Groundwater level variations represent signals of superimposed physical processes, with memory. Groundwater level records are used to understand how aquifer systems respond to natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Here we analyze groundwater levels across the South Coast of British Columbia (BC) in the Pacific Northwest with the objective of determining groundwater responses to atmospheric rivers

Artificial intelligence (AI) methods have created insurmountable performance in prediction tasks for geoscientific problems yet are unable to derive process insights and answer specific scientific questions. The geoscience community faces a dilemma of reconciling process comprehension with high predictive accuracy. Here we introduce a deep process learning (DPL) approach empowering neural networks

Properly understanding the evolution mechanisms of groundwater storage anomaly (GWSA) is the basis of making effective groundwater management strategies. However, current analysis methods cannot objectively capture the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of GWSA, which might lead to erroneous inferences of the evolution mechanisms. Here, we developed a new framework to address the challenge of

Groundwater is a crucial resource to support surface water bodies via groundwater discharge. In this study, we applied two methods of estimating global environmentally critical groundwater discharge, defined as the flux of groundwater to streamflow necessary to maintain a healthy environment, from 1960 to 2010: the Presumptive Standard stipulates that a standard proportion of groundwater discharge

Using a constant channel velocity, U $U$ , flume experiments investigated how canopy density ( a h $ah$ , with canopy frontal area per unit volume a $a$ , and canopy height h $h$ ) and submergence ratio ( H / h $H/h$ , with H $H$ the flow depth) impacted near-bed velocity, turbulence, and bedload transport within a submerged canopy of rigid model vegetation. For H / h $H/h$  < 2, the near-bed turbulent

Leaky barriers are in-stream natural flood management solutions designed for peak flow attenuation, whose effectiveness is dependent on their design. Flow around leaky barriers (LB) composed of three cylindrical logs were investigated using large-eddy simulation. The main LB configuration considered vertically aligned logs, with other layouts inclined at 15 ° ${}^{\circ}$ , 30 ° ${}^{\circ}$ , and

The accurate prediction of groundwater contamination is challenging due to uncertainties arising from the inherent heterogeneity of aquifers, inadequate site characterization, and limitations in conceptual mathematical models. These factors can result in an underestimation of contaminant concentrations. For effective contaminant prevention and control, it is important to estimate the probability of

The Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) of northern Ontario, a globally significant carbon store, are characterized by expansive peatland complexes of patterned bogs and fens, which play a vital role in regional water regulation. These peatlands are threatened by disturbance from large-scale resource extraction and projected climate change, both of which have the potential to compromise their ecohydrological

Dispersion in fractured media impacts many environmental and geomechanical practices. It is mainly controlled by the structure of fracture networks and the Péclet number (P⁢e)$(Pe)$, but predicting it remains challenging. In this study, numerous three-dimensional stochastic discrete fracture networks (DFNs) were generated, where the density, size, and orientation vary significantly. The aperture and

The Loess Plateau in China has experienced a remarkable greening trend due to vegetation restoration efforts in recent decades. However, the response of precipitation to this greening remains uncertain. In this study, we identified and evaluated the main moisture source regions for precipitation over the Loess Plateau from 1982 to 2019 using a moisture tracking model, the modified WAM-2layers model

Global warming has changed both the amount of global precipitation and the atmospheric capacity to retain water. In this paper, a novel definition of the long-term Capturability of Atmospheric Water (CAW) based on horizontal atmospheric water transport is proposed, describing the ability of a certain area to intercept and convert the atmospheric water transported by horizontal moisture flux into local

The Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) product incorporates radar, quantitative precipitation forecasts, and gage data at a high spatiotemporal resolution for the United States and southern Canada. MRMS is subject to various sources of measurement error, especially in complex terrain. The goal of this study is to provide a framework for understanding the uncertainty of MRMS in mountainous areas with limited

Land surface models (LSMs) play a crucial role in elucidating water and carbon cycles by simulating processes such as plant transpiration and evaporation from bare soil, yet calibration often relies on comparing LSM outputs of landscape total evapotranspiration (ET) and discharge with measured bulk fluxes. Discrepancies in partitioning into component fluxes predicted by various LSMs have been noted

Including specific interfacial area and saturation of the percolating phase into two-phase porous media flow models, on the Darcy scale, enhances our ability to capture the physical properties of porous media flow more effectively. Using optical microscopy and microfluidic devices, we perform sequential drainage and imbibition experiments. The relevant processes, images, and boundary pressures are

