Molybdenum (Mo) and its alloy materials are used for key components such as fuel containers and first walls in future fusion energy systems due to their high melting point and excellent high-temperature strength, creep resistance, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance and low sputtering rate. During fusion reactions, hydrogen ions come into direct contact with Mo and its alloy materials. The injection of low-energy hydrogen ions can cause serious damage to the surface and subsurface of Mo. The injection of low-energy hydrogen ions can cause serious damage to the surface and subsurface of Mo, including changes in microstructure, surface defects and surface roughness. In this paper, the irradiation damage behavior of powder metallurgy (PM) Mo under 100 eV hydrogen ion irradiation is comprehensively analyzed by scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscope and X-ray diffractometer. The results indicate that surface bubbling, corrosion, surface protrusions, and fuzzing are the main damage forms of Mo under low-energy hydrogen ion irradiation. With the increase of ion dose, some defects resembling trap caps appear inside the grains and gradually evolve into melt pits, deepening the etching behavior of the Mo surface. The damage will first preferentially occur on its own defects (such as holes), and the required dose will be greatly reduced. The surface roughness of Mo decreases first and then increases with the increase of irradiation dose. XRD analysis shows that there is no new precipitated phase in Mo after hydrogen ion irradiation, and its diffraction peak shifts to high angles. The surface of Mo exhibits radiation hardening phenomenon, and the increase in radiation dose makes the radiation hardening effect more pronounced. As the irradiation depth increases, the hardening effect of Mo gradually weakens.

中文翻译：

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低能氢离子辐照对粉末冶金钼表面缺陷的影响


钼 （Mo） 及其合金材料由于其高熔点和优异的高温强度、抗蠕变性、导热性、耐腐蚀性和低溅射速率，被用于未来聚变能源系统的关键部件，如燃料容器和第一壁。在聚变反应过程中，氢离子与 Mo 及其合金材料直接接触。注入低能氢离子会对 Mo 的表面和次表面造成严重破坏。低能氢离子的注入会对 Mo 的表面和次表面造成严重破坏，包括微观结构、表面缺陷和表面粗糙度的变化。本文通过扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和 X 射线衍射仪综合分析了粉末冶金 （PM） Mo 在 100 eV 氢离子照射下的辐照损伤行为。结果表明，低能氢离子照射下，表面鼓泡、腐蚀、表面突起和起毛是 Mo 的主要损伤形式。随着离子剂量的增加，一些类似于陷阱帽的缺陷出现在晶粒内部，并逐渐演变成熔坑，加深了 Mo 表面的刻蚀行为。损伤会优先发生在自身的缺陷（如孔洞）上，所需剂量会大大减少。随着照射剂量的增加，Mo 的表面粗糙度先降低后增加。XRD 分析表明，氢离子辐照后 Mo 中没有新的析出相，其衍射峰向高角度偏移。Mo 表面表现出辐射硬化现象，辐射剂量的增加使辐射硬化效果更加明显。 随着照射深度的增加，Mo 的硬化效果逐渐减弱。