The multi-component phase diagrams, microstructure and correlated mechanical properties of recently developed NbC-Ni based cermets are described, allowing to elucidate the correlations between composition, microstructure and mechanical properties, and address some potential applications. The influence of the carbon content, binder content, and secondary carbide additions on the microstructure and mechanical

High-entropy carbide (HEC) (TiZrHfTaNb)C was synthesized via spark plasma sintering using carbide powders prepared through carbothermic reduction with various carbon sources. Among the HEC samples, those fabricated with graphitic carbon microspheres exhibited superior high-temperature oxidation resistance, characterized by lower mass change rates and fewer surface defects compared to samples made with

TiAlN, AlCrBN andTiAlN/AlCrBN coatings were deposited on cemented carbide by cathodic arc evaporation. SEM, TEM, XRD, nano-indentation test, Vickers indentation test, Rockwell indentation test and ball-on-disk tribological test were employed to characterize the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings. The results revealed that different from the fine columnar structure

Tungsten-based alloys reinforced with AlCoCrFeNi and CoCrFeNiTa high-entropy alloys were fabricated via mechanical alloying. The influence of alloying elements, reinforcement phases, oxidation formation, and processing on the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of the model alloys was studied. The results indicate that the Al and Ta elements in the reinforcement phases are prone to

In order to address the significant waste of diamonds associated with conventional diamond grinding heads when machining cemented carbide, this paper proposed a novel double-layer diamond grinding head specifically designed for grooving cemented carbide. This innovative design features diamond particles exclusively on the outer wall and is fabricated using dual-nozzle FDM 3D printing technology. New

Porous tungsten exhibits exceptional thermal and mechanical properties, making it ideal for advanced industrial applications in aerospace and defense. However, traditional manufacturing processes face significant limitations in controlling pore structures and fabricating complex geometries. Binder jet printing (BJP), an emerging indirect additive manufacturing technique, offers a promising alternative

Three fine grained WC-10 vol% Co cemented carbide materials were produced. One with 1 w% Cr addition, one with 0.025 w% Ti addition and one with both additions of 1 w% Cr and 0.025 w% Ti. It was found that doping of both Cr and Ti is advantageous for grain growth inhibition over just Cr- or Ti-doping. The impact of Cr and Ti as grain growth inhibitors on the residual stress state after sintering was

In the binder jetting (BJ) additive manufacturing of cemented carbides, the abnormal growth of WC grains and the formation of coarse WC grain clusters pose significant challenges. This study introduces a novel approach to address these issues by incorporating micron-sized Cr3C2, a recognized inhibitor of WC grain growth, into spherical WC-17Co granules at varying concentrations for the BJ process.

Low activation cemented tungsten carbides (cWCs) have attracted considerable attention as compact refractory nuclear shielding with a particular focus on compact spherical tokamaks (cSTs). This work presents non-ambient study of stress-depth profiles in irradiated low-activation cWC as investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and microhardness

In semiconductor integrated circuits, high-purity tantalum is used as a sputtering target to obtain film in order to prevent Cu atoms from diffusing into the Si storage unit. The performance of tantalum target depends on grains size and random texture, which could be affected by the preparation process. Therefore, understanding the deformation behavior of different orientations helps in controlling

TiC-reinforced Mo–Si–B alloys (designated as MoSiBTiC alloys) exhibit great potential for application in the aerospace industry, due to their high melting point, moderate density and attractive high-temperature strength and creep resistance. Nevertheless, further material design and industrialization requires more systematic understanding of the phase diagram and solidification paths of Mo–Mo5SiB2–TiC

In this research, we have successfully developed a low-pulse energy laser shock peening (LSP) technology and applied it to WC-8Co cemented carbide tools, aiming to significantly enhance their mechanical performance. Through a systematic investigation, we explored the effects of laser power and the number of scanning passes on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the tools, as well as the

