The frequency and intensity of wildfires in the Arctic has been increasing due to climate change. However, little is known about the effects of fire intensity on carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange in arctic tundra ecosystems. To investigate this, we conducted an experimental fire with different burn intensities (low intensity, high intensity, and unburned control) and measured surface daytime CO2 fluxes

Turbulence governs many atmospheric processes including mixing, transport, and energy transfer. Consequently, there is a strong need for the examination and validation of existing turbulence theories. The HOckey-Stick Transition (HOST) hypothesis was proposed to challenge traditional understanding of near-surface turbulence processes derived from Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST). Within the MOST

Carbon allocation in vegetation, particularly to leaves and roots responsible for resource assimilation, plays a crucial role in regulating the global carbon cycle and is highly sensitive to environmental changes. However, due to the limited observational data, the response of carbon allocation—particularly between resource-acquiring organs—to rapid global environmental changes remains unclear for

The authors regret that the article was published with incorrect information. The original analysis presented estimates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) from a 14-month dataset at a forested slope site. In particular, we discussed the impact of different filtering approaches, which are generally used to detect periods when measured estimates are likely to not represent the true NEE. Gap-filling for

Midday depression of photosynthesis (MD) refers to the phenomenon that vegetation's photosynthetic rate decreases at midday experiencing environmental stresses. Mangrove MD and its responses to heat and drought stresses offer valuable insights into understanding the impact of climate change on mangrove blue carbon. However, the temporal variability of mangrove MD and its interactions with these stresses

Ongoing climate change is having profound impacts on the growth and distribution of trees worldwide. However, there remain substantial gaps in our understanding of how environmental factors influence tree-growth responses to climate at larger scales, which is critical for identifying regions susceptible to the impacts of climate change. In this study, we aimed to reveal the main environmental factors

The Arctic is undergoing a shift toward a warmer and wetter climate. Recent experiments indicate that the carbon balance of subarctic wet tundra is sensitive to both summer warming and deeper snow. However, few studies have combined experimental data with process-oriented models to predict how the terrestrial carbon cycle will respond to future climate change. Here, we use CoupModel, a process-oriented

In the late 19th century, Osborne Reynolds published two papers whose impact on atmospheric turbulence studies can hardly be overstated. The first, Reynolds (1883) established both his eponymous, dimensionless number and his reputation as the father of turbulence science, which is beyond doubt. However, his second famous paper (Reynolds, 1895) sowed seeds of confusion regarding the mathematical separation

Leaf litter decomposition plays an important role in nutrient and carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. However, at a global scale, the effects of climate, initial litter chemistry, and different plant functional types on litter decomposition are not fully understood. Additionally, it remains unclear whether the effects of litter chemistry on leaf litter decomposition are consistent with responses

Brown spot needle blight disease, caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, affects pine trees across the northern hemisphere. In recent years, its incidence has expanded to new areas and host species. This is in association with climate change. Interest in understanding the basis of its epidemiology and proposing appropriate management measures has also increased. However, there is a lack of studies

Snowmelt is a critical water supply that affects the environmental security and sustainable development. However, the dynamic contributions of climatic factors to snowmelt and their impacts on soil moisture (SM) and vegetation growth remain unclear. In this study, by combining changes in spring snowmelt (snow water equivalent), climatic factors (precipitation and temperature), SM, and vegetation growth

Evapotranspiration (ET) and its induced perturbations in the surface energy balance have significant impacts on the carbon cycle, water cycle, and regional climate. The partitioning of ET (transpiration (T) and evaporation (E)) has significant implications for agricultural production and water management. Rising tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations currently alter leaf stomatal conductance, which

Climate change has heightened the occurrence of extreme compound events, yet their impacts on crop yield traits and the variations in yield sensitivity among different varieties and management practices remain elusive. Utilizing long-term (1981–2010) wheat trait data of 85 stations administered by the China Meteorological Center (CMC) for various wheat varieties and sowing dates, we employed a linear

Large-scale mapping of fuel load and fuel vertical distribution is essential for assessing fire danger, setting strategic goals and actions, and determining long-term resource needs. The Airborne LiDAR system can fulfil such goal by accurately capturing the three-dimensional arrangement of vegetation at regional and national scales.

