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Dual-initiation ruptures in the 2024 Noto earthquake encircling a fault asperity at a swarm edge Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Liuwei Xu, Chen Ji, Lingsen Meng, Jean-Paul Ampuero, Zhang Yunjun, Saeed Mohanna, Yosuke Aoki
To reveal the connections between the 2024 moment magnitude ( M w ) 7.5 Noto earthquake in Japan and the seismicity swarms that preceded it, we investigated its rupture process through near-source waveform analysis and source imaging techniques, combining seismic and geodetic datasets. We found notable complexity in the initial rupture stages. A strong fault asperity, which remained unbroken in preceding
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Massively parallel analysis of single-molecule dynamics on next-generation sequencing chips Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 J. Aguirre Rivera, G. Mao, A. Sabantsev, M. Panfilov, Q. Hou, M. Lindell, C. Chanez, F. Ritort, M. Jinek, S. Deindl
Single-molecule techniques are ideally poised to characterize complex dynamics but are typically limited to investigating a small number of different samples. However, a large sequence or chemical space often needs to be explored to derive a comprehensive understanding of complex biological processes. Here we describe multiplexed single-molecule characterization at the library scale (MUSCLE), a method
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Reductive samarium (electro)catalysis enabled by Sm III -alkoxide protonolysis Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Emily A. Boyd, Chungkeun Shin, David J. Charboneau, Jonas C. Peters, Sarah E. Reisman
Samarium diiodide (SmI 2 ) is a privileged, single-electron reductant deployed in diverse synthetic settings. However, generalizable methods for catalytic turnover remain elusive because of the well-known challenge associated with cleaving strong Sm III –O bonds. Prior efforts have focused on the use of highly reactive oxophiles to enable catalyst turnover. However, such approaches give rise to complex
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The actin-spectrin submembrane scaffold restricts endocytosis along proximal axons Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Florian Wernert, Satish Babu Moparthi, Florence Pelletier, Jeanne Lainé, Eline Simons, Gilles Moulay, Fanny Rueda, Nicolas Jullien, Sofia Benkhelifa-Ziyyat, Marie-Jeanne Papandréou, Christophe Leterrier, Stéphane Vassilopoulos
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis has characteristic features in neuronal dendrites and presynapses, but how membrane proteins are internalized along the axon shaft remains unclear. We focused on clathrin-coated structures and endocytosis along the axon initial segment (AIS) and their relationship to the periodic actin-spectrin scaffold that lines the axonal plasma membrane. A combination of super-resolution
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Restoring hippocampal glucose metabolism rescues cognition across Alzheimer’s disease pathologies Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Paras S. Minhas, Jeffrey R. Jones, Amira Latif-Hernandez, Yuki Sugiura, Aarooran S. Durairaj, Qian Wang, Siddhita D. Mhatre, Takeshi Uenaka, Joshua Crapser, Travis Conley, Hannah Ennerfelt, Yoo Jin Jung, Ling Liu, Praveena Prasad, Brenita C. Jenkins, Yeonglong Albert Ay, Matthew Matrongolo, Ryan Goodman, Traci Newmeyer, Kelly Heard, Austin Kang, Edward N. Wilson, Tao Yang, Erik M. Ullian, Geidy E.
Impaired cerebral glucose metabolism is a pathologic feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with recent proteomic studies highlighting disrupted glial metabolism in AD. We report that inhibition of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), which metabolizes tryptophan to kynurenine (KYN), rescues hippocampal memory function in mouse preclinical models of AD by restoring astrocyte metabolism. Activation of
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Mechanisms of minor pole–mediated spindle bipolarization in human oocytes Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Tianyu Wu, Yuxi Luo, Meiling Zhang, Biaobang Chen, Xingzhu Du, Hao Gu, Siyuan Xie, Zhiqi Pan, Ran Yu, Ruiqi Hai, Xiangli Niu, Guimin Hao, Liping Jin, Juanzi Shi, Xiaoxi Sun, Yanping Kuang, Wen Li, Qing Sang, Lei Wang
Spindle bipolarization, the process of a microtubule mass transforming into a bipolar spindle, is a prerequisite for accurate chromosome segregation. In contrast to mitotic cells, the process and mechanism of spindle bipolarization in human oocytes remains unclear. Using high-resolution imaging in more than 1800 human oocytes, we revealed a typical state of multipolar intermediates that form during
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Transgender health research needed Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Alex S. Keuroghlian, Asa E. Radix
Ever since the Cass Review was released in April—an evaluation by the United Kingdom’s National Health Service that has led to a ban on pubertysuppressing medication for transgender and gender diverse (TGD) youth—there has been criticism of the assessment and its recommendations, and concern about how it could be leveraged to more broadly affect public health care. In response, physicians, researchers