Selective laser melting (SLM) technique is a promising method to achieve near-net-shaping of WCu complex components. In this work, two types of raw powers were prepared, including spherical WCu composite powder and mixed WCu powder. Effect of the raw powder characteristics on the microstructure and mechanical properties of W20Cu alloy were investigated. The results show that the composite powder enables

Dry-electropolishing (DEP) combines an electrochemical process with soft-mechanical abrasion by using porous ion-exchange particles (also known as dry-electrolyte). In recent years, it has been satisfactorily implemented for reducing surfaces defects, decreasing roughness, and obtaining smooth surface finish in several metallic and ceramic-metal composites. However, it requires a preliminary adjustment

WC-6Co and WC-10Co composite powders with uniform distribution of Co phase were successfully prepared using WO3, Co2O3 and carbon black as raw materials by the process of “carbothermal pre-reduction + solid phase carbonization”. The phase evolution as well as the influences of carburizing time and temperature on the morphology and particle size of products were investigated. The results showed that

Refractory metal carbides play a critical role in numerous applications due to their exceptional hardness, excellent wear resistance and high-temperature stability. This study successfully synthesizes (Ti, W)C powders by using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method. The results indicate that the phase structure, morphology, microstructure of (Ti, W)C carbides differ significantly

A range of PCBN tools were utilized for turning iron-based superalloy in dry environment and their cutting performance was researched from the perspective of tool wear, tool life, cutting force, cutting temperature, and machined surface roughness. The experimental results revealed that the cutting temperature increased, while the resultant cutting force exhibited an initial rise followed by a decline

CuW/CuCr integral materials were prepared by infiltration diffusion technology, and the multi-component powders with high entropy effect were used as the interlayer. The effects of CuCrNixTiZr high entropy alloy interlayers on the interfacial microstructures and properties of CuW/CuCr were studied. The results show that the interlayers with 0.5 mm thickness generate high entropy effect during infiltration

The present work investigates the tensile deformation behavior and fracture mechanism of Mo-14 %Re alloy (MR14) at both room and high temperatures. The results show that the tensile strength of MR14 alloy is 613 MPa at room temperature and 260 MPa at 1000 °C. Moreover, the MR14 exhibits remarkable ductility, with elongation surpassing 60 % both at ambient temperature and elevated temperatures. As the

Using the principle of in-situ generation, tungsten carbide particles were generated in-situ on 40Cr surfaces pre-coated with self-made powders by TIG arc with flux-cored wires, and the in-situ generation process of hard phases such as WC/W2C was systematically investigated. The macroscopic morphology and microstructure of the cladding layers were analyzed using optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron

Functionally graded materials (FGM) have great potential in various applications, but require reliable and efficient manufacturing techniques. This study proposes a preparation strategy for WCu FGM with continuous gradient structure. The W green bodies with a continuously varying W content were prepared by using a self-designed mold to control compression deformation. Subsequently, two types of WCu

In this experimental investigation, three different combinations of WC/Co–Cr powder have been selected to prepare a hard, wear, and corrosion resistant coating layer on low carbon steel utilizing an economical tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc source. This study evaluates the coating performance of surface prepared with a commercially available WC-10Co-4Cr powder along with two other powder combinations

Tungsten holds immense promise as a plasma-facing material in fusion reactors. However, helium bubble formation and the resulting structural changes raise concerns about its long-term performance. To address these issues, it is crucial to have a detailed understanding of the changes that occur within tungsten during the fusion process. A significant change is the helium pressure-induced phase transformation

Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (pcBN) is a very promising tool material for turning martensitic stainless steels at high cutting speeds (vc > 200 m/min). The competitive advantage of pcBN over cemented carbide increases as the cutting speed is increased. Changing the speed might lead to a shift in the wear balance and hence the knowledge about tool wear below vc = 200 m/min might not be applicable

Molybdenum (Mo) and its alloy materials are used for key components such as fuel containers and first walls in future fusion energy systems due to their high melting point and excellent high-temperature strength, creep resistance, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance and low sputtering rate. During fusion reactions, hydrogen ions come into direct contact with Mo and its alloy materials. The injection

