Fluorescence, a phenomenon where substances emit light upon excitation, has been largely explored in synthetic materials. However, plants have been harnessing this property for millions of years, with various extracts exhibiting fascinating fluorescent properties. This review delves into the realm of plant extracts displaying fluorescence, highlighting their diverse applications, mechanisms, and potential

: As an efficient analytical method, mass spectrometry can identify the structure of alkaloid compounds, providing important support for drug development and clinical applications. In this manuscript, the basic principles and rules of alkaloid mass spectrometry analysis are reviewed, and the breakage modes and characteristic ions of different types of alkaloids in mass spectrometry are emphatically

: This article provides a review of the paramount lipase-catalyzed strategies employed in the preparation of (2R,3S)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropionic acid, several of its derivatives, and precursor 2-azetidinones through β-lactam ring opening, OAc hydrolysis, COOEt hydrolysis, O-acylation, and sequential kinetic resolution through a two-step cascade reaction. It involves OAc hydrolysis followed

Lichens, symbiotic organisms, produce a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including depsides and depsidones. These compounds exhibit potent biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This review explores the biosynthesis of specific compounds, focusing on the role of polyketide synthases and cytochrome P450 enzymes. The majority of the

: The oxadiazepine moiety and its derivatives are crucial in developing new drugs. Combined with various compounds such as phthalazine, imidazole, pyrazole, indole, benzofuran, and thiazolopyrimidine, they exhibit beneficial biological properties. Recent studies have made significant progress in synthesizing oxadiazepine derivatives, enhancing our understanding of their potential medicinal applications

Bioorthogonal chemistry explores a set of technologies to incorporate non-native functional groups into biological systems to understand the mechanism of biological processes in living organisms. Among the conjugation strategies available on the bench, the use of biocatalysis as part of bioorthogonal conjugation has been found to be one smart tool to achieve chemoselective functional group installation

: Polymer modification encompasses a diverse array of techniques aimed at enhancing the physical and chemical properties of polymers, thereby expanding their applicability across various fields. Physical modification methods include self-assembled monolayers, radiation-induced surface modifications, UV irradiation, γ-irradiation, and laser-induced surface modifications. These techniques primarily focus

: Ruthenium and its complexes, or its nano form, are presently gaining a great deal of attention as essential reagents involved in lead discovery within the fields of medicinal, pharmacological, and biological chemistry. Similarly, as compared to systems made entirely of metal, nanoparticles have distinct and superior properties. As a powerful catalytic agent, ruthenium has several applications due

: Thiophene and pyranone are valuable heterocyclic compounds that play a crucial role in the development of new drug molecules. The combination of thiophene and pyranone moieties in hybrid structures has opened exciting possibilities for various applications, leading to the discovery of thienopyranones (Thpyns), such as 5H-thieno[3,2-b]pyran-5-one, 2H-thieno[2,3-b]pyran-2-one, 4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-4-one

: Schiff bases have been known for 160 years and there is a multitude of information about them. This review focuses on their classification. The examples were classified based on the number of azomethine groups (mono-, bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, oligo-, and polymer Schiff bases) and the nature of their chain (cyclic and acyclic Schiff bases). Many imines are synthesized by condensing carbonyl compounds

Kingianins are complex pentacyclic natural products isolated from the bark of Endiandra kingiana. This article reviews synthetic routes for kingianins and their analogues. The reports of five research groups are grouped in biomimetic and non-biomimetic approaches, featuring the use of Diels-Alder and [2+2] ketene cycloaddition reactions. The most recent research by Six, Azmi et al. reported the utilisation

Di-tert-butyl peroxide) is a commonly used organoperoxide in many oxidation transformations. The primary factors contributing to the increasing usefulness of DTBP include its affordability, eco-friendliness, exceptional efficacy, and capacity to substitute harmful or rare heavy metal oxidants. In this decennial update, we thoroughly examined noteworthy C-C bond formation reactions promoted by DTBP

Beta(β)-caryophyllene (BCP) is a naturally occurring bicyclic sesquiterpene widely present in essential oils from various spices, fruits, and both medicinal and ornamental plants. This mini-review primarily covers research progress over the past 20 years (2004-2024) regarding the anti-inflammatory activities and mechanisms of BCP, focusing on its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, analgesic, and neuroprotective

Ganoderma triterpenoids (GTs) are primarily extracted from the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), with the main active components being ganoderic acid (GAs). They belong to the lanosterane type of tetracyclic triterpenoids and typically feature C30 and C26 skeletons. The diverse bioactivities of GTs are determined by various substituents at C-3, C-7, C-11, and C-15 on the tetracyclic skeleton

