abnormalities are reported in sedentary, middle-aged smokers (SM) with pulmonary disease, few and controversial studies focused on young, physically active SM at the early stage of smoking history. This study aimed at assessing the impact CS on

PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a supervised exercise program, including Pelvic Floor Muscle Training (PFMT), throughout pregnancy on Urinary Incontinence (UI). METHODS A randomized clinical trial (NCT04563065) was conducted. Initially, 600 pregnant women were screened for eligibility, with data from 356 participants eventually analyzed. Of these, 172 were allocated to the Exercise

Reactive and external visual-cognitive demands are prevalent in sport and likely contribute to ACL injury scenarios. However, these demands are absent in common return-to-sport assessments. This disconnect leaves a blind spot for determining when an athlete can return to sport with mitigated re-injury risk. PurposeTo characterize relationships between patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and cognitive-task

PURPOSE Findings from previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies disagreed with the current scientific consensus regarding the role of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior in ischemic stroke (IS). We reassessed these associations with a focus on etiological subtypes of IS and the potential mediating roles of cardiometabolic traits and brain imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs). METHODS We

INTRODUCTION Individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) often walk with a less dynamic vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), exemplified by a reduced first peak vGRF and elevated midstance vGRF compared to uninjured controls. However, the mechanism by which altered limb loading affects actual tibial plateau contact forces during walking remains unclear. METHODS Our purpose was

Purpose: Obesity may blunt exercise responsiveness to improve muscular adaptations. The effect of resistance training (RT) targeting different body regions on muscle and inflammatory markers is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the impact of upper (upper body exercises), lower (lower body exercises), or combined (upper body + lower body exercises) RT on muscle and inflammatory markers, body

Introduction: Impaired physical fitness is a possible late effect among adult survivors of childhood cancer (ASCC). Our study describes lower body muscular strength and endurance among ASCC using the 1-minute sit-to-stand (1-min STS) test, compares them with the general population, identifies risk factors, and describes changes over time.Methods: In a prospective multicenter cohort study, we invited

Purpose: The associations between work time, leisure-time, and non-workday physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SED) and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) are not well known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between domain-specific activity behavior and 24 h blood pressure.Methods: A hundred and fifty-six aging workers (mean age 62.4 [SD 1.0] years, BMI

Purpose: Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor impairments and subsequent physical activity (PA) deficits in middle childhood. It is not well understood when this gap in PA emerges. The purpose of the current study was to examine the longitudinal trajectories of device-assessed PA in a large cohort of children with and without DCD from

Purpose: This study compared the effects of four different resistance training (RT) programs that differed in the set configuration (cluster vs. traditional) and the blood flow condition [free-flow (FF) vs. blood flow restriction (BFR)] on strength, neuromuscular and hypertrophic adaptations.Methods: Forty-two resistance-trained males were randomly assigned into four protocols that differed in the

Purpose: To examine the relationship between menstrual cycle (MC) phase-dependent fluctuations of estrogen and progesterone and virtual cycling race performance, with a secondary aim of correlating perceived MC-related symptoms with performance.Methods: In a novel observational study design, thirty-seven female cyclists/triathletes not using any hormonal contraception completed one virtual cycling

Purpose: This study assessed the impact of a 12-week, home-based exercise training (HBET) program on health-related quality of life (HRQOL, primary outcome), cardiovascular and metabolic parameters in pediatric COVID-19 patients.Methods: In this single-center, randomized controlled trial conducted in Sao Paulo (Brazil) from October 2020 to January 2022, 32 patients (mean age 12 ± 3.3 years; median