Freeze-thaw (F-T) processes are prevalent and have the inherent potential to alter soil respiration (SR) in cold regions, which are particularly sensitive to climate warming and contribute a large uncertainty to the global carbon budget. However, the impacts of F-T processes on the diel pattern and temperature hysteresis of SR remain unclear. In this study, the Fick's law-based gradient method was

The shelterbelts system is crucial for the regional surface water and heat process, which is important for the oasis ecological environment. In this study, Ulan Buh Desert Oasis was taken as the study area. To overcome the problem of inherent water and heat difference between oases and deserts, this study divided the oasis ring structure into shelterbelt-farmland-urban zone, shrub grassland zone and

The eddy covariance (EC) technique has emerged as the method of choice for observing ecosystem–atmosphere interactions across biomes and climate zones. However, EC measurements are biased when the turbulent flow is decoupled from the underlying surface, severely limiting the applicability of the technique in observing surface–atmosphere fluxes. Friction velocity (u∗) is typically used to detect and

In arid regions, severe salinization can commonly result in the formation of a salt crust layer that covers the soil surface. The salt crust, composed of salt crystals, has significantly different physical properties compared to its matrix soil. It can alter the energy budget in soil, thus affecting soil temperature. However, the effect of salt crust on soil temperature remains unclear. To address

The retrieval of leaf carbon-based constituents of vegetation species and their separation from the overall leaf mass per area using radiative transfer models was historically challenging, until the recent re-calibration of the PROSPECT-PRO model. Nevertheless, it remains unexplored for temperate tree species. This study evaluated the retrieval of carbon-based constituents of fresh leaf samples from

Carbon exchange in coastal wetlands is a complex biochemical process regulated by a combination of meteorological, plant-soil, and hydrological factors. In the Yangtze Estuary, a process-based carbon flux model was developed to further elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon fluxes of different marsh species and elevations, incorporating the roles of climatic, hydrological, and geographical

Rainfall-forest interactions significantly impacts hydrological, ecological, and societal systems by altering rainwater supply to the surface. Canopy surfaces’ retention, evaporation, and redistribution of rain affect all storm-related hydrological processes. Arboreal epiphytes, plants that live on forest canopies, can store and evaporate substantial amounts of water, but their role in rainfall partitioning

Precise and timely crop yield predictions at large scales are crucial for safeguarding global food security. A key factor in accurate yield forecasting is the integration of multi-source environmental data, where the choice of time windows for aggregating these variables plays a pivotal role. Segmenting time windows by phenological stages allows for more precise extraction of environmental variables

Methane is the second most important greenhouse gas, and soils in arid region can oxidise large amounts of atmospheric methane, thereby contributing to mitigating climate warming. Elevating input of atmospheric nitrogen (N) and precipitation change significantly affect the strength of methane sink (uptake from the atmosphere), but this is still unclear in the desert steppe. Therefore, a field simulation

The authors regret the incomplete information about the fundings. The new Acknowledgements are shown below:

The measurement of net ecosystems methane (CH4) exchange (NEE-CH4) by eddy covariance is of vital importance for the evaluation of the source or sink strength of upland and wetland ecosystems. However, uncertainties remain in the magnitudes and the drivers of NEE-CH4 in upland and wetland ecosystems. Here, we conducted a data-synthesis using 472 site-year NEE-CH4 data from 126 sites on a global scale

Water use efficiency (WUE), the amount of assimilated carbon per amount of transpired water is central to assess how trees and forests respond to the ongoing climate changes and, particularly, to increasing drought severity. We concurrently evaluated leaf- and ecosystem-scale intrinsic WUE (WUEi) of a Mediterranean evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) forest in southern France using stable carbon isotopic

