Satellite Traces (STs) are the important ionogram signatures for the presence of upwellings in the bottom-side ionosphere, which provide the necessary seed perturbation for the development of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). In this study, a virtual ionosonde experiment is simulated to investigate the various ST signatures under the presence of shallow, deep, overhead, and off-centered upwellings in the bottom-side ionosphere. It is shown that STs occur at higher and lower virtual heights than the main ionogram trace for the off-centered and overhead upwellings, respectively. The height separation between the main trace and STs increases with the deepening of overhead upwellings. Further, a proof-of-concept is demonstrated that multiple STs from ionograms can be used to reconstruct the spatial structure of bottom-side upwellings, if the precise Angle-of-Arrival information can be resolved from the wide beam Ionosonde systems, and can have potential applications in predicting the occurrence of EPBs.

中文翻译：

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卫星轨迹：底部上升流结构的电离图特征 - 一项模拟研究


卫星轨迹 （STs） 是底部电离层中存在上升流的重要电离图特征，它为赤道等离子体气泡 （EPB） 的发展提供了必要的种子扰动。在本研究中，模拟了虚拟电离探测仪实验，以研究底部电离层中存在浅、深、架空和偏心上升流下的各种 ST 特征。结果表明，ST 分别出现在高于和低于偏心和架空上升流的主电离图轨迹的虚拟高度。主迹线和 STs 之间的高度间隔随着架空上升流的加深而增加。此外，概念验证证明，如果可以从宽波束电离探测仪系统分辨精确的到达角信息，则可以使用来自电离图的多个 ST 来重建底部上升流的空间结构，并且可以在预测 EPB 的发生方面具有潜在的应用。