The Indian Lightning Location Network (ILLN), established by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), provides a comprehensive framework for investigating lightning phenomena, thunderstorm dynamics, and associated nowcasting/forecasting methodologies. ILLN is a ground-based lightning location system operating in VLF/LF/HF radio frequency bands, facilitating effective nationwide lightning mitigation strategies. The detection accuracy of ILLN was thoroughly evaluated using a comprehensive approach, including ground-based observations with electric field mills (EFMs) and C-band polarimetric radar, alongside satellite data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission and the ISS Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). The findings reveal that the ILLN exhibits a Relative Detection Efficiency (RDE) of 67.6 % in Pune, 69.4 % in Kohima, and 64.9 % in Rampurhat compared to electric field mill observations, closely aligned during high lightning activity during significant numbers of electric field changes. The average RDE for ILLN with reference to EFM is approximately 60 %, with lower values potentially due to a predominance of intra-cloud (IC) lightning. Lightning flashes detected by ILLN are primarily located within high reflectivity areas detected by GPM and ground radar, concentrated in regions exceeding 30 dBZ. Spatial RDE values concerning ISS ranged from 43 % to 97 %, with quartiles between 55 % and 84 % and median values between 67 % and 85 % across different cases, indicating occasional lower detection of IC lightning by ISS compared to ILLN. Factors such as IC:CG ratios may impact ISS-LIS detection, influencing discrepancies in the spatial pattern between ILLN and ISS over Northwest and Eastern regions. Despite minor regional differences, the overall alignment between ISS and ILLN lightning detections is close. These findings underscore the challenges and reliability of lightning detection methods, highlighting ILLN's consistent performance across diverse scenarios. The network's robust detection efficiency reinforces its utility for diverse applications, serving as a pivotal data source for esteemed organizations like the India Meteorological Department and national and state disaster management authorities. ILLN's widespread implementation significantly contributes to mitigating the adverse impact of lightning-induced incidents.

中文翻译：

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使用地面和卫星观测评估印度闪电位置网络 （ILLN）


印度闪电位置网络 （ILLN） 由印度热带气象研究所 （IITM） 建立，为调查闪电现象、雷暴动力学和相关的临近预报/预报方法提供了一个全面的框架。ILLN 是一种在 VLF/LF/HF 无线电频段运行的地面闪电定位系统，有助于在全国范围内实施有效的雷电缓解策略。使用综合方法对 ILLN 的探测精度进行了全面评估，包括使用电场铣床 （EFM） 和 C 波段极化雷达进行地面观测，以及来自全球降水测量 （GPM） 任务和国际空间站闪电成像传感器 （LIS） 的卫星数据。研究结果表明，与电场磨机观测相比，ILLN 在浦那、科希马和 Rampurhat 的相对检测效率 （RDE） 分别为 67.6%、69.4% 和 64.9%，在大量电场变化期间的高闪电活动期间紧密对齐。相对于 EFM 的 ILLN 的平均 RDE 约为 60 %，较低的值可能是由于云内 （IC） 闪电占主导地位。ILLN 检测到的闪电主要位于 GPM 和地面雷达检测到的高反射率区域内，集中在超过 30 dBZ 的区域。关于 ISS 的空间 RDE 值从 43% 到 97% 不等，四分位数在 55% 到 84% 之间，中位数在不同情况下在 67% 到 85% 之间，表明与 ILLN 相比，ISS 对 IC 闪电的检测偶尔较低。IC：CG 比率等因素可能会影响 ISS-LIS 检测，从而影响西北和东部地区 ILLN 和 ISS 之间的空间模式差异。 尽管地区差异很小，但 ISS 和 ILLN 闪电探测之间的总体一致性非常接近。这些发现强调了雷电检测方法的挑战和可靠性，凸显了 ILLN 在不同场景中的一致性能。该网络强大的检测效率增强了其在各种应用中的实用性，是印度气象局以及国家和州灾害管理机构等受人尊敬的组织的关键数据源。ILLN 的广泛实施为减轻雷电引发事件的不利影响做出了重大贡献。