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Climate policies that achieved major emission reductions: Global evidence from two decades Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Annika Stechemesser, Nicolas Koch, Ebba Mark, Elina Dilger, Patrick Klösel, Laura Menicacci, Daniel Nachtigall, Felix Pretis, Nolan Ritter, Moritz Schwarz, Helena Vossen, Anna Wenzel
Meeting the Paris Agreement’s climate targets necessitates better knowledge about which climate policies work in reducing emissions at the necessary scale. We provide a global, systematic ex post evaluation to identify policy combinations that have led to large emission reductions out of 1500 climate policies implemented between 1998 and 2022 across 41 countries from six continents. Our approach integrates
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Manufacture and testing of biomass-derivable thermosets for wind blade recycling Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Ryan W. Clarke, Erik G. Rognerud, Allen Puente-Urbina, David Barnes, Paul Murdy, Michael L. McGraw, Jimmy M. Newkirk, Ryan Beach, Jacob A. Wrubel, Levi J. Hamernik, Katherine A. Chism, Andrea L. Baer, Gregg T. Beckham, Robynne E. Murray, Nicholas A. Rorrer
Wind energy is helping to decarbonize the electrical grid, but wind blades are not recyclable, and current end-of-life management strategies are not sustainable. To address the material recyclability challenges in sustainable energy infrastructure, we introduce scalable biomass-derivable polyester covalent adaptable networks and corresponding fiber-reinforced composites for recyclable wind blade fabrication
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Recyclable surgical, consumer, and industrial adhesives of poly(α-lipoic acid) Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Subhajit Pal, Jisoo Shin, Kelsey DeFrates, Mustafa Arslan, Katelyn Dale, Hannah Chen, Dominic Ramirez, Phillip B. Messersmith
Polymer adhesives play an important role in many medical, consumer, and industrial products. Polymers of α-lipoic acid (αLA) have the potential to fulfill the need for versatile and environmentally friendly adhesives, but their performance is plagued by spontaneous depolymerization. We report a family of stabilized αLA polymer adhesives that can be tailored for a variety of medical or nonmedical uses
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Accurate computation of quantum excited states with neural networks Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 David Pfau, Simon Axelrod, Halvard Sutterud, Ingrid von Glehn, James S. Spencer
We present an algorithm to estimate the excited states of a quantum system by variational Monte Carlo, which has no free parameters and requires no orthogonalization of the states, instead transforming the problem into that of finding the ground state of an expanded system. Arbitrary observables can be calculated, including off-diagonal expectations, such as the transition dipole moment. The method
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Stock assessment models overstate sustainability of the world’s fisheries Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Graham J. Edgar, Amanda E. Bates, Nils C. Krueck, Susan C. Baker, Rick D. Stuart-Smith, Christopher J. Brown
Effective fisheries management requires accurate estimates of stock biomass and trends; yet, assumptions in stock assessment models generate high levels of uncertainty and error. For 230 fisheries worldwide, we contrasted stock biomass estimates at the time of assessment with updated hindcast estimates modeled for the same year in later assessments to evaluate systematic over- or underestimation. For
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The value of decentralized clinical trials: Inclusion, accessibility, and innovation Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Girardin Jean-Louis, Azizi A. Seixas
In this Review, we explore the transformative potential of decentralized clinical trials (DCTs) in addressing the limitations of traditional randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We highlight the merits of DCTs fostering greater inclusivity, efficiency, and adaptability. We emphasize the challenges of RCTs, including limited participant diversity and logistical barriers, geographical constraints, and
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Single-molecule structural and kinetic studies across sequence space Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Ivo Severins, Carolien Bastiaanssen, Sung Hyun Kim, Roy B. Simons, John van Noort, Chirlmin Joo
At the core of molecular biology lies the intricate interplay between sequence, structure, and function. Single-molecule techniques provide in-depth dynamic insights into structure and function, but laborious assays impede functional screening of large sequence libraries. We introduce high-throughput Single-molecule Parallel Analysis for Rapid eXploration of Sequence space (SPARXS), integrating single-molecule
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AI has a democracy problem. Citizens’ assemblies can help. Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-22 Jack Stilgoe
When it comes to making decisions about artificial intelligence (AI), Eric Schmidt is very clear. In 2023, the former Google CEO told NBC’s Meet the Press , “there’s no way a nonindustry person can understand what is possible. It’s just too new, too hard, there’s not the expertise.” But if, as Schmidt believes, AI will be the next industrial revolution, then the technology is too important to be left
