We study the novel Markov-switching (MS) Beta-t-EGARCH (exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity) model, using within-regime volatility dynamics, similar to the recent observable-switching (OS) Beta-t-EGARCH model. We report in-sample results on the Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) and a random sample of 50 firms from the S&P 500 from March 1986 to July 2024. We compare

Horikawa and Nakagawa (2024) claim that in a complete market admitting statistical arbitrage, the difference between the deep hedging and the replicating portfolio hedging positions is a statistical arbitrage. Deep hedging can thus include an undesirable speculative component. We test whether this remains true in a GARCH-based incomplete market dynamics. We observe that the difference between deep

Using contract‐level data for the Canadian mortgage market, this paper provides evidence of an “invest‐and‐harvest” pricing pattern. We build a dynamic model of price negotiation with search and switching frictions to capture key market features. We estimate the model and use it to investigate the effects of market frictions and the resulting dynamic competition on borrowers' and banks' payoffs. We

Technology acquirers face significant information asymmetry when identifying appropriate acquisition targets. We exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the costs of gathering technological information as the result of patent library openings. We find that, after local patent libraries open, firms become more active in technological acquisitions, acquirers prefer targets that are geographically or

Rising interest rates can create “mortgage rate lock” for homeowners with fixed rate mortgages, who can hold onto their low rates as long as they stay in their homes but would have to take on new mortgages with higher rates if they moved. We show mobility rates fell in 2022 and 2023 for homeowners with mortgages, as market rates rose. We observe both absolute declines and declines relative to homeowners

In this paper, we employ the CARMA(p,q)-Hawkes model to investigate the intraday jumps observed in the corporate bond prices. We introduce a bivariate extension of the model, which deals with the cross-effect of upward and downward price movements. An empirical analysis is conducted on green and brown bonds with analogous characteristics. The findings indicate that higher-order univariate/bivariate

This paper explores the complex relationships between financial inclusion, fintech adoption, the Human Development Index (HDI), and green finance in promoting environmental sustainability within E-7 economies. Using structural equation model, our analysis reveals a significant direct impact of HDI on environmental sustainability, with green innovation serving as a crucial mediator. These findings highlight

This paper investigates how nepotism culture affects SMEs’ innovation behavior. Using a large international datasets of small and medium enterprises, we establish the negative effect of nepotism culture on SMEs’ innovation, and observe the heterogeneous impact based on the presence of informal payments, financial constraints, and female ownership. Our results suggest that nepotism culture hinders highly

We study the corporate-loan pricing decisions of a major, systemic bank during the Greek financial crisis. A unique aspect of our data set is that we observe both the actual interest rate and the “break-even rate” (BE rate) of each loan, as computed by the bank’s own loan-pricing department (in effect, the loan’s marginal cost). We document that low-BE-rate (safer) borrowers are charged significant

We examine if the effectiveness of business tax subsidies varies based on state disclosure laws. The prior accounting literature on government disclosure documents substantial variation in the quality of such disclosures, raising questions about their effectiveness for monitoring. State and local business subsidies for investment and employment have tripled in size over the past 30 years, but transparency

Tracking the build-up of financial vulnerabilities is a key component of financial stability policy. Due to the complexity of the financial system, this task is daunting, and there have been several proposals on how to manage this goal. One popular way is through the creation of indices that act as a signal for the policy maker. While factor modelling in finance and economics has a rich history, most

This study analyzes the impact of an event on November 11, 2022, when a fake “certified” Twitter account falsely claimed that Eli Lilly's insulin would be provided for free. We examine spillover effects on competitors within the insulin market oligopoly. Our findings reveal that while competitors experienced short-term impacts, these were weaker and of shorter duration compared to Eli Lilly. Spillovers

The impact of a company's environmental, social, and governance performance (ESGP) on firm value is a widely discussed question; however, findings are not conclusive. Using panel analysis on 5,540 listed companies from 43 countries between 2018 and 2022, we explore the impact of composite ESGP and its pillars on firm value. We investigate how country level of economic and sustainability development

Our study examines the impact of corporate site visits on the speed of leverage adjustment. We demonstrate that the visits significantly accelerate leverage adjustment, especially in firms with high analyst forecast dispersion and severe financial constraints. Additionally, corporate site visits act as a catalyst, aiding firms in moving toward their target leverage by reducing information asymmetry