This review comprehensively explores the synthetic development, photophysical properties, and diverse applications of 3-substituted benzanthrone derivatives. These derivatives, functionalized at the C-3 position, exhibit exceptional fluorescence, photostability, and tunability, making them highly versatile in fields, such as organic electronics, dye chemistry, and photodynamic therapy. Benzanthrone-based

The synthesis of imidazolines has gained significant attention due to their wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Recent advancements in the use of transition metal catalysts have revolutionized the methodologies for synthesizing these heterocyclic compounds. This review highlights the latest developments in transition metal-catalyzed reactions, focusing

: In recent years, photochemical organic conversion promoted by visible light has attracted the interest of many organic chemists. Compared with the traditional methods, visible light as the photocatalytic oxidation of renewable energy has been proved to be a mild and powerful tool that can promote the activation of organic molecules through the single electron transfer (SET) process. Katritzky salt

The present review deals with different synthetic methods of isothiocyanates, including alcohols, aryl chlorides, primary amines, carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid derivatives, cleavage of heterocyclic compounds, and alkene derivatives as a starting material. Furthermore, the thermal rearrangement of thiocyanate, decomposition of thiourea derivatives, and natural isothiocyanates are discussed. It

The synthesis of organic molecules has been a tremendous and rapid advance in the recent decade to obtain high biological and pharmacological activities. In this review, the organic synthesis of pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline derivatives is considered an alternative method to traditional procedures for treating many diseases that affect humans. Also, by transferring electrons, stereoselective syntheses occur

The demand for crop yields is increasing in modern society. The challenges to agricultural cultivation, nevertheless, are posed by soil degradation, pollution, and the increasing number of extreme weather events due to climate change. All these factors can threaten crop yield and quality. However, fulvic acid can effectively alleviate these problems. It’s a type of humus with multiple agricultural

Microbial derivatives are a significant source of antioxidants, with varying structures leading to different activities due to distinct structure-activity relationships. These structures include polyketones, alkaloids, terpenes, and fatty acids. Microbial-derived antioxidants offer unique advantages, such as diversity, high yield, customizability, sustainability, and biocompatibility, making them promising

Transition metal-free annulation/cascade reactions have been embraced as a powerful synthetic tool to access carbo/heterocyclic molecules. Among them, benzyne chemistry gained significant interest due to the formation of diverse functionalized arenes via unusual carboncarbon (C-C) or carbon-heteroatom (C-O, C-N, C-S) bond-formation under different reaction conditions. In this review, few dynamic methods

: The toxicity of systemic release in common drug delivery has irreversible effects on various tissues and organs of the body. The use of programmed biopolymers sensitive to the body's physiological conditions for targeted drug delivery has attracted extensive consideration. There are numerous benefits to this approach. The need for appropriate biopolymers for drug carriers suitable for programmed

: This review is about a class of plant polyphenols known as Stilbenes. Resveratrol – the first stilbene was extracted from White Hellebore in 1940, since then 400 plus stilbene derivatives have been discovered. The core purpose of this paper is to summarize the history, extraction sources, biosynthesis and chemical synthesis and applications of stilbenes. Apart from biosynthesis, its novel derivatives

The imidazole ring is a five membered ring with a simple chemical structure and is widely present in natural products. Due to its unique chemical structure, it is beneficial for the imidazole ring to bind with other functional groups, thus exhibiting a wide range of biological activities. The synthesis of imidazole derivatives often involves the Debus method, Michael addition method, and the use of

:: Indole alkaloids are a class of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities. The chemical structure of indole alkaloids is relatively complex, but all of them have a remarkable structural feature, which is a five-membered pyrrole cyclocyclobenzene ring. Because of the unique structural characteristics of indole alkaloids, they have also a wide range of pharmacological activities

: Gem-dimethyl bicyclic [3.1.0] proline, an azadicyclohexane derivative, constitutes a prevalent skeleton structure in drugs, which serves an important role in the synthesis of antiviral drugs, such as Nirmatrelvir, Boceprevir, Narlaprevir, etc. This study offers a comprehensive overview of the documented synthetic strategies for gem-dimethyl bicyclic [3.1.0] proline methyl ester and delves into the

In chemistry, thiazoles and their derivatives constitute a significant class of biologically active molecules that are thought to be the fundamental building blocks of numerous other biologically active compounds. Many synthetic pharmaceuticals, including fungicides, dyes, antimicrobials, and anticonvulsants, are made using thiazoles and their derivatives as an intermediary. Thus, one of the main areas

: meta-Chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) is a readily available peroxide that is a powerful oxidizing agent utilized in a range of oxidative reactions. Metal-free oxidations mediated by mCPBA involving selective oxidation of aliphatic amines to oximes, selective oxidation of organosulphides/ aldehydes, synthesis of heterocyclic N-oxides, domino C[sp2] hydroxylation/ annulation of enaminones (heterocyclic