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Mapping safe drinking water use in low- and middle-income countries Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Esther E. Greenwood, Thomas Lauber, Johan van den Hoogen, Ayca Donmez, Robert E. S. Bain, Richard Johnston, Thomas W. Crowther, Timothy R. Julian
Safe drinking water access is a human right, but data on safely managed drinking water services (SMDWS) is lacking for more than half of the global population. We estimate SMDWS use in 135 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at subnational levels with a geospatial modeling approach, combining existing household survey data with available global geospatial datasets. We estimate that only one in
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A hippocampal circuit mechanism to balance memory reactivation during sleep Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Lindsay A. Karaba, Heath L. Robinson, Ryan E. Harvey, Weiwei Chen, Antonio Fernandez-Ruiz, Azahara Oliva
Memory consolidation involves the synchronous reactivation of hippocampal cells active during recent experience in sleep sharp-wave ripples (SWRs). How this increase in firing rates and synchrony after learning is counterbalanced to preserve network stability is not understood. We discovered a network event generated by an intrahippocampal circuit formed by a subset of CA2 pyramidal cells to chole
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Predictive grid coding in the medial entorhinal cortex Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Ayako Ouchi, Shigeyoshi Fujisawa
The entorhinal cortex represents allocentric spatial geometry and egocentric speed and heading information required for spatial navigation. However, it remains unclear whether it contributes to the prediction of an animal’s future location. We discovered grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) that have grid fields representing future locations during goal-directed behavior. These predictive
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Anomalous normal-state gap in an electron-doped cuprate Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Ke-Jun Xu, Junfeng He, Su-Di Chen, Yu He, Sebastien N. Abadi, Costel R. Rotundu, Young S. Lee, Dong-Hui Lu, Qinda Guo, Oscar Tjernberg, Thomas P. Devereaux, Dung-Hai Lee, Makoto Hashimoto, Zhi-Xun Shen
In the underdoped n-type cuprate Nd 2- x Ce x CuO 4 , long-range antiferromagnetic order reconstructs the Fermi surface, resulting in a putative antiferromagnetic metal with small Fermi pockets. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we observe an anomalous energy gap, an order of magnitude smaller than the antiferromagnetic gap, in a wide portion of the underdoped regime and smoothly connecting
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Ruthenium isotopes show the Chicxulub impactor was a carbonaceous-type asteroid Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Mario Fischer-Gödde, Jonas Tusch, Steven Goderis, Alessandro Bragagni, Tanja Mohr-Westheide, Nils Messling, Bo-Magnus Elfers, Birger Schmitz, Wolf U. Reimold, Wolfgang D. Maier, Philippe Claeys, Christian Koeberl, François L. H. Tissot, Martin Bizzarro, Carsten Münker
An impact at Chicxulub, Mexico, occurred 66 million years ago, producing a global stratigraphic layer that marks the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene eras. That layer contains elevated concentrations of platinum-group elements, including ruthenium. We measured ruthenium isotopes in samples taken from three Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sites, five other impacts that occurred between 36
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Compensatory mutations potentiate constructive neutral evolution by gene duplication Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Philippe C. Després, Alexandre K. Dubé, Marie-Ève Picard, Jordan Grenier, Rong Shi, Christian R. Landry
The functions of proteins generally depend on their assembly into complexes. During evolution, some complexes have transitioned from homomers encoded by a single gene to heteromers encoded by duplicate genes. This transition could occur without adaptive evolution through intermolecular compensatory mutations. Here, we experimentally duplicated and evolved a homodimeric enzyme to determine whether and
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Divergent recruitment of developmentally defined neuronal ensembles supports memory dynamics Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Vilde A. Kveim, Laurenz Salm, Talia Ulmer, Maria Lahr, Steffen Kandler, Fabia Imhof, Flavio Donato
Memories are dynamic constructs whose properties change with time and experience. The biological mechanisms underpinning these dynamics remain elusive, particularly concerning how shifts in the composition of memory-encoding neuronal ensembles influence the evolution of a memory over time. By targeting developmentally distinct subpopulations of principal neurons, we discovered that memory encoding
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The Turing Test and our shifting conceptions of intelligence Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Melanie Mitchell
“Can machines think?” So asked Alan Turing in his 1950 paper , “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Turing quickly noted that, given the difficulty of defining thinking , the question is “too meaningless to deserve discussion.” As is often done in philosophical debates, he proposed replacing it with a different question. Turing imagined an “imitation game,” in which a human judge converses with