This paper investigates the spillover effects among global climate policy uncertainty (GCPU), global biodiversity attention (GBA) and the stock markets of the G7 and BRICS nations. In the static network, GBA's spillover effects towards stock markets are mild, with the US market experiencing the highest net spillover, while GCPU shows a large and widespread effect on various stock markets. In the dynamic

In this paper, we study the valuation of options with hybrid default risk when the underlying assets are driven by a two-factor stochastic volatility model. The hybrid default model is developed by integrating the reduced-form and structural models, and the correlation between the underlying asset and default risk is considered. In the proposed framework, we adopt the probabilistic approach based on

We investigate the predictive power of loan spreads for forecasting business cycles, specifically focusing on more constrained, intermediary-reliant firms. We introduce a novel loan-market-based credit spread constructed using secondary corporate loan-market prices over the 1999 to 2023 period. Loan spreads significantly enhance the prediction of macroeconomic outcomes, outperforming other credit-spread

The second special issue on big data in finance showcases advancements in research related to data of large size, high dimension, and complex structure since the first NBER/RFS big data conference. The papers published in this next chapter address some questions that were proposed in the initial special issue in 2021. Other papers are more directly connected to recent developments in the market. We

Our purpose is to check the dynamic asymmetric volatility connectedness among the Green Finance Index and six large US technology stocks. The QVAR connectedness framework, the quantile Granger causality test, the TVP-VAR frequency connectedness framework, and the quantile-on-quantile regression (QQR) function were employed to measure the cross-frequency and quantile risk dependencies among these indices

It is rather a norm for researchers to directly use the log difference of an asset price to compute returns. Just like using lnX+1 to avoid taking the natural logarithm of zero(s). However, this log returns is but a conditional approximation of the actual returns. Nonetheless, can log difference approximations and the lnX+1 common practices produce BLUE estimates? Using the log return as an example

This paper introduces the perspective of red culture to examine its governance effect on corporate excess leverage. We robustly find that red culture significantly curbs corporate excess leverage. The primary mechanisms are the enhancement of corporate social responsibility and the strengthening of organizational discipline. Furthermore, the effect is more pronounced in state-owned enterprises and

Study explores CEO duality's impact on ESG-EM relationship in six emerging markets. Findings reveal that ESG disclosures constraints accrual earnings management; however, high ESG scores lead to higher real earnings management, indicating possible greenwashing behavior. For three pillars of ESG, we find that firms with environmental disclosures constrain EM, while social disclosures tend to enhance

In recent years, the investment fund industry has had a strong boost around the world, both in assets under management and in the number of funds and participants. This growth in supply and demand could be described as spectacular despite several crises in the financial markets during the last two decades. In this study, we examine and compare a sample of mutual funds across 35 countries for the 1990–2023

This study is based on data from Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2022, exploring the relationship between rookie CEOs and enterprise earnings management and its mechanism of action. The results show that the rookie CEOs have a significantly positive impact on enterprise earnings management. The quality of internal controls plays a negative moderating role in the relationship

This study uses a stochastic dominance approach to investigate portfolio performance based on Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) criteria. Specifically, we conduct a series of stochastic dominance tests to determine whether high-ESG portfolios outperform low-ESG and market portfolios. The results reveal that, in the short term, no significant dominance relationships exist between high- and

Litigation risk not only raises a company's operational costs but also can result in potential losses. This paper investigates the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance on litigation risk, using non-financial and non-insurance companies listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets as the research sample. The study's findings indicate that higher CSR performance effectively

We show that widely used macroprudential regulations that rely on historical cost accounting (HCA) to insulate banks’ balance sheets from financial market volatility significantly affect the transmission of monetary policy onto bank lending. Using detailed supervisory data from Italian banks, we find that HCA mutes the transmission of quantitative easing and other monetary policies that affect the

We propose a knowledge operator based on the agent’s possibility correspondence which preserves her non-trivial unawareness within the standard state-space model. Our approach may provide a solution to the classical impossibility result that ‘an unaware agent must be aware of everything’.

