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What does decoding from the PFC reveal about consciousness? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-06-10 Ned Block
Disputes between rival theories of consciousness have often centered on whether perceptual contents can be decoded from the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Failures to decode from the PFC are taken to challenge ‘cognitive’ theories of consciousness such as the global workspace theory and higher-order monitoring theories, and decoding successes have been taken to confirm these theories. However, PFC decoding
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Standing out: an atypical salience account of creativity Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-06-06 Madeleine E. Gross, Jonathan W. Schooler
Creativity often entails gaining a novel perspective, yet it remains uncertain how this is accomplished. Atypical salience processing may foster creative thinking by prioritizing putatively irrelevant information, thereby broadening the material accessible for idea generation and inhibiting attentional fixedness; in essence, motivating creative individuals to incorporate information that others overlook
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Behavioral science should start by assuming people are reasonable Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-18 Jens Koed Madsen, Lee de-Wit, Peter Ayton, Cameron Brick, Laura de-Moliere, Carla J. Groom
Should policymaking assume humans are irrational? Using empirical, theoretical, and philosophical arguments, we suggest a more useful frame is that human behavior is reasonable. Through identifying goals and systemic factors shaping behavior, we suggest that assuming people are reasonable enables behavioral science to be more effective in shaping public policy.
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Signal switching may enhance processing power of the brain Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-18 Jennifer M. Groh, Meredith N. Schmehl, Valeria C. Caruso, Surya T. Tokdar
Our ability to perceive multiple objects is mysterious. Sensory neurons are broadly tuned, producing potential overlap in the populations of neurons activated by each object in a scene. This overlap raises questions about how distinct information is retained about each item. We present a novel signal switching theory of neural representation, which posits that neural signals may interleave representations
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Beyond learnability: understanding human visual development with DNNs Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-17 Lei Yuan
Recently, Orhan and Lake demonstrated the computational plausibility that children can acquire sophisticated visual representations from natural input data without inherent biases, challenging the need for innate constraints in human learning. The findings may also reveal crucial properties of early visual learning and inform theories of human visual development.
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Salient distractor processing: inhibition following attentional capture Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-14 Benchi Wang, Jan Theeuwes
Salient objects often capture attention in a purely exogenous way, followed by inhibition of their locations after a period. Yet, the neural circuits underlying the exogenous attention remain underspecified. explore this by uncovering large-scale cortical gradients associated with exogenous attention within the human cortex.
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Can adolescents be game changers for 21st-century societal challenges? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-13 Eveline A. Crone, Suzanne van de Groep, Lysanne W. te Brinke
Adolescents growing up in the 21st century face novel challenges that affect today’s adolescents differently compared with previous generations. Adolescents’ prosocial values and social engagement can contribute in unique ways to combatting societal challenges. Participatory research provides tools to transform adolescents’ prosocial motivations into drivers for societal change.
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The pattern theory of compassion Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-10 Shaun Gallagher, Antonino Raffone, Salvatore M. Aglioti
Concepts of empathy, sympathy and compassion are often confused in a variety of literatures. This article proposes a pattern-theoretic approach to distinguishing compassion from empathy and sympathy. Drawing on psychology, Western philosophy, affective neuroscience, and contemplative science, we clarify the nature of compassion as a specific pattern of dynamically related factors that include physiological
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Practicing cooperative skills shapes brain-wide networks Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-05-04 Haozhou Jiang, Julia Sliwa
Humans and other primates skillfully navigate the complex cognitive interplay of cooperative behaviors. However, the neural resources we rely on to do so are poorly understood. found that neuronal activity in a visual-frontal domain general cortical network is shaped during the training of a cooperative behavior to highlight relevant sensory inputs.
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The Thermodynamics of Mind Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-26 Morten L. Kringelbach, Yonatan Sanz Perl, Gustavo Deco
To not only survive, but also thrive, the brain must efficiently orchestrate distributed computation across space and time. This requires hierarchical organisation facilitating fast information transfer and processing at the lowest possible metabolic cost. Quantifying brain hierarchy is difficult but can be estimated from the asymmetry of information flow. Thermodynamics has successfully characterised
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What rhythm production can tell us about culture Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-24 Erin Hannon, Joel Snyder
used an iterative rhythm reproduction paradigm with listeners from around the world to provide evidence for both rhythm universals (simple-integer ratios 1:1 and 2:1) and cross-cultural variation for specific rhythmic categories that can be linked to local music traditions in different regions of the world.