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Biospecimen research and the law Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Timothy D. Dye, Jerry A. Menikoff
In the well-known case of Henrietta Lacks, cells from her tumor were taken without consent and used more than 70 years ago to create the first immortal human cell line (“HeLa” cells). That event led to many scientific breakthroughs and to the debate about the ethics of consent and requirements for compensation. May 2024 saw two decisions by US federal courts—one related to Lacks—that could narrow the
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Decoupling the air sensitivity of Na-layered oxides Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Yang Yang, Zaifa Wang, Congcong Du, Bowen Wang, Xinyan Li, Siyuan Wu, Xiaowei Li, Xiao Zhang, Xubin Wang, Yaoshen Niu, Feixiang Ding, Xiaohui Rong, Yaxiang Lu, Nian Zhang, Juping Xu, Ruijuan Xiao, Qinghua Zhang, Xuefeng Wang, Wen Yin, Junmei Zhao, Liquan Chen, Jianyu Huang, Yong-Sheng Hu
Air sensitivity remains a substantial barrier to the commercialization of sodium (Na)–layered oxides (NLOs). This problem has puzzled the community for decades because of the complexity of interactions between air components and their impact on both bulk and surfaces of NLOs. We show here that water vapor plays a pivotal role in initiating destructive acid and oxidative degradations of NLOs only when
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Structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike refolding in membranes Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Michael W. Grunst, Zhuan Qin, Esteban Dodero-Rojas, Shilei Ding, Jérémie Prévost, Yaozong Chen, Yanping Hu, Marzena Pazgier, Shenping Wu, Xuping Xie, Andrés Finzi, José N. Onuchic, Paul C. Whitford, Walther Mothes, Wenwei Li
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein binds the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and drives virus-host membrane fusion through refolding of its S2 domain. Whereas the S1 domain contains high sequence variability, the S2 domain is conserved and is a promising pan-betacoronavirus vaccine target. We applied cryo–electron tomography to capture intermediates
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Ambient printing of native oxides for ultrathin transparent flexible circuit boards Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Minsik Kong, Man Hou Vong, Mingyu Kwak, Ighyun Lim, Younghyun Lee, Seong-hun Lee, Insang You, Omar Awartani, Jimin Kwon, Tae Joo Shin, Unyong Jeong, Michael D. Dickey
Metal oxide films are essential in most electronic devices, yet they are typically deposited at elevated temperatures by using slow, vacuum-based processes. We printed native oxide films over large areas at ambient conditions by moving a molten metal meniscus across a target substrate. The oxide gently separates from the metal through fluid instabilities that occur in the meniscus, leading to uniform
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Phantom energy in the nonlinear response of a quantum many-body scar state Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Kangning Yang, Yicheng Zhang, Kuan-Yu Li, Kuan-Yu Lin, Sarang Gopalakrishnan, Marcos Rigol, Benjamin L. Lev
Quantum many-body scars are notable as nonthermal, low-entanglement states that exist at high energies. Here, we use attractively interacting dysprosium gases to create scar states that are stable enough to be driven into a strongly nonlinear regime while retaining their character. We measure how the kinetic and total energies evolve after quenching the confining potential. Although the bare interactions
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Hebbian instruction of axonal connectivity by endogenous correlated spontaneous activity Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Naoyuki Matsumoto, Daniel Barson, Liang Liang, Michael C. Crair
Spontaneous activity refines neural connectivity prior to the onset of sensory experience, but it remains unclear how such activity instructs axonal connectivity with subcellular precision. We simultaneously measured spontaneous retinal waves and the activity of individual retinocollicular axons and tracked morphological changes in axonal arbors across hours in vivo in neonatal mice. We demonstrate
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A solid noncovalent organic double-helix framework catalyzes asymmetric [6 + 4] cycloaddition Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-15 Tianyu Zheng, Nils Nöthling, Zikuan Wang, Benjamin Mitschke, Markus Leutzsch, Benjamin List
Whereas [4 + 2] cycloadditions are among the most powerful tools in the chemist’s synthetic arsenal, controlling reactivity and selectivity of [6 + 4] cycloadditions has proven to be extremely challenging. Such transformations, especially if compatible with simple hydrocarbon-based substrates, could ultimately provide a general approach to highly valuable and otherwise difficult to access 10-membered
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Science should save all, not just some Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Madhukar Pai, Seye Abimbola
Discussions around global equity and justice in science typically emphasize the lack of diversity in the editorial boards of scientific journals, inequities in authorship, “parachute research,” dominance of the English language, or scientific awards garnered predominantly by Global North scientists. These inequities are pervasive and must be redressed. But there is a bigger problem. The legacy of colonialism