Evapotranspiration (ET), a crucial component of water consumption in the hydrological process, is directly controlled by soil moisture (SM) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) from the perspectives of water supply and demand. However, SM and VPD are strongly coupled through multiple physical processes, confounding their effects on ET. Here, we decouple the interaction between SM and VPD and then analyze

Safe and efficient storage of CO2 in saline aquifers requires mobility control to prevent CO2 from accumulation and rapid spreading at the formation top below the caprock. In the past, we have demonstrated the effectiveness of two engineered olefinic-based oligomers for viscosification of sc-CO2 and the significant improvements in residual trapping of sc-CO2 in brine-saturated homogeneous sandstone

The Gnangara groundwater system is a highly productive water resource in southwestern Australia. However, it is considered one of the most vulnerable groundwater systems to climate change, due to consistent declines in precipitation and recharge, and regional climate models project further declines into the future. This study introduces a new framework underpinned by machine learning techniques to

A petrophysical model that accurately relates bulk electrical conductivity (σ) to pore fluid conductivity (σw) is critical to the interpretation of geophysical measurements. Classical models are either only applicable over a limited salinity regime or incorrectly explain the nonlinear-to-linear behavior of the σ(σw) relationship. In this study, asymptotic limits at zero and infinite salinity are first

In-situ dissolved organic matter (DOM) monitoring frequencies have often been chosen for convenience or based on perceived wisdom, without fully assessing their impact on representation of DOM dynamics. To address this gap, we collected 5-min fluorescence data in an urban headwater and resampled it at coarser intervals to investigate the impact of monitoring frequencies on the detectability of DOM

The capillary pressure curve is essential for predicting multiphase flow processes in geological systems. At low saturations, wetting films form and become important, but how wetting films control this curve remains inadequately understood. In this study, we combine microfluidic experiments with pore-network modeling to investigate the impact of corner-bridge flow on the capillary pressure curve in

Hydrological parameters are used to tailor simulation models to the specific characteristics of a catchment so that models can accurately represent processes under different catchment conditions. In the case of the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM), its parameters are estimated via transfer functions using the Multiscale Parameter Regionalization (MPR) approach. In this study, the spatial and temporal

Accurate and fast measurements of thermal properties are frequently required for characterizing the heat-water dynamics in frozen soil. Measuring the thermal properties of frozen soil without inducing ice thaw has proven challenging with conventional heat pulse (HP) methods. In this study, based on an Infinite Line Source (ILS) semi-analytical model that applies a constant temperature lower than the

Soil detachment plays a central role in the formulation of soil erosion models, particularly for the simulation and prediction of erosion in cold climates during the thaw period. This research attempts to elucidate the mechanisms of soil detachment on spring thaw period slopes through comprehensive flume experiments, coupled with the application of rare earth element (REE) tracer, investigating the

Snow plays a crucial role in the water balance of mountainous regions by affecting the timing and magnitude of runoff and, thus, water availability and flood hazards. However, estimating snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous regions is challenging due to its substantial spatial variability, the lack of accurate distributed measurements, and the uncertainties of snow models. Model uncertainties

The analysis of hydrological and sediment dynamics during flood events offers a new perspective on material transport within basins and the management of rivers. The literature has highlighted the hysteretic nature of material transport at the event scale, which arises from temporal differences in the transport of materials (flow and sediment). Current hysteresis research methods fall short in effectively

Elements are the indelible imprint left by the Earth on rivers and life entities. Here, we unveil the evident inheritance of persistent elements, from the Earth's upper continental crust, through the Yellow River, to the associated life entities along a 5,200 km continuum of the Mother River of the Chinese nation. In particular, we confirm the coherence of “metal community” composed of more than 60

Traditional analytical models in groundwater studies often simplify the complexities arising from spatial variations in aquifer geometry and anisotropy, limiting their ability to capture the full theoretical nuances of groundwater flow. In this study, we present a novel methodology that integrates geodesic distances within the intrinsic geometry of confined, constant-thickness aquifers, while also

Natural porous media are generally heterogeneous and anisotropic. The structure of porous media plays a vital role and is often the source of their heterogeneity and anisotropy. In physical processes such as fluid flow in porous media, a small number of dominant features, here referred to as wide channels, are responsible for the majority of the flow. The thickness and orientation of these channels

No abstract is available for this article.

The interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, and beach in the swash zone are dynamic, influencing water flux and solute exchange across the land-sea interface. This study employs groundwater simulations to examine the combined effects of waves and evaporation on subsurface flow and salinity dynamics in a shallow beach environment. Our simulations reveal that wave motion generates a saline plume

Representing and preserving complex (non-Gaussian) spatial patterns in aquifer flow properties during model calibration are challenging. Conventional parameterization methods that rely on linear/Gaussian assumptions are not suitable for representation of property maps with more complex spatial patterns. Deep learning techniques, such as Variational Autoencoders (VAE) and Generative Adversarial Networks

The transition from the Andes to the Amazon lowland hosts a high biodiversity and currently is facing several anthropogenic activities, including hydropower infrastructure projects. Little is known about the geomorphology of the Andean gorges, rivers and the interaction with the fish diversity upstream and downstream of gorges. The Marañón River is a major river that connects the Andes to the Amazon

Flood risk analyses often focus on a single flooding source, typically storm surge or rainfall-driven flooding, depending on the predominant threat. However, hurricanes frequently cause compound flooding through significant storm surges accompanied by heavy rainfall. This study employs a hydrodynamic model based on Delft3D-Flexible Mesh that couples flow, waves, and rainfall-driven flow to simulate

In many regions globally, snowmelt-recharged mountainous karst aquifers serve as crucial sources for municipal and agricultural water supplies. In these watersheds, complex interplay of meteorological, topographical, and hydrogeological factors leads to intricate recharge-discharge pathways. This study introduces a spatially distributed deep learning precipitation-runoff model that combines Convolutional

This discussion is a reply to the comments made by Dr. Jasper Vrugt on the Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) algorithm with multiple independent Markov chains proposed by Huang and Merwade (2023a), https://doi.org/10.1029/2023wr034947 concerning the validity of the methodology in estimating Bayesian model averaging (BMA) parameters (weights and variances) of the framework proposed by Raftery et al. (2005)

Forest status is crucial for catchment hydrology and water quality but is increasingly disturbed by human activities and climatic factors. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to develop water quality models that can adapt to these changes. This study used a new dynamic Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) model to assess the effect of rapid and continuous forest changes on catchment

Data uncertainty affects the accuracy of pollution source detection (PSD), particularly in the background of low-cost water quality sensing and low-accuracy data challenge. This study aims to develop a novel PSD method to use low-accuracy sensor data, namely, the method of coupled forward data Assimilation and inverse Optimization in PSD (A&O-PSD). This approach primarily employs filtering strategies

An analytical model is developed for mean annual groundwater evapotranspiration (GWET) at the watershed scale based on a three-stage precipitation partitioning framework. The ratio of mean annual GWET to precipitation, defined as GWET ratio, is modeled as a function of climate aridity index (CAI), storage capacity index, the shape parameter ‘a’ for the spatial distribution of storage capacity, and

Upscaling of 1D two-phase flows in heterogeneous porous media is important in interpretation of laboratory coreflood data, streamline quasi 3D modeling, and numerical reservoir simulation. In 1D heterogeneous media with properties varying along the flow direction, phase permeabilities are coordinate-dependent. This yields the Buckley-Leverett equation with coordinate-dependent fractional flow f = f(s

The threat that climate change poses to water resource systems has led to a substantial and growing number of impact studies. These studies follow two approaches: (a) top-down studies are driven by projections of future climate change provided by downscaled general circulation models (GCMs); and (b) bottom-up studies are driven by the systematic evaluation of exploratory scenarios. Top-down approaches

Global warming is shifting the thermal dynamics of lakes, with resulting climatic variability heavily affecting their mixing dynamics. We present a dual ensemble workflow coupling climate models with lake models. We used a large set of simulations across multiple domains, multi-scenario, and multi GCM- RCM combinations from CORDEX data. We forced a set of multiple hydrodynamic lake models by these

Detecting and quantifying the global teleconnections with flash droughts (FDs) and understanding their causal relationships is crucial to improve their predictability. This study employs causal effect networks (CENs) to explore the global predictability sources of subseasonal soil moisture FDs in three regions of the United States (US): upper Mississippi, South Atlantic Gulf (SAG), and upper and lower

Streambed grain sizes control river hydro-biogeochemical (HBGC) processes and functions. However, measuring their quantities, distributions, and uncertainties is challenging due to the diversity and heterogeneity of natural streams. This work presents a photo-driven, artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled, and theory-based workflow for extracting the quantities, distributions, and uncertainties of streambed

iFLOW is a free, open-source, and python-based framework and graphical user interface to visualize and analyze temperature time series, and extract one dimensional thermal velocity, vT, and bulk effective thermal diffusivity, ke. Information of thermal properties of the sediment-water mixture (bulk) and water allows quantifying the one-dimensional Darcian flux, q, and seepage velocity, v, from vT.