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Beta: bursts of cognition Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-23 Mikael Lundqvist, Earl K. Miller, Jonatan Nordmark, Johan Liljefors, Pawel Herman
Beta oscillations are linked to the control of goal-directed processing of sensory information and the timing of motor output. Recent evidence demonstrates they are not sustained but organized into intermittent high-power bursts mediating timely functional inhibition. This implies there is a considerable moment-to-moment variation in the neural dynamics supporting cognition. Beta bursts thus offer
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Detecting deception with artificial intelligence: promises and perils Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-21 Kristina Suchotzki, Matthias Gamer
Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have driven interest in its potential application for lie detection. Unfortunately, the current approaches have primarily focused on technical aspects at the expense of a solid methodological and theoretical foundation. We discuss the implications thereof and offer recommendations for the development and regulation of AI-based deception detection.
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Information density as a predictor of communication dynamics Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Gary Lupyan, Pablo Contreras Kallens, Rick Dale
In a recent paper, computed information and semantic density measures for hundreds of languages, and showed that these measures predict the pace and breadth of ideas in communication. Here, we summarize their key findings and situate them in a broader debate about the adaptive nature of language.
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Abstract social interaction representations along the lateral pathway Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Emalie McMahon, Leyla Isik
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What is abstract about seeing social interactions? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-16 Liuba Papeo
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In praise of folly: flexible goals and human cognition Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-13 Junyi Chu, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Laura E. Schulz
Humans often pursue idiosyncratic goals that appear remote from functional ends, including information gain. We suggest that this is valuable because goals (even prima facie foolish or unachievable ones) contain structured information that scaffolds thinking and planning. By evaluating hypotheses and plans with respect to their goals, humans can discover new ideas that go beyond prior knowledge and
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Brain states as wave-like motifs Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-05 Maya Foster, Dustin Scheinost
There is ample evidence of wave-like activity in the brain at multiple scales and levels. This emerging literature supports the broader adoption of a wave perspective of brain activity. Specifically, a brain state can be described as a set of recurring, sequential patterns of propagating brain activity, namely a wave. We examine a collective body of experimental work investigating wave-like properties
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Response to Fittipaldi etal. (2024) Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-05 Nicholas J. Fendinger, Pia Dietze, Eric D. Knowles
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The computational foundations of dynamic coding in working memory Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Jake P. Stroud, John Duncan, Máté Lengyel
Working memory (WM) is a fundamental aspect of cognition. WM maintenance is classically thought to rely on stable patterns of neural activities. However, recent evidence shows that neural population activities during WM maintenance undergo dynamic variations before settling into a stable pattern. Although this has been difficult to explain theoretically, neural network models optimized for WM typically
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When liars are considered honest Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Stephan Lewandowsky, David Garcia, Almog Simchon, Fabio Carrella
This article introduces a theoretical model of truth and honesty from a psychological perspective. We examine its application in political discourse and discuss empirical findings distinguishing between conceptions of honesty and their influence on public perception, misinformation dissemination, and the integrity of democracy.
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Arousal and performance: revisiting the famous inverted-U-shaped curve Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-04-03 Sander Nieuwenhuis
Arousal level is thought to be a key determinant of variability in cognitive performance. In a recent study, show that peak performance in decision-making tasks is reached at moderate levels of arousal. They also propose a neurobiologically informed computational model that can explain the inverted-U-shaped relationship.