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Engineered deletions of HIV replicate conditionally to reduce disease in nonhuman primates Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Fathima N. Nagoor Pitchai, Elizabeth J. Tanner, Neha Khetan, Gustavo Vasen, Clara Levrel, Arjun J. Kumar, Shilpi Pandey, Tracy Ordonez, Philip Barnette, David Spencer, Seung-Yong Jung, Joshua Glazier, Cassandra Thompson, Alicia Harvey-Vera, Hye-In Son, Hye-In Son, Steffanie A. Strathdee, Leo Holguin, Ryan Urak, John Burnett, William Burgess, Kathleen Busman-Sahay, Jacob D. Estes, Ann Hessell, Christine
Antiviral therapies with reduced frequencies of administration and high barriers to resistance remain a major goal. For HIV, theories have proposed that viral-deletion variants, which conditionally replicate with a basic reproductive ratio [R 0 ] > 1 (termed “therapeutic interfering particles” or “TIPs”), could parasitize wild-type virus to constitute single-administration, escape-resistant antiviral
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Giant polyketide synthase enzymes in the biosynthesis of giant marine polyether toxins Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Timothy R. Fallon, Vikram V. Shende, Igor H. Wierzbicki, Amanda L. Pendleton, Nathan F. Watervoot, Robert P. Auber, David J. Gonzalez, Jennifer H. Wisecaver, Bradley S. Moore
Prymnesium parvum are harmful haptophyte algae that cause massive environmental fish kills. Their polyketide polyether toxins, the prymnesins, are among the largest nonpolymeric compounds in nature and have biosynthetic origins that have remained enigmatic for more than 40 years. In this work, we report the “PKZILLAs,” massive P. parvum polyketide synthase (PKS) genes that have evaded previous detection
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Fetal exposure to the Ukraine famine of 1932–1933 and adult type 2 diabetes mellitus Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 L. H. Lumey, Chihua Li, Mykola Khalangot, Nataliia Levchuk, Oleh Wolowyna
The short-term impact of famines on death and disease is well documented, but estimating their potential long-term impact is difficult. We used the setting of the man-made Ukrainian Holodomor famine of 1932–1933 to examine the relation between prenatal famine and adult type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This ecological study included 128,225 T2DM cases diagnosed from 2000 to 2008 among 10,186,016 male
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Wrinkled metal-organic framework thin films with tunable Turing patterns for pliable integration Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Xinyu Luo, Ming Zhang, Yubin Hu, Yan Xu, Haofei Zhou, Zijian Xu, Yinxuan Hao, Sheng Chen, Shengfu Chen, Yingwu Luo, Yiliang Lin, Junjie Zhao
Flexible integration spurs diverse applications in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). However, current configurations suffer from the trade-off between MOF loadings and mechanical compliance. We report a wrinkled configuration of MOF thin films. We established an interfacial synthesis confined and controlled by a polymer topcoat and achieved multiple Turing motifs in the wrinkled thin films. These films
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Fast fabrication of a hierarchical nanostructured multifunctional ferromagnet Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Yingxin Hua, Xiaohong Li, Jiaxu Li, Xiang Luo, Yuqing Li, Wenyue Qin, Liqiang Zhang, Jianwei Xiao, Weixing Xia, Ping Song, Ming Yue, Hai-Tian Zhang, Xiangyi Zhang
Materials with multifunctionality affect society enormously. However, the inability to surmount multiple functionality trade-offs limits the discovery of next-generation multifunctional materials. Departing from conventional alloying design philosophy, we present a hierarchical nanostructure (HNS) strategy to simultaneously break multiple performance trade-offs in a material. Using a praseodymium-cobalt
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PI4P-mediated solid-like Merlin condensates orchestrate Hippo pathway regulation Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Pengfei Guo, Bing Li, Wei Dong, Huabin Zhou, Li Wang, Ting Su, Christopher Carl, Yonggang Zheng, Yang Hong, Hua Deng, Duojia Pan
Despite recent studies implicating liquid-like biomolecular condensates in diverse cellular processes, many biomolecular condensates exist in a solid-like state, and their function and regulation are less understood. We show that the tumor suppressor Merlin, an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway, localizes to both cell junctions and medial apical cortex in Drosophila epithelia, with the latter
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Toward liquid cell quantum sensing: Ytterbium complexes with ultranarrow absorption Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Ashley J. Shin, Changling Zhao, Yi Shen, Claire E. Dickerson, Barry Li, Hootan Roshandel, Daniel Bím, Timothy L. Atallah, Paul H. Oyala, Yongjia He, Lianne K. Alson, Tyler A. Kerr, Anastassia N. Alexandrova, Paula L. Diaconescu, Wesley C. Campbell, Justin R. Caram
The energetic disorder induced by fluctuating liquid environments acts in opposition to the precise control required for coherence-based sensing. Overcoming fluctuations requires a protected quantum subspace that only weakly interacts with the local environment. We report a ytterbium complex that exhibited an ultranarrow absorption linewidth in solution at room temperature with a full width at half