This study investigates the efficiency of cryptocurrency markets by examining the presence and exploitability of arbitrage opportunities. Using high-frequency data from the Binance Exchange, we implement a triangular arbitrage strategy, considering Bitcoin, Litecoin, and the U.S. Dollar. We find 4,879 possible arbitrage opportunities. Although these findings suggest potential inefficiencies, transaction

We present a rational expectation equilibrium model to explore how ESG rating disagreement impacts stock returns. Our findings reveal that high disagreement in ESG rating is associated with high return volatility risk, which potentially leads to increased stock returns. Our empirical results confirm a positive impact of ESG disagreement on stock returns, reinforcing our theoretical findings. The mechanism

This study examines whether the equity lending supply strengthens or weakens corporate risk-taking behaviors. The evidence shows that ex-ante short selling can unintentionally function as an external governance mechanism to discipline self-interested, risk-averse managers. This showed an increase in long-term risk-taking among U.S. firms from 2006 to 2017. The robustness of our findings is confirmed

Growing risks and potential disruptions in global supply chains underscore the urgent need to enhance supply resilience. This research focuses on relationship-specific investments by suppliers that target resilience enhancement through performance improvements, cost efficiency, and the establishment of trust. Using a real options framework, we construct a coopetition model between suppliers and manufacturers

Using the Ethereum Merge upgrade — a transition from Proof-of-Work (PoW) to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) — as a natural experiment, this study identifies a cooperation channel driven by informed PoS validators, in contrast to the energy-intensive competition among PoW miners. We document that PoS achieves more efficient consensus through shorter block times and higher transaction throughput, and find increased

This article mainly explores the moderating effect of financial freedom on the effectiveness of government intervention in financial stability. To find more effective and accurate intervention measures, this article compares government intervention from two aspects: fiscal policy, represented by government spending and monetary policy, represented by monetary freedom. Financial stability is no longer

Our study empirically explores how public interest in biodiversity influences the financial performance of novel investment solutions that specifically promote biodiversity. We consider three distinct metrics capturing public attention to biodiversity: the daily Google Search Volume index for “biodiversity”, the daily media coverage of biodiversity, and the daily visits to the “biodiversity” page on

Employing a sample of 16,718 firms across 38 countries from 2000 to 2022, we find that ex ante attitudes in society toward dishonest behavior, instead of fraudulent acts, are adequate to provoke firm-level stock price crash risk. Specifically, we document that fraud tolerance in society is positively related to crash risk. The result implies that fraud tolerance promotes managerial opportunistic behavior

The ideal model specification for asset price volatility forecasting is still an open question. From a variable transformation perspective, existing studies arbitrarily choose between the raw volatility measure, its square root form, or its natural logarithmic form. In this paper, both the in- and out-of-sample forecasting results support the effectiveness of variable transformation compared to the

This article develops a dual-oligopoly differential game model to analyze how technological impacts influence product market competition. This model undertakes a systematic examination of the strategic balancing act enterprises engage in when confronted with technological innovation opportunities, weighing market returns against information disclosure costs in the context of IPO decision-making. The

This paper explores the relationship between financial derivatives and wealth inequality. While previous studies have acknowledged a connection between finance and inequality, the precise nature of this relationship remains uncertain. Our study aims to contribute to this discourse by isolating the impact of financial derivatives on wealth distribution, controlling for other financial factors. Using

This study explores the impact of the New Budget Law, representing local government debt governance, on corporate credit discrepancies. Findings indicate that the New Budget Law can reduce corporate credit mismatch allocation based on the data from 2011 to 2023. Furthermore, the positive effects are achieved by reducing financing costs, increasing the availability of corporate finance, and reducing

This study investigates the correlation between the trans-regional investment of high-tech firms and digital transformation. We employ a two-fixed model based on listed firms from 2011 to 2022 to investigate the effects and fundamental mechanisms. Findings suggest that digital transformation can encourage high-tech firms to invest in trans-regional markets. This investment is accomplished by reducing

This study addresses the bilateral matching of data assets with expected levels in digital innovation ecosystems, incorporating regret-avoidance behavior. First, given the potential hesitation between two parties throughout the matching process, expressing preference information using probability hesitant fuzzy sets is reasonable. Second, the Lance scoring function best captures the gap in expectation

This study found that the more data assets held by a company, the higher its level of green innovation. This result was still significant after the instrumental variable method, exogenous policy shock mitigation endogeneity and a series of robustness tests. Data assets promote green innovation by alleviating the constraints on corporate financing and increasing the efficiency of green research and

Labor litigation involves disputes between a firm and its employees over the latter's rights and obligations, and it may increase the uncertainty of firms' business operations and thus affect their financial decisions. Using textual analysis of judicial documents on labor and personnel disputes obtained from a specialized dataset, we find that labor litigation prompts firms to increase their cash holdings