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Computational role of structure in neural activity and connectivity Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-28 Srdjan Ostojic, Stefano Fusi
One major challenge of neuroscience is identifying structure in seemingly disorganized neural activity. Different types of structure have different computational implications that can help neuroscientists understand the functional role of a particular brain area. Here, we outline a unified approach to characterize structure by inspecting the representational geometry and the modularity properties of
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Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: exploring imagery vividness extremes Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-27 Adam Zeman
The vividness of imagery varies between individuals. However, the existence of people in whom conscious, wakeful imagery is markedly reduced, or absent entirely, was neglected by psychology until the recent coinage of 'aphantasia' to describe this phenomenon. 'Hyperphantasia' denotes the converse – imagery whose vividness rivals perceptual experience. Around 1% and 3% of the population experience extreme
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Infants and markers: reply to Taylor and Bremner Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Tim Bayne, Joel Frohlich, Rhodri Cusack, Julia Moser, Lorina Naci
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Cluster kinds and the developmental origins of consciousness Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-22 Henry Taylor, Andrew J. Bremner
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Failures to launch preclude response inhibition Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 Corey G. Wadsley, Ian Greenhouse
Neural analyses of response inhibition rely on separating trials with and without a behavioral response. Can researchers be sure the absence of a behavioral outcome equates to the presence of inhibitory control? We emphasize advancing response inhibition research by utilizing peripheral measures of response progress to define behavioral stopping contrasts.
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The sensitivity and criterion of sense of agency Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-20 Wen Wen, Acer Yu-Chan Chang, Hiroshi Imamizu
The sense of agency, which refers to the subjective feeling of control, is an essential aspect of self-consciousness. We argue that distinguishing between the sensitivity and criterion of this feeling is important for discussing individual differences in the sense of agency and its connections with other cognitive functions.
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Dissociating language and thought in large language models Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-19 Kyle Mahowald, Anna A. Ivanova, Idan A. Blank, Nancy Kanwisher, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, Evelina Fedorenko
Large language models (LLMs) have come closest among all models to date to mastering human language, yet opinions about their linguistic and cognitive capabilities remain split. Here, we evaluate LLMs using a distinction between formal linguistic competence (knowledge of linguistic rules and patterns) and functional linguistic competence (understanding and using language in the world). We ground this
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A cognitive-computational account of mood swings in adolescence Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-18 Klára Gregorová, Eran Eldar, Lorenz Deserno, Andrea M.F. Reiter
Teenagers have a reputation for being fickle, in both their choices and their moods. This variability may help adolescents as they begin to independently navigate novel environments. Recently, however, adolescent moodiness has also been linked to psychopathology. Here, we consider adolescents’ mood swings from a novel computational perspective, grounded in reinforcement learning (RL). This model proposes
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Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Tim Bayne, Anil K. Seth, Marcello Massimini, Joshua Shepherd, Axel Cleeremans, Stephen M. Fleming, Rafael Malach, Jason B. Mattingley, David K. Menon, Adrian M. Owen, Megan A.K. Peters, Adeel Razi, Liad Mudrik
Which systems/organisms are conscious? New tests for consciousness (‘C-tests’) are urgently needed. There is persisting uncertainty about when consciousness arises in human development, when it is lost due to neurological disorders and brain injury, and how it is distributed in nonhuman species. This need is amplified by recent and rapid developments in artificial intelligence (AI), neural organoids
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Social uncertainty in the digital world Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Amanda M. Ferguson, Georgia Turner, Amy Orben
The social world is inherently uncertain. We present a computational framework for thinking about how increasingly popular online environments modulate the social uncertainty we experience, depending on the type of social inferences we make. This framework draws on Bayesian inference, which involves combining multiple informational sources to update our beliefs.