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De novo gene synthesis by an antiviral reverse transcriptase Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Stephen Tang, Valentin Conte, Dennis J. Zhang, Rimantė Žedaveinytė, George D. Lampe, Tanner Wiegand, Lauren C. Tang, Megan Wang, Matt W. G. Walker, Jerrin Thomas George, Luke E. Berchowitz, Marko Jovanovic, Samuel H. Sternberg
Defense-associated reverse transcriptase (DRT) systems perform DNA synthesis to protect bacteria against viral infection, but the identities and functions of their DNA products remain largely unknown. Here we show that DRT2 systems encode an unprecedented immune pathway that involves de novo gene synthesis via rolling circle reverse transcription of a non-coding RNA (ncRNA). Programmed template jumping
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A big bang theory of big brain trauma Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Terrie M. Williams
One of the biggest neurophysiological science news headlines of the 2024 summer reported a critical link between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), suicide, and brain injury from blast events in members of the elite US fighting force, Navy SEALS. Researchers from the Department of Defense/Uniformed Services University Brain Tissue Repository (DOD/USU BTR) had discovered a border of neural damage
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Strengthening gold with dispersed nanovoids Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Jia-Ji Chen, Hui Xie, Ling-Zhi Liu, Huai Guan, Zesheng You, Lijie Zou, Hai-Jun Jin
Materials often fail prematurely or catastrophically under load while containing voids, posing a challenge to materials manufacturing. We found that a metal (gold) containing spherical voids with a fraction of up to 10% does not fracture prematurely in tension when the voids are shrunk to the submicron or nanometer scale. Instead, the dispersed nanovoids increase the strength and ductility of the material
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A long section of serpentinized depleted mantle peridotite Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 C. Johan Lissenberg, Andrew M. McCaig, Susan Q. Lang, Peter Blum, Natsue Abe, William J. Brazelton, Rémi Coltat, Jeremy R. Deans, Kristin L. Dickerson, Marguerite Godard, Barbara E. John, Frieder Klein, Rebecca Kuehn, Kuan-Yu Lin, Haiyang Liu, Ethan L. Lopes, Toshio Nozaka, Andrew J. Parsons, Vamdev Pathak, Mark K. Reagan, Jordyn A. Robare, Ivan P. Savov, Esther M. Schwarzenbach, Olivier J. Sissmann
The upper mantle is critical for our understanding of terrestrial magmatism, crust formation, and element cycling between Earth’s solid interior, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Mantle composition and evolution have been primarily inferred by surface sampling and indirect methods. We recovered a long (1268-meter) section of serpentinized abyssal mantle peridotite interleaved with thin gabbroic
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Biogeographic climate sensitivity controls Earth system response to large igneous province carbon degassing Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Julian Rogger, Emily J. Judd, Benjamin J. W. Mills, Yves Goddéris, Taras V. Gerya, Loïc Pellissier
Periods of large igneous province (LIP) magmatism have shaped Earth’s biological and climatic history, causing major climatic shifts and biological reorganizations. The vegetation response to LIP-induced perturbations may affect the efficiency of the carbon-climate regulation system and the post-LIP climate evolution. Using an eco-evolutionary vegetation model, we demonstrate here that the vegetation’s
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PERK-ATAD3A interaction provides a subcellular safe haven for protein synthesis during ER stress Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Karinder K. Brar, Daniel T. Hughes, Jordan L. Morris, Kelly Subramanian, Shivaani Krishna, Fei Gao, Lara-Sophie Rieder, Sebastian Uhrig, Joshua Freeman, Heather L. Smith, Rebekkah Jukes-Jones, Edward Avezov, Jodi Nunnari, Julien Prudent, Adrian J. Butcher, Giovanna R. Mallucci
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress induces repression of protein synthesis throughout the cell. Attempts to understand how localized stress leads to widespread repression have been limited by difficulties in resolving translation rates at the subcellular level. Here, using live-cell imaging of reporter mRNA translation, we unexpectedly found that during ER stress active translation at mitochondria was
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Regulation of the hematopoietic stem cell pool by C-Kit–associated trogocytosis Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Xin Gao, Randall S. Carpenter, Philip E. Boulais, Dachuan Zhang, Christopher R. Marlein, Huihui Li, Matthew Smith, David J. Chung, Maria Maryanovich, Britta Will, Ulrich Steidl, Paul S. Frenette
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are routinely mobilized from the bone marrow (BM) to the blood circulation for clinical transplantation. However, the precise mechanisms by which individual stem cells exit the marrow are not understood. This study identified cell-extrinsic and molecular determinants of a mobilizable pool of blood-forming stem cells. We found that a subset of HSCs displays macrophage-associated