Tropical pastures are one of the main land uses in Brazil, forming the backbone of the country's beef and milk production chain. Adopting sustainable management practices that increase the productivity of pastoral livestock systems is essential to mitigate environmental impacts and ensure food security. However, eddy covariance studies that contribute to understanding the influence of grazing management

Rubber trees in coastal habitats are exposed to a high degree of wind stress. An algorithm-hardware synergetic methodology was developed for investigating and predicting rubber tree phenotyping excited by strong winds. The framework includes (1) a custom-designed industrial fan that recreates a variable airflow field at wind speeds of 15, 30 and 45 m/s coupled with a terrestrial laser scanner and bundled

Weather conditions play a crucial role in driving fire activity in Mediterranean France. Previous research has demonstrated the influence of these conditions on the likelihood of large fire events over the world. However, certain limitations persist regarding the representation of fire weather in probabilistic models.

Whether hydroclimatic extremes cause yield losses or failures not only depends on their intensity but also on local environmental conditions. These conditions shape the capacity to buffer climatic shocks and thus necessitate a regionally specific impact assessment and adaptation planning. However, the degree to which different environmental conditions affect climate impacts on yields and its spatiotemporal

In the summer of 2022, a record-breaking heatwave and drought event occurred in the Yangtze River (YR) Basin of China, causing great damage to the society and ecosystem. However, the role of land-atmosphere (LA) interactions in driving and reinforcing this event has not been fully studied. In this study, using air temperature, soil moisture (SM), surface sensible heat fluxes, surface latent heat fluxes

Forest-floor evapotranspiration (ETff) is a major pathway for water loss in terrestrial ecosystems, often accounting for more than half of ecosystem evapotranspiration. However, our understanding of the environmental and stand structural controls on the spatio-temporal dynamics of ETff across the managed boreal forest landscape remains limited. In this study, we conducted chamber-based flux measurements

Vegetation carbon use efficiency (CUE), the ratio between net primary productivity (NPP) and gross primary productivity (GPP), provides insight into the ability of ecosystems to transfer large amounts of carbon (C) from the atmosphere to potential C-sinks. Although the patterns and feedback of CUE on climate change have been previously studied, large uncertainties remain due to methodological constraints

The start of the growing season (SOS) has received much attention for its key role in the interactions between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Recent studies have shown that the warming-induced SOS advancing trend in the Northern Hemisphere has slowed since 2000. This phenomenon is currently attributed mainly to a slowdown of the increase in preseason temperature (PT). However, snow cover

Many studies have underscored the impacts of drought on ecosystems, and some researchers reported the effects of accumulated soil moisture deficit (ASMD) on light use efficiency (LUE) in grassland. However, the potential effects of ASMD on gross primary productivity (GPP) and LUE for both cropland and forest ecosystems are still not understood. This study elucidated the effects of accumulated and lagged

The use of (en)closed-path Infrared Gas Analysers (IRGA) in the measurement of Eddy Covariance (EC) fluxes results in inadvertent high-frequency tube attenuation due to diffusion and mixing of sampled gas inside the tube. The application of tube heating and installation of particulate filters along the tube length also contributes to high-frequency attenuation. The goal of this research is first, to

Late-rotation fertilization of Norway spruce stands is a frequently used management tool in Fennoscandia to increase timber yields. Meanwhile, the growing demand for renewable resources has sparked great interest in earlier and repeated fertilizer application but it remains unclear how this affects carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the understory, especially forest floor respiration (Rff). This study

This study focused on the production of 18-year global root zone soil moisture (RZSM) by the joint land surface data assimilation using the satellite observed leaf area index (LAI) and surface soil moisture (SSM). The impact of the assimilation on RZSM, LAI, and other key surface variables was also assessed. The multilayer diffusion scheme, biomass and CO2 interactive scheme, and the simplified extended

