Interference, which refers to the phenomenon associated with the superposition of waves, has played a crucial role in the advancement of physics and finds a wide range of applications in physical and engineering measurements. Interferometers are experimental setups designed to observe and manipulate interference. With the development of technology, many quantum interferometers have been discovered and have become cornerstone tools in the field of quantum physics. Quantum interferometers not only explore the nature of the quantum world but also have extensive applications in quantum information technology, such as quantum communication, quantum computing, and quantum measurement. In this review, we analyze and summarize three typical quantum interferometers: the Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) interferometer, the N00N state interferometer, and the Franson interferometer. We focus on the principles and applications of these three interferometers. In the principles section, we present the theoretical models for these interferometers, including single-mode theory and multi-mode theory. In the applications section, we review the applications of these interferometers in quantum communication, computation, and measurement. We hope that this review article will promote the development of quantum interference in both fundamental science and practical engineering applications.

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量子干涉仪：原理与应用


干涉是指与波的叠加相关的现象，在物理学的进步中发挥了至关重要的作用，并在物理和工程测量中有着广泛的应用。干涉仪是旨在观察和操纵干涉的实验装置。随着技术的发展，许多量子干涉仪被发现，并成为量子物理领域的基石工具。量子干涉仪不仅探索量子世界的本质，而且在量子通信、量子计算、量子测量等量子信息技术中有着广泛的应用。在这篇综述中，我们分析和总结了三种典型的量子干涉仪：红欧曼德尔（HOM）干涉仪、N00N态干涉仪和弗朗森干涉仪。我们重点介绍这三种干涉仪的原理和应用。在原理部分，我们介绍了这些干涉仪的理论模型，包括单模理论和多模理论。在应用部分，我们回顾了这些干涉仪在量子通信、计算和测量中的应用。我们希望这篇综述文章能够促进量子干涉在基础科学和实际工程应用中的发展。