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Growth of metal nanowire forests controlled through stress fields induced by grain gradients Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Yasuhiro Kimura, Yi Cui, Takamasa Suzuki, Yuki Tanaka, Takaaki Tanaka, Yuhki Toku, Yang Ju
Pure metal nanowires (NWs) are one-dimensional nanomaterials with distinctive properties for various applications. Nevertheless, mass-growth forests have not been developed because of vapor pressure limitations, chemical reduction problems, or both. We succeeded in the mass growth of aluminum (Al) NW forests at desired locations by controlling atomic diffusion within the solid film. Whereas prior attention
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Brain region–specific action of ketamine as a rapid antidepressant Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Min Chen, Shuangshuang Ma, Hanxiao Liu, Yiyan Dong, Jingxiang Tang, Zheyi Ni, Yi Tan, Chenchi Duan, Hui Li, Hefeng Huang, Yulong Li, Xiaohua Cao, Christopher J. Lingle, Yan Yang, Hailan Hu
Ketamine has been found to have rapid and potent antidepressant activity. However, despite the ubiquitous brain expression of its molecular target, the N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR), it was not clear whether there is a selective, primary site for ketamine’s antidepressant action. We found that ketamine injection in depressive-like mice specifically blocks NMDARs in lateral habenular (LHb)
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The β- d - manno -heptoses are immune agonists across kingdoms Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Yue Tang, Xiaoying Tian, Min Wang, Yinglu Cui, Yang She, Zhaoxiang Shi, Jiaqi Liu, Huijin Mao, Lilu Liu, Chao Li, Yuwei Zhang, Pengwei Li, Yue Ma, Jinyuan Sun, Qing Du, Jie Li, Jun Wang, De-feng Li, Bian Wu, Feng Shao, Yihua Chen
Bacterial small molecule metabolites such as adenosine-diphosphate- d - glycero -β- d - manno -heptose (ADP-heptose) and their derivatives act as effective innate immune agonists in mammals. We show that functional nucleotide-diphosphate-heptose biosynthetic enzymes (HBEs) are distributed widely in bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes, and viruses. We identified a conserved STT R5 motif as a hallmark of heptose
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Ultrafast studies of elusive chemical reactions in the gas phase Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-08 Marcos Dantus
The chemical composition of the interstellar medium and planetary atmospheres is constantly in flux as atoms and molecules collide and interact with high-energy particles such as electrons, protons, and photons. These transformative processes ultimately lead to the coalescence of molecules and eventually the birth of stars. Our understanding of these chemical ecosystems relies on models that synthesize
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Additive manufacturing of highly entangled polymer networks Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Abhishek P. Dhand, Matthew D. Davidson, Hannah M. Zlotnick, Thomas J. Kolibaba, Jason P. Killgore, Jason A. Burdick
Incorporation of polymer chain entanglements within a single network can synergistically improve stiffness and toughness, yet attaining such dense entanglements through vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing [e.g., digital light processing (DLP)] remains elusive. We report a facile strategy that combines light and dark polymerization to allow constituent polymer chains to densely entangle as
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Structural insights into the human NuA4/TIP60 acetyltransferase and chromatin remodeling complex Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Zhenlin Yang, Amel Mameri, Claudia Cattoglio, Catherine Lachance, Alfredo Jose Florez Ariza, Jie Luo, Jonathan Humbert, Deepthi Sudarshan, Arul Banerjea, Maxime Galloy, Amélie Fradet-Turcotte, Jean-Philippe Lambert, Jeff A. Ranish, Jacques Côté, Eva Nogales
The human nucleosome acetyltransferase of histone H4 (NuA4)/Tat-interactive protein, 60 kilodalton (TIP60) coactivator complex, a fusion of the yeast switch/sucrose nonfermentable related 1 (SWR1) and NuA4 complexes, both incorporates the histone variant H2A.Z into nucleosomes and acetylates histones H4, H2A, and H2A.Z to regulate gene expression and maintain genome stability. Our cryo–electron microscopy
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CARE-ing for Indigenous nonhuman genomic data — rethinking our approach Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Tahu Kukutai, Amanda Black
Earlier this year, an international group of scientists published a paper in Science Advances on the draft genome of the little bush moa ( Anomalopteryx didiformis ), one of about nine species of extinct flightless birds endemic to Aotearoa (New Zealand). The genome was sequenced from the ancient DNA of a “ poorly provenanced ” fossil bone acquired by the Royal Ontario Museum. It held important clues
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Mechanism of PCNA loading by Ctf18-RFC for leading-strand DNA synthesis Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Zuanning Yuan, Roxana Georgescu, Nina Y. Yao, Olga Yurieva, Michael E. O’Donnell, Huilin Li