Tree growth in forests is affected independently or jointly by drought dimensions, namely severity, timing, and duration, making the accurate modeling predictions a formidable challenge, and it still remains uncertain how trees respond to multiple dimensions of drought. Here, we quantified the dynamic response of tree growth (evaluated by resistance and resilience) to different dimensions of droughts

Apple is one of the globally significant perennial fruits, with high consumption driven by the demand for nutritional food diversity and population growth. There is a lack of understanding with respect to the potential consequences of climate change, particularly the impact of spring frost – a frequent agrometeorological disaster on apple yield. Here we used a process-based apple model driven by five

Aboveground biomass (AGB) is a key parameter for assessing the carbon sequestration potential of urban ecosystems. However, traditional empirical models for AGB estimation often have poor transferability in urban environments, leading to overestimation or underestimation and limiting the ability to create continuous spatial maps of AGB. Recently, the relatively stable allometric relationships between

Wetlands provide a huge carbon (C) sink and represent strategic areas for regulating climate change. However, extensive wetlands have been lost since 1700, primarily for conversion to cropland. Currently, few studies have comprehensively evaluated changes in C budgets and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions following wetland conversion to cropland. Here, we measured annual carbon dioxide (CO2), methane

Peatland restoration is an important mitigation action in the fight against climate change. Researchers encourage farmers to rewet deep-drained lands on organic soil to a shallow water table depth (WTD) to reduce carbon emissions. Raising WTD under grasslands will likely affect local air temperature (TA) and increase relative humidity (RH), with uncertain consequences during heat waves on cattle welfare

We comprehensively examine methodologies tailored for subnational crop yield and production forecasting by integrating Earth Observation (EO) datasets and advanced machine learning approaches. We scrutinized diverse input data types, cross-validation methods, and training durations, focusing on maize production and yield predictions in Burkina Faso and Somalia. Central to our analysis is the comparative

Sierra de las Nieves is the southernmost National Park in continental Spain and, in a global warming scenario, it is important to determine the impacts of climatic variations on the vegetation, with special relevance to their reproductive cycles. The flowering seasonality and intensity of the dominant anemophilous species usually reflect the response of the vegetation to climate variations, which can

Dutch elm disease (DED) is a devastating forest disease. Recently, the deployment of native resistant cultivars has prompted initiatives of elm reintroduction in Europe and North America. It is known that DED resistance varies with the tree genotype and is influenced by climatic factors. However, genotype-by-environment interactions in DED resistance remain largely unexplored. In this work, we examined

Plants maintain their health through various ecological processes, among which resilience to external stresses has received increasing attention in recent years. By analyzing tree-ring data from 1762 sites, encompassing a total of 1,623,006 weak stresses (mean-2sd ≤ tree ring indices (TRI) < mean-sd) and 320,345 strong stresses (TRI < mean-2sd), we observed a significant growth increase following stresses

Identifying regions with similar productivity and yield-limiting climatic factors enables the design of tailored strategies for rainfed maize (Zea mays L.) production in vulnerable environments. Within the United States (US), the Great Plains region is susceptible to weather fluctuations, particularly in Kansas, where rainfed maize production is a significant agricultural activity. This study aims

Growth asynchrony in trees increases uncertainty in modeling forest productivity and ecological services. Despite recognition of growth variability among trees, the process of asynchronous growth and its ecological implications are poorly understood. We used tree-ring data obtained from increment core samples in 1046 juniper trees at 32 sites on the Tibetan Plateau and 538 pine trees at 20 sites in

Three Mediterranean oak species were considered in this study: one evergreen oak (Quercus suber, the most tolerant to drought) and two winter-deciduous oaks (Q. faginea, which shows intermediate tolerance, and Q. pyrenaica, with the lowest tolerance and highest soil water requirements). These three species were sampled, covering wide age and diameter gradients, in two National Parks located in central