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From task structures to world models: what do LLMs know? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Ilker Yildirim, L.A. Paul
In what sense does a large language model (LLM) have knowledge? We answer by granting LLMs ‘instrumental knowledge’: knowledge gained by using next-word generation as an instrument. We then ask how instrumental knowledge is related to the ordinary, ‘worldly knowledge’ exhibited by humans, and explore this question in terms of the degree to which instrumental knowledge can be said to incorporate the
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Coupled sleep rhythms for memory consolidation Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Bernhard P. Staresina
How do passing moments turn into lasting memories? Sheltered from external tasks and distractions, sleep constitutes an optimal state for the brain to reprocess and consolidate previous experiences. Recent work suggests that consolidation is governed by the intricate interaction of slow oscillations (SOs), spindles, and ripples – electrophysiological sleep rhythms that orchestrate neuronal processing
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Sedentary behavior and lifespan brain health Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Liye Zou, Fabian Herold, Boris Cheval, Michael J. Wheeler, Dominika M. Pindus, Kirk I. Erickson, David A. Raichlen, Gene E. Alexander, Notger G. Müller, David W. Dunstan, Arthur F. Kramer, Charles H. Hillman, Mats Hallgren, Ulf Ekelund, Silvio Maltagliati, Neville Owen
Higher levels of physical activity are known to benefit aspects of brain health across the lifespan. However, the role of sedentary behavior (SB) is less well understood. In this review we summarize and discuss evidence on the role of SB on brain health (including cognitive performance, structural or functional brain measures, and dementia risk) for different age groups, critically compare assessment
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The computational structure of consummatory anhedonia Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-28 Anna F. Hall, Michael Browning, Quentin J.M. Huys
Anhedonia is a reduction in enjoyment, motivation, or interest. It is common across mental health disorders and a harbinger of poor treatment outcomes. The enjoyment aspect, termed ‘consummatory anhedonia’, in particular poses fundamental questions about how the brain constructs rewards: what processes determine how intensely a reward is experienced? Here, we outline limitations of existing computational
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How is helping behavior regulated in the brain? Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Meng Zhang, Guohua Chen, Rongfeng K. Hu
In humans and other animals, individuals can actively respond to the specific needs of others. However, the neural circuits supporting helping behaviors are underspecified. In recent work, identified a new role for the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in the encoding and regulation of targeted helping behavior (allolicking) in mice.
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Curiosity and the dynamics of optimal exploration Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-26 Francesco Poli, Jill X. O’Reilly, Rogier B. Mars, Sabine Hunnius
What drives our curiosity remains an elusive and hotly debated issue, with multiple hypotheses proposed but a cohesive account yet to be established. This review discusses traditional and emergent theories that frame curiosity as a desire to know and a drive to learn, respectively. We adopt a model-based approach that maps the temporal dynamics of various factors underlying curiosity-based exploration
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Common and distinct neural mechanisms of attention Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 Ruobing Xia, Xiaomo Chen, Tatiana A. Engel, Tirin Moore
Despite a constant deluge of sensory stimulation, only a fraction of it is used to guide behavior. This selective processing is generally referred to as attention, and much research has focused on the neural mechanisms controlling it. Recently, research has broadened to include more ways by which different species selectively process sensory information, whether due to the sensory input itself or to
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The neurobiology of interoception and affect Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-22 M.J. Feldman, E. Bliss-Moreau, K.A. Lindquist
Scholars have argued for centuries that affective states involve interoception, or representations of the state of the body. Yet, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how signals from the body are transduced, transmitted, compressed, and integrated by the brains of humans to produce affective states. We suggest that to understand how the body contributes to affect, we first need to understand information
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Improving intergroup relations with meta-perception correction interventions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Samantha L. Moore-Berg, Boaz Hameiri
We explore meta-perceptions (i.e., what we think others think about reality), their impact on intergroup conflict, and the interventions correcting these often-erroneous perceptions. We introduce a two (direct or indirect) by two (with or without framing) framework classifying these interventions, and we critically assess the benefits and constraints of these approaches.
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Rationality, preferences, and emotions with biological constraints: it all starts from our senses Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Rafael Polanía, Denis Burdakov, Todd A. Hare
Is the role of our sensory systems to represent the physical world as accurately as possible? If so, are our preferences and emotions, often deemed irrational, decoupled from these 'ground-truth' sensory experiences? We show why the answer to both questions is 'no'. Brain function is metabolically costly, and the brain loses some fraction of the information that it encodes and transmits. Therefore
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Simplifying social learning Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-07 Leor M. Hackel, David A. Kalkstein, Peter Mende-Siedlecki
Social learning is complex, but people often seem to navigate social environments with ease. This ability creates a puzzle for traditional accounts of reinforcement learning (RL) that assume people negotiate a tradeoff between easy-but-simple behavior (model-free learning) and complex-but-difficult behavior (e.g., model-based learning). We offer a theoretical framework for resolving this puzzle: although
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-06
Abstract not available
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The neurodevelopmental origins of seeing social interactions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Emalie McMahon, Leyla Isik
Abstract not available
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Neurodevelopmental and evolutionary origins of processing social interactions Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-30 Tobias Grossmann
Abstract not available
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Representational structures as a unifying framework for attention Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Angus F. Chapman, Viola S. Störmer
Our visual system consciously processes only a subset of the incoming information. Selective attention allows us to prioritize relevant inputs, and can be allocated to features, locations, and objects. Recent advances in feature-based attention suggest that several selection principles are shared across these domains and that many differences between the effects of attention on perceptual processing
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Participant diversity is necessary to advance brain aging research Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-27 Gagan S. Wig, Sarah Klausner, Micaela Y. Chan, Cameron Sullins, Anirudh Rayanki, Maya Seale
An absence of population-representative participant samples has limited research in healthy brain aging. We highlight examples of what can be gained by enrolling more diverse participant cohorts, and propose recommendations for specific reforms, both in terms of how researchers accomplish this goal and how institutions support and benchmark these efforts.