This paper aims to examine the stochastic behavior of green bond premiums that can characterize the benefits of green bonds. We propose a novel affine model of green bond pricing with mean-reverting interest rates and green bond premiums and a new model parameter estimation method using conventional and green bond prices to capture the stochastic behavior. Then, the model parameter estimation results

We investigate the dual influence of fintech and financial inclusion on diverse sustainable development goals, including SDG 2, 3, 4, 8 and 9, based on panel data of 86 countries. A quantile regression analysis shows that fintech has a favorable influence on education at higher quantiles. Additionally, Fintech and financial inclusion positively enhance GDP (SDG 8) and internet (SDG 9) upto 50th quantiles

Drawing on data from agribusinesses spanning 2000 to 2022, we uncover the non-linear effects of digital inclusive finance breadth and depth on their digital transformation. First, a U-shaped relationship exists between the breadth and depth of digital inclusive finance and the digital transformation of agribusinesses. Second, cash flow moderates the U-shaped relationship between the breadth of digital

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) ratings are fundamental tools; however, their underlying methodologies often involve complex aggregation processes. Although research on ESG has been expanding, the influence of specific indicators and categories on overall ESG scores remains insufficiently explored. This paper examines the contributions of social and environmental outcome and impact indicators

The change in the cost of capital that results from a divestiture strategy can be closely approximated by a simple function of three parameters: (1) the fraction of socially conscious capital, (2) the fraction of targeted firms in the economy and (3) the return correlation between the targeted firms and the rest of the stock market. When calibrated to current data, we demonstrate that the impact on

This study adopts advanced causal machine learning (ML) techniques to investigate the impact of country-level corruption on the market valuation of firms’ environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance. By employing double-debiased machine learning (DML) and linear regression analysis, we find that ESG performance positively influences firm value. This positive relationship is more pronounced

This study explores the relationship between macroprudential policies, inflation, and bank risk in emerging economies. Several significant findings emerge based on panel data from approximately 1400 commercial banks across 32 emerging economies over the period 2000–2018. Firstly, a positive correlation is observed between inflation rates and bank risk, suggesting that inflation increases financial

As global economic integration deepens, the internationalization of enterprises has emerged as a crucial strategy for market expansion and enhanced competitiveness. In this landscape, trade digitization is an emerging trend that is progressively reshaping international trade, with significant implications for the speed of enterprise internationalization. This paper explores the intrinsic relationship

We examine the interlinkages between cryptocurrency prices, the energy consumption of crypto mining, and the resulting CO2 emissions, considering the conditioning impact of geopolitical risk (GPR). Employing multivariate quantile-on-quantile regression (MQQR), we find that cryptocurrency price fluctuations significantly impact both cryptocurrency mining and its attendant environmental impact, particularly

This study exploits new quantitative data to investigate the reduction effect of the city’s low-carbon policy intensity on corporate carbon emissions, revealing the pivotal role of formal carbon regulations. Potential mechanisms are explored from corporate sustainable transformation strategies, and some heterogeneity is presented.

This paper firstly investigates the impact of digitalisation on bank efficiency and then analyses potential non-linearities in this relationship, as well as the possible moderating role played by bank business models, covering a sample of European banks over the period 2006–2021. Our results suggest that IT investments improve bank efficiency - more on the profit side than on the cost side – but that

This paper delves into the correlation between multiple credit ratings and the financing costs associated with asset securitisation, utilising data spanning from 2012 to 2022 pertaining to credit, corporate asset-backed securities, and asset-backed notes. The research reveals that incorporating multiple credit ratings, as opposed to relying solely on a single rating, favourably impacts the accessibility

In this paper, we empirically explore the impact of financial constraints on firms’ efficiency. To this end, we estimate a stochastic production frontier model, addressing input endogeneity and incorporating “environmental” variables that may impact efficiency. Using four distinct financial constraint indexes, we show that firms facing such constraints may be more efficient. This can be attributed

We test a trading strategy based on SEC Form 4 insider trading filings in the post Sarbanes–Oxley Act period. Using intraday data, we analyze whether a prompt reaction to the announcement would earn abnormal returns. We find positive but lower abnormal percentage returns than in previous studies for short holding periods, but they vanish and even become negative when limiting the tradable dollar amount