Cyclodepsipeptides, mainly derived from marine organisms and soil microorganisms, are amphiphilic molecules consisting of short oligopeptides with fatty acid tails attached to form a macrocyclic structure. Studies on the activity of cyclodepsipeptides have shown that they have cytotoxicity, antibacterial and anthelmintic effects, and are widely used in biological control, drug development, environmental

Background: Electrochemical sensors have attracted enormous interest in recent decades due to their relatively simple synthesis process, the possibility of modifications in their composition, and their wide application in detecting analytes. Methods: To achieve excellent performance, materials used in its construction must facilitate the transfer of electrons and provide a large surface area and excellent

Catalytic transformations have been observed in every reaction to provide a specific product and to formulate regio and stereo-selective adducts in well-defined pathways. Among various catalytic processes used in current chemistry, tandem catalysis has been proven to be an effective technology by applying the technology for better and time-saving ways of production. It has shown its usability in various

The last decades have witnessed significant advances in the synthesis of bioactive carbohydrates. As in all fields of organic synthesis, the search for more environmentally friendly alternative synthetic methods is a current and expanding concern. Consequently, electrochemical organic synthesis has emerged as an efficient and sustainable methodology. Herein, we present recent developments in the synthesis

The simple separation of magnetic nanocatalysts from the reaction mixture using only an external magnet caused a huge revolution in catalysis, particularly in organic synthesis. Diaryl ethers (compounds containing (Ar-O-Ar linkages) are one of the most important and prominent compounds and are widely found in natural products and pharmaceutical and biological molecules. The C-O cross-coupling or O-arylation

Heterocyclic moiety is a key part of some enzymes and vitamins and plays a vital role in various biochemical and enzymatic processes. Piperazine ring is a heterocyclic moiety present in various well-known drugs and is effective against different types of diseases by acting on a variety of receptors. Various piperazine analogs possess diverse biological activities, especially in central nervous system

: Pyrimido [5, 4-c] quinolone derivatives are significant synthetic targets that show numerous interesting biological activities. The pyrimido [4, 5-b] quinoline is the most famous source of these derivatives, which has been used in medicine to antitumor and target different diseases. Since the segregation of quinoline derivatives, many synthetic methodologies were advanced for their synthesis. Despite

Sea salt is a widely used ingredient in culinary practices around the world. Beyond its flavor-enhancing properties, sea salt has been recognized for its potential health benefits. This review aimed to explore the role of sea salt in food and its applications for promoting human health. We have discussed the composition and production of sea salt, its culinary uses, and its impact on various aspects

Aurones are structural isomers of flavones and flavonols with the basic C6–C3–C6 skeleton arranged as (Z)-2-benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)-one, which contain an exocyclic carbon-carbon double bond bridging the benzofuranone and phenyl rings. In aurone, a chalcone-like group is closed into a 5-membered ring instead of the 6-membered ring more typical of flavonoids, which forms the core for a family of

The secondary metabolites produced by fungi are an important resource for new drug development, and the biosynthesis of fungal secondary metabolites is closely related to the epigenetic status of the chromosomes in which their gene clusters are located. However, the induction of fungal silencing of gene expression is one of the challenges faced at this stage. Chemical epigenetic modification is a simple

: Free radical reactions occupy an important position in synthetic organic chemistry as well as medicinal chemistry, significantly complementing and extending the synthesis of coumarin or quinolin-2-one compounds. Moreover, the use of constructing coumarin or quinolin-2-one compounds functionalized at the C3 position has certain advantages over traditional noble metalcatalyzed or high-temperature cyclization

The cinnoline nucleus is a bicyclic ring and is an isosteric precursor to quinolone or isoquinoline. Cinnoline analogs are aromatic heterocyclic compounds having diverse therapeutic activities, such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tuberculosis, antimalarial, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-anxiety, and other activities. This heterocyclic nucleus

Cucurbiturils are a class of macrocyclic compounds with highly polar carbonyl portals and a hydrophobic cavity. They are usually utilized as efficient host molecules in supramolecular chemistry applications due to their high binding affinity for positively charged or cationic compounds. This review investigates the application of CB[n] immobilization at semi-conductive interfaces to produce electrochemical

In-depth research is being carried out on mangrove communities, which are regarded as significant habitats for microorganisms’s, in order to find novel secondary metabolites with useful pharmaceutical and medicinal uses. According to a growing number of articles that point to the enormous potential of this ecological niche, mangrove-associated fungi are acknowledged as a rich source of bioactive chemicals