Tungsten‑rhenium (W-Re) alloys are extensively used in medical devices, electronics, industrial equipment, aerospace, and nuclear energy sectors due to their low ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT), excellent high-temperature creep resistance, and superior properties related to recrystallization, ablation, and irradiation at elevated temperatures. However, with the advancement of technologies

A novel tungsten heavy alloy (WHA), with composition 89 W-5.1Ni-3.4Cu-1.5Fe-1La₂O₃ (wt%) (Modified WHA) and the Ni/Cu ratio of 6/4, was sintered at 1400 °C for 1 h. The synergetic effects of La2O3 dispersion strengthening, which controls W particle growth, and Fe solid solution strengthening within the matrix, enhancing the compressive and bending strength of modified WHA. Microstructural analysis

The materials, primarily utilized in the manufacturing process, significantly impact the microstructure and mechanical properties of W-HfC alloys. In this study, different initial composition, such as HfH2/WC, HfH2/C and HfC, were respectively mixed into W powders, three categories of W-HfC alloys (abbreviated as WHC1, WHC2 and WHC3 successively) were fabricated by in-situ reaction sintering methods

Refractory metal carbides, usually fabricated via solid state reactions, require precise control of their reactants and temperature, especially when they enter a complex compositional space, like high-entropy (multi-component) carbides. In this work, the solid-state reactions of tungsten based refractory metal carbides M-W-C (M = Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta) are systematically studied through first-principles

The microstructural evolution of irradiation-induced point defects around the precipitates during in-situ 30 keV He+ irradiation was systematically investigated in Mo3Nb alloy using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at various temperatures: room temperature (RT), 573 K, and 1073 K. The average size and volume number density of dislocation loops were obtain under the influence of irradiation temperature

Suspended silt particles in natural water inevitably enter open water hydraulic systems, challenging the tribological performance of materials and complicating the selection of appropriate system filtration precision. This study aims to investigate the tribological performance of textured surfaces and the mechanisms of particle contamination resistance under different filtration precisions. Purified

The present study investigates the influence of adding micro/nanoparticles of Al2O3 (0.5–1.5 wt%) on the microstructure, electrochemical behavior, and thermal stability of a W-Ni-Fe matrix sintered by the spark plasma process. Corrosion characteristics were assessed through Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques in a 0.1 M HCl solution. The extent of corrosion was

Grain refinement in hafnium (Hf), a typical refractory metal, encounters significant challenges due to its inherent high sintering temperature requirements and uneven sintered capillary force that lead to rapid grain coarsening and inhomogeneity. Herein, we present a novel approach of the pressureless two-step sintering to prepare near-fully dense nanocrystalline Hf with an average grain size of around

W is a ubiquitous refractory metal with numerous potential applications, but its high-pressure melting behaviors remain controversial. Some physicists suggest that the problem may be addressed by including the contribution of vacancies. However, their ideas stay unverified due to the lack of information about crystallographic defects in harsh environments. Herein, the statistical moment method is enhanced

The present study investigates the high temperature erosion behavior of HVOF sprayed composite coatings on T11 steel substrates by studying (Cr₃C₂-NiCr)Si and WC-Co/NiCrAlY coatings. Phase composition, cross sectional microstructure, mechanical properties, and erosion resistance were analyzed by XRD, EDS, SEM and three-dimensional optical profilography. The results demonstrate that the WC-Co/NiCrAlY

The fracture and fatigue crack growth behavior of two molybdenum alloys, containing 41 wt-% and 47.5 wt-% rhenium, respectively, are investigated. These alloys were provided in form of cold-wrought rods of 6 mm diameter and exhibit a refined microstructure with highly elongated grains and a strong fiber texture. Similarly processed pure molybdenum was used as reference material and exhibits a significantly

W10Re alloy is preferred for computed tomography anodes with high molar heat capacity. The deformed W10Re alloy will undergo recrystallization and grain growth during service, resulting in reduced mechanical properties, thermal shock resistance, and service life. The aim of this work is to study the microstructure of the warm-rolled W10Re alloy, its evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties

A novel chemical vapor deposition (CVD) multilayer coating intended for cutting applications was designed to achieve high wear and heat resistance during metal machining. The coating consists of three layers: a TiCN layer deposited on top of a TiAlN layer, which was grown on a layer of TiN that was deposited onto a cemented carbide substrate. The detailed microstructure of the coating was examined

To better cutting the SiCp/Al composite material, it is necessary to accurately predict the tool wear state of the ultrasonic elliptic vibration cutting (UEVC) process. The main cutting force is one of the key output variables to evaluate the machining performance and the tool wear process. Therefore, based on the main cutting force, tool wear strength and tool wear mechanism, the relationship between

The oxidation experiments on WC-Cu-10Ni-5Mn-3Sn-1.5TiC and WC-Cu-10Ni-5Mn-3Sn-1.5TiC-0.6Ce2O3 materials were carried out for 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 10 h in the temperature range of 500–800 °C, respectively, to elucidate the effects of oxidation temperatures and times on the properties of cemented carbides. The evolution laws of oxidation products and oxide layer microstructure of WC-Cu-10Ni-5Mn-3Sn-1

In this study, the deformation characteristics of as-forged pure tantalum were investigated using a Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation testing machine in the temperature range of room temperature to 350 °C and strain rates ranging from 0.1 to 10 s−1, with a maximum deformation of 60 %. Results show that the deformation resistance increases with decreasing deformation temperature and increasing strain

In this study, Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) was utilized to fabricate fine-grained cemented carbides, and an orthogonal experimental design was employed to examine the influence of holding temperature (1100 °C, 1200 °C, 1300 °C) and holding time (5, 10, and 15 min) on the performance of WC-10Co cemented carbide specimens. Compared with conventional sintering methods, this work achieved the production

Effects of adding nano-sized ZrC in the fusion zone (FZ) on the microstructures and properties of laser-welded joints of pure molybdenum (Mo) and underlying mechanisms were explored. Compared with the joints without ZrC, the average microhardness of the FZ increases from 180 HV to 330 HV, the tensile strength of joints grows from 32 MPa to 386 MPa, and the fracture mode of joints switches from intergranular

To investigate the effect of binder type on the interface and properties of PcBN composite, a series of PcBN composites with Al, TiN, Co, Ni, and W as binders were prepared under the conditions of 5.5–6 GPa, 1450–1550 °C, and 50 min, the interfacial bonding mechanism and material properties of PcBN composite were analyzed and discussed using SEM/EDS, XRD, and mechanical testing equipment. The results

C103 is a niobium based refractory alloy commonly used in the aerospace industry. To protect the metal from high-temperature oxidizing environments, C103 is often coated with an environmental barrier coating. A common coating for this material is known as R512E, a disilicide slurry applied and cured with heat. This paper aims to determine the effects on mechanical properties of common post processing

The specific strength of refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) is usually impaired due to the high density of constituent elements. In order to develop a low-density RHEA, the microstructure and mechanical property of MoNbVTa0.5-based RHEAs with various Al additions have been investigated in this study. All samples exhibited a monolithic BCC solid solution structure. The addition of Al resulted in

The Ti(C,N)-based cermet were prepared by pressureless vacuum sintering using (Ti,W0.15,NbX)C pre-solid solution powder, and the effect of Nb molar ratio on microstructure, core/rim interface, mechanical and tribological properties were investigated. The results showed that increasing of Nb content led to distinct microstructural changes in the cermets. The gray core/Gy rim and white core/Gy rim microstructure

The study examined the diffusion mitigation effect and mechanical properties of the Nb interlayer prepared by magnetron sputtering as a CrZr diffusion barrier through annealing experiment, high-temperature air oxidation experiment and ring compression tests. The results show that the presence of an Nb interlayer significantly alleviates the CrZr interdiffusion, especially prevents the CrZr interdiffusion