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A synergetic turn in cognitive neuroscience of brain diseases Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-20 Agustin Ibanez, Morten L. Kringelbach, Gustavo Deco
Despite significant improvements in our understanding of brain diseases, many barriers remain. Cognitive neuroscience faces four major challenges: complex structure–function associations; disease phenotype heterogeneity; the lack of transdiagnostic models; and oversimplified cognitive approaches restricted to the laboratory. Here, we propose a synergetics framework that can help to perform the necessary
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Studying large language models as compression algorithms for human culture Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-19 Nicholas Buttrick
Large language models (LLMs) extract and reproduce the statistical regularities in their training data. Researchers can use these models to study the conceptual relationships encoded in this training data (i.e., the open internet), providing a remarkable opportunity to understand the cultural distinctions embedded within much of recorded human communication.
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Information decomposition and the informational architecture of the brain Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-09 Andrea I. Luppi, Fernando E. Rosas, Pedro A.M. Mediano, David K. Menon, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis
To explain how the brain orchestrates information-processing for cognition, we must understand information itself. Importantly, information is not a monolithic entity. Information decomposition techniques provide a way to split information into its constituent elements: unique, redundant, and synergistic information. We review how disentangling synergistic and redundant interactions is redefining our
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Towards an AI policy framework in scholarly publishing Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Zhicheng Lin
The rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in academic research raises pressing ethical concerns. I examine major publishing policies in science and medicine, uncovering inconsistencies and limitations in guiding AI usage. To encourage responsible AI integration while upholding transparency, I propose an enabling framework with author and reviewer policy templates.
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Political reinforcement learners Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-08 Lion Schulz, Rahul Bhui
Politics can seem home to the most calculating and yet least rational elements of humanity. How might we systematically characterize this spectrum of political cognition? Here, we propose reinforcement learning (RL) as a unified framework to dissect the political mind. RL describes how agents algorithmically navigate complex and uncertain domains like politics. Through this computational lens, we outline
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Socioeconomic disparities harm social cognition Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-06 Sol Fittipaldi, Joaquín Migeot, Agustin Ibanez
Abstract not available
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Advisory Board and Contents Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-02
Abstract not available
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Subscription and Copyright Information Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-02
Abstract not available
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In praise of empathic AI Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-29 Michael Inzlicht, C. Daryl Cameron, Jason D’Cruz, Paul Bloom
In this article we investigate the societal implications of empathic artificial intelligence (AI), asking how its seemingly empathic expressions make people feel. We highlight AI’s unique ability to simulate empathy without the same biases that afflict humans. While acknowledging serious pitfalls, we propose that AI expressions of empathy could improve human welfare.
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We know what attention is! Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Wayne Wu
Attention is one of the most thoroughly investigated psychological phenomena, yet skepticism about attention is widespread: we do not know what it is, it is too many things, there is no such thing. The deficiencies highlighted are not about experimental work but the adequacy of the scientific theory of attention. Combining common scientific claims about attention into a single theory leads to internal
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An active inference perspective for the amygdala complex Trends Cogn. Sci. (IF 16.7) Pub Date : 2023-12-15 Ronald Sladky, Dominic Kargl, Wulf Haubensak, Claus Lamm
The amygdala is a heterogeneous network of subcortical nuclei with central importance in cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Various experimental designs in human psychology and animal model research have mapped multiple conceptual frameworks (e.g., valence/salience and decision making) to ever more refined amygdala circuitry. However, these predominantly bottom up-driven accounts often rely on interpretations