The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) clamp encircles DNA to hold DNA polymerases (Pols) to DNA for processivity. The Ctf18-RFC PCNA loader, a replication factor C (RFC) variant, is specific to the leading-strand Pol (Polε). We reveal here the underlying mechanism of Ctf18-RFC specificity to Polε using cryo–electron microscopy and biochemical studies. We found that both Ctf18-RFC and Polε contain
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PhAI: A deep-learning approach to solve the crystallographic phase problem Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Anders S. Larsen, Toms Rekis, Anders Ø. Madsen
X-ray crystallography provides a distinctive view on the three-dimensional structure of crystals. To reconstruct the electron density map, the complex structure factors F = F exp i ϕ of a sufficiently large number of diffracted reflections must be known. In a conventional experiment, only the amplitudes F are obtained, and the phases ϕ are lost. This is the crystallographic phase problem. In this work
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A Cambrian spiny stem mollusk and the deep homology of lophotrochozoan scleritomes Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Guangxu Zhang, Luke A. Parry, Jakob Vinther, Xiaoya Ma
Mollusks encompass enormous disparity, including familiar clams and snails alongside less familiar aculiferans (chitons and vermiform aplacophorans) with complex multicomponent skeletons. Paleozoic fossils trace crown mollusks to forms exhibiting a combination of biomineralized shells and sclerites (e.g., scales, spines, and spicules). We describe a shell-less, Cambrian stem mollusk, Shishania aculeata
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Mid-Pleistocene climate transition triggered by Antarctic Ice Sheet growth Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Zhisheng An, Weijian Zhou, Zeke Zhang, Xu Zhang, Zhonghui Liu, Youbin Sun, Steven C. Clemens, Lixin Wu, Jiaju Zhao, Zhengguo Shi, Xiaolin Ma, Hong Yan, Gaojun Li, Yanjun Cai, Jimin Yu, Yuchen Sun, Siqi Li, Yu’ao Zhang, Christian Stepanek, Gerrit Lohmann, Guocheng Dong, Hai Cheng, Yu Liu, Zhangdong Jin, Tao Li, Yifei Hao, Jing Lei, Wenju Cai
Despite extensive investigation, the nature and causes of the Mid-Pleistocene Transition remain enigmatic. In this work, we assess its linkage to asynchronous development of bipolar ice sheets by synthesizing Pleistocene mid- to high-latitude proxy records linked to hemispheric ice sheet evolution. Our results indicate substantial growth of the Antarctic Ice Sheets (AISs) at 2.0 to 1.25 million years
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Quantum state tracking and control of a single molecular ion in a thermal environment Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Yu Liu, Julian Schmidt, Zhimin Liu, David R. Leibrandt, Dietrich Leibfried, Chin-wen Chou
Understanding molecular state evolution is central to many disciplines, including molecular dynamics, precision measurement, and molecule-based quantum technology. Details of this evolution are obscured when observing a statistical ensemble of molecules. Here, we report real-time observations of thermal radiation–driven transitions between individual states (“jumps”) of a single molecule. We reversed
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Cell and gene therapy accessibility Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Rayne H. Rouce, Matthew H. Porteus
Patients with devastating illnesses demonstrate incredible courage in battling their disease. Innovative cell and gene therapies (CGTs), built on decades of research, are changing the lives of those who suffer from conditions ranging from cancer to sickle cell disease to neurologic diseases. Although hailed for their promise and recognized for benefits that will exceed the costs, the high prices of
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Event-responsive scanning transmission electron microscopy Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Jonathan J. P. Peters, Bryan W. Reed, Yu Jimbo, Kanako Noguchi, Karin H. Müller, Alexandra Porter, Daniel J. Masiel, Lewys Jones
An ever-present limitation of transmission electron microscopy is the damage caused by high-energy electrons interacting with any sample. By reconsidering the fundamentals of imaging, we demonstrate an event-responsive approach to electron microscopy that delivers more information about the sample for a given beam current. Measuring the time to achieve an electron count threshold rather than waiting
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Modeling late-onset Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology via direct neuronal reprogramming Science (IF 44.7) Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Zhao Sun, Ji-Sun Kwon, Yudong Ren, Shawei Chen, Courtney K. Walker, Xinguo Lu, Kitra Cates, Hande Karahan, Sanja Sviben, James A. J. Fitzpatrick, Clarissa Valdez, Henry Houlden, Celeste M. Karch, Randall J. Bateman, Chihiro Sato, Steven J. Mennerick, Marc I. Diamond, Jungsu Kim, Rudolph E. Tanzi, David M. Holtzman, Andrew S. Yoo
Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) is the most common form of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, modeling sporadic LOAD that endogenously captures hallmark neuronal pathologies such as amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, tau tangles, and neuronal loss remains an unmet need. We demonstrate that neurons generated by microRNA (miRNA)–based direct reprogramming of fibroblasts from individuals affected by autosomal