Pyrometallurgical recovery of rare-earth elements from NdFeB wastes is affected by the quality of the raw materials, and mixed rare-earth products add little value. Therefore, this study investigates NaBF4 fluoride roasting for the recovery of rare-earth elements and its underlying mechanisms. Reasonable roasting temperatures were determined based on thermodynamic calculations, and single-factor experiments

Conventional machining lubricants pose environmental hazards and increase production costs. This study addresses this challenge by investigating nanodiamond composite (NDC) coatings deposited on WC–Co substrates as a lubricant-free alternative for sustainable machining. The NDC films show superior hardness (65 GPa) compared to the substrate (22 GPa) and enhanced adhesion (HF2). The NDC's unique self-lubrication

The life of cutting tool inserts is critically important for efficient machining, reducing manufacturing cost, embedded energy, and enabling more complex parts to be machined. For these applications, cemented carbide (WC-Co) materials are a prime candidate. The performance of these materials can be limited by early fracture, typically via an intergranular fracture path with respect to carbide grains

Spherical WC particles are widely employed as hard phases to reinforce metal matrix coatings; however, their deposition during the surfacing process presents a significant challenge, resulting in limited improvements in coating hardness and wear resistance. In this work, these spherical WC as well as spherical/non-spherical WC particles have been used to prepare the WC reinforced nickel-based alloy

Y-Zr-O complex oxide dispersion-strengthened Mo alloys with different Zr contents (Mo-2Y2O3–0.6Zr, Mo-1Y2O3–0.6Zr, and Mo-1Y2O3–1.2Zr, wt%) were designed and fabricated by mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering to investigate the effect of Zr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of this Mo alloy. The size and spatial distribution of oxide particles were characterized using

Herein, structure, mechanical properties, and oxidation behaviour of a refractory (CrHfMoNbTaTiVZr)84Si16 complex concentrated alloy (RCCA) prepared by vacuum arc melting were studied. Consisting of C11b-MeSi2, C14 Laves, bcc, and Me5Si3 phases, the alloy exhibited better 1200 °C-specific yield strength (45 MPa cm3 g−1), fracture toughness (5.77 ± 1.58 MPa m1/2), and 1 h-mass gain at 1200 °C (∼60 mg cm−2)

Creep deformation of WC-Co composites at high temperature and stress is accommodated by either bulk WC creep or by Co-infiltrated grain boundary sliding. It has been proposed that certain grain boundaries are more susceptible than others to such sliding, and depending on the applied stress, the overall deformation rate can be limited by either mechanism. Here, we have used Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction

The electron beam melting (EBM) technique was employed to prepare ultra-highly pure (99.999 wt%) Tantalum (Ta) cast ingot for application in chips. Subsequently, the Ta cast ingot were forged, rolled, and annealed with different durations to gain three different grain sizes (centimeter scale, 99.8 μm, and 36.7 μm). Sputtering experiments conducted under identical conditions revealed that the rolled

Stainless-steel porous substrates for metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells require protective coatings to prevent chromium poisoning of the cathode. In this study, CuNi0.2Mn1.8O4 powders were synthesized by the glycine nitrate combustion synthesis process and protective coatings were deposited on porous SUS 430 substrates by electrophoretic deposition and densified using a two-step annealing procedure

Semiconductor fabrication equipment extensively uses Al alloys which form an AlF layer when exposed to fluorine gas used in semiconductor processing. The AlF layer can flake off, rendering the chamber components unfit for semiconductor manufacturing. With the goal of resisting fluorine attack, the growth of protective AlN coatings on Al-6061 substrates was investigated, and this paper reports on the

The optical industry has raised the roughness requirements for molds made from cemented carbide to the sub-nanometer level. An in-depth understanding of the factors related to the mechanical removal of cemented carbide is imperative. In this study, molecular dynamic simulations are used to explore the behaviors of the microstructure and their effects on the removal mechanisms of cemented carbide. Two