Asciminib, also known as ACP-196, is the FDA-approved low-molecular ABL kinase inhibitor. The ABL kinase is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that helps in cell growth and survival and is a key player in the development of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ALL). The BCR-ABL fusion protein, which is formed by chromosomal translocation in

The mesoionic compounds have great importance due to their dipolar nature. They are versatile synthons in synthetic chemistry and possess various chemotherapeutic activity. The most important moiety found in mesoionic compounds is the sydnone ring system. Sydnone derivatives have stimulated much interest among synthetic researchers as a result of their unique dipolar, mesoionic character. This ring

It is known that flotation is the main method of extracting non-ferrous metals. The need of modern society for precious metals is constantly growing, and deposits of easily reversible ores are being depleted. Therefore, the improvement of the reagent regime and the search for new flotation reagents is an urgent task. We analyzed the literature data on the synthesis and use of common collectors such

Heterocyclic compounds are the most common and diverse group of organic substances. Heterocyclic compounds are rapidly increasing in number as a result of intensive synthetic research as well as their value in other synthetic procedures. More than 90% of medications contain heterocyclic rings, and a wide range of medicinal chemistry applications make use of these substances. There are always unique

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the deadliest viruses among respiratory viruses which resulted in COVID-19 pandemic. The virus gets transmitted by the nasal route and moves down to the trachea, bronchi, and then to the lungs. Once replicated inside the alveolar cells, the SARS-CoV-2 makes the membrane of the alveolar sac porous, which causes the leaking of plasma

Water, a kind of abundant natural resource, is considered to be a green and desirable solvent for reasons of its low cost, high safety and environmental friendliness. This review article aims to briefly introduce the methodologies that have utilized water as reaction media under the aid of granular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) to mediate reactions of a series of water-insoluble and high melting points

Primary photoreactions of riboflavin (Rf) are considered. The goal was to present data on the transients formed under photoexcitation of Rf: excited singlet and triplet states, triplet reactions with the formation of Rf neutral free radicals, and a radical anion. The absorption spectra of transients are presented, as are the rate constants of their decay. Special attention is devoted to Rf in water

2-(Arylidene)benzo[b]thiophen-3(2H)one 1,1-dioxides are oxidized form of thioaurones. Various methods have been reported for their synthesis, e.g., a) condensation of benzo[b]thiophen- 3(2H)one 1,1-dioxides with aryl aldehydes under acidic or basic conditions, b) oxidation of thioaurones with hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate tetrahydrate, c) from the catalytic reaction of iodonium ylides with

This review focuses on studying hydrogen bonds in triflamide derivatives, the supramolecular structures formed in a crystal, solution, and gas phase, and the relationship between structural, spectral and quantum chemical calculation data.

Heterocyclic compounds are amongst the most promising and versatile classes of biologically important molecules. One of the heterocycle molecules is pyrazole with a five-membered heterocyclic ring with two neighboring nitrogen. Pyrazole and its derivatives have shown a broad range of biological applications like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, and herbicidal

: A class of chemicals known as flavonoids is widely distributed in various portions of plants, cereals, and vegetables. They have varied phenolic structures and these flavonoid molecules are known for the well-being improvement in living things. Today, a wide range of pharmaceutical, medicinal, & cosmetic materials possessed these key ingredients, known as flavonoids. Flavonoids can modulate the bioactivity

2-Oxindole unit is one of the most important scaffolds found in several alkaloids, natural products, antitumor agents, pharmaceutically important compounds, etc. Molecules containing the 2- oxindole moiety were first isolated from the cat claw plant, widely distributed in the Amazon jungle. It has now been demonstrated that these molecules are present in a wide range of chemicals derived from plant

Diphenyl ethers (DPEs) are mainly produced by microorganisms and plants. The chemical structure of DPEs is relatively simple, and all of these compounds have the structure of biphenyl ethers in their chemical structure, the difference being the difference in the substituents on the benzene ring. Several recent studies have shown antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, antitumor, antihemolytic, neuroprotective

Metal-based ionic liquids (MILs) have the advantages of designability, efficiency, stability, and regenerative cycle and can efficiently convert thiophene and its derivatives, which are important for the production of

Amongst heterocyclic compounds, quinoline and pyrimidine are advantaged scaffolds that appear as significant assembly motifs for the development of new drug entities. Moreover, quinolinepyrimidine- inspired hybrids have a number of biological characteristics that are known. In addition, many pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline ring systems (PyQs4,5-b), specifically concerning medicinal chemistry, have been reported

Sensor arrays contain a group of sensors, improve observations with new dimensions, provide better estimations, and additional parameters in comparison to the individual selective sensor. The array-based sensing technique provides good performance to respond to various gaseous or liquid analytes. Room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) (melting point