Many major cities worldwide have inevitably experienced excessive groundwater pumping due to growing demands for freshwater in urban development. To mitigate land subsidence problems during urbanization, various regulations have been adopted to control groundwater usage. This study examines the transition in the post-subsidence stage, especially in metropolitan areas, to adaptively adjust subsidence

Using Unoccupied Aerial Systems (UAS) equipped with optical RGB cameras and Doppler radar, surface velocity can be efficiently measured at high spatial resolution. UAS-borne Doppler radar is particularly attractive because it is suitable for real-time velocity determination, because the measurement is contactless, and because it has fewer limitations than image velocimetry techniques. In this paper

Accurately inferring realistic subsurface structures poses a considerable challenge due to the impact of morphology on flow and transport behaviors. Traditional subsurface characterization relies on two primary types of data: hard data, derived from direct subsurface measurements, and soft data, encompassing remotely sensed geophysical information and its interpretation. Existing deep-learning-based

Over the past few decades, many catchments in Northern hemisphere have experienced increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations, resulting in a brownish color of the water, known as aquatic browning. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain browning, but consensus regarding the relative importance of recovery from acid deposition, climate change, and land management remains elusive

Remote sensing has been widely applied to investigate fluvial processes, but depth retrievals face significant constraints in deep and turbid conditions. This study evaluates the potential for depth retrievals under such challenging conditions using NASA's Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer-Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) imagery. We employ interpretable machine learning to construct a hyperspectral

Groundwater resources frequently trend toward unsustainable levels because, absent effective institutions, individual water users generally act independently without considering the impacts on other users. Hydro-economic models (HEMs) of human-natural systems can play a positive role toward successful groundwater management by yielding valuable knowledge and insight. The current study explores how

This study introduces a novel heat tracing method for estimating lateral groundwater flow velocity induced and sustained by heavy rainfall events in lowland areas, leveraging the distinct temperature difference between rainfall and groundwater. The method is motivated by the observation that the rainfall-induced groundwater temperature signal dissipates along the flow path. To explain the observed

This study conducted evaluation and analysis on various precipitation products over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETP), including four sets of satellite precipitation data (i.e., IMERG_Uncal, IMERG_Cal, GSMaP_MVK, GSMaP_Gauge) and one set of model reanalysis data (i.e., ERA5-land, hereafter ERA5-L). We evaluated the spatial-temporal distribution of their quality at an hourly temporal scale and 0.1°

River confluences, which are characterized by complex hydrodynamics, are key nodes for flood control and environmental protection. Two field surveys were carried out at the confluence of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake to investigate the transient character of flow structures, which are often assumed steady. Repeat-transect acoustic Doppler current profile measurements were processed and analyzed

Groundwater models tend to become increasingly detailed to accommodate increasing data availability and higher accuracy demands from stakeholders. As runtimes increase almost quadratically with the number of model cells, this makes the models ever more computationally demanding. This high computational demand introduces challenges for the history-matching (calibration) process as this is an algorithmic

With their high storage capacity and energy efficiency as well as the compatibilities with renewable energy sources, high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) systems are frequently the target today in the design of temporally and spatially balanced and continuous energy supply systems. The inherent density-driven buoyancy flow is of greater importance with HT-ATES, which may lead to

Gas-water flow in propped fractures can be commonly observed in various practical applications, including hydrocarbon development, geothermal exploitation, contaminant transport, and geological carbon storage. The fluid flow in a propped fracture can be regarded as Darcy type if only the resistance from the propping materials (e.g., cement in natural fractures and proppant-pack in hydraulic fractures)

The erosion-deposition propagation of granular avalanches is prevalent and may increase their destructiveness. However, this process has rarely been reported for debris flows on gentle slopes, and the contribution of momentum hidden under the surge front to debris-flow destructiveness is ambiguous. Therefore, the momentum carried by the apparent surge front is often used to indicate debris-flow destructiveness

Snowpack in mountainous areas often provides water storage for summer and fall, especially in the Western United States. In situ observations of snow properties in mountainous terrain are limited by cost and effort, impacting both temporal and spatial sampling, while remote sensing estimates provide more complete spacetime coverage. Spatial estimates of fractional snow covered area (fSCA) at 30m are