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College students with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): Unpacking the meaning of thriving through conversation with DACA friends and allies Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-10-22 Hyojin Lee, Jennifer A. Kam, Monica Cornejo, Tamara D. Afifi, Walid Afifi
Prior research on thriving has primarily portrayed it as a positive experience, which it often is; however, we extend past theorizing by showing how there can be a “cost” to thriving. Specifically,...
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“Baba, you’re not gonna live forever … . we need these stories”: Intergenerational storytelling in Palestinian families connecting history, identity, and (the loss of) place Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-10-23 Amnee K. Elkhalid, Haley Kranstuber Horstman, Walid A. Afifi, Tamara D. Afifi
The current study integrates communicated narrative sense-making (CNSM) theory with the ecological systems model to investigate intergenerational family storytelling (IGFS) in Palestinian families....
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Pragmatic utopianism in the union cooperative movement: (Dis)Organizing transformative social change Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-09-10 Heather M. Zoller
This paper adopts a critical pragmatist perspective to investigate how the union cooperative movement promotes transformative change. The study describes how 1worker1vote.org network leaders enact ...
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How nature- and humanity-based awe experiences in video games can differentially lead to hedonic and eudaimonic outcomes Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-09-05 Brett Sherrick, Jennifer Hoewe, Ryan Rogers
Through two studies, this project examines the experience of awe in response to specific referents within a video game: the beauty of nature or the abilities of humanity. After playing an awe-inspi...
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(In)visibility during organizational entry: Newcomer perceptions of visibility in remote work Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-09-03 Rasa Jämsen, Anu E. Sivunen
While the research on communication visibility has typically focused on how visibility is enacted among employees who are familiar with the networks, practices and technologies of the organization,...
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Friendly skies and unfriendly workplace communication: Examining emotion displays on enterprise social media in the aviation industry Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-07-19 Anu E. Sivunen, Ward van Zoonen, Jeffrey W. Treem
Researchers studying communication platforms in organizations (i.e., enterprise social media (ESM)) primarily focus on the implications of these technologies for knowledge sharing. In privileging t...
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Beyond discourse: The role of mundane sociomaterial practices in fluid organizing tension response Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-07-11 William Roth Smith
Grounded in a paradox perspective, this article investigates the tensions of fluid informal organizing and, using a practice theory lens, explains how micro-level communicative practices deal with ...
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Believe it or not: A network analysis investigating how individuals embrace false and true statements during COVID-19 Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-05-29 Sanguk Lee, Hyesun Choung, Tai-Quan Peng, Maria Knight Lapinski, Youjin Jang, Monique Mitchell Turner
As individuals make belief decisions on truths and falsehoods, a systematic organization of (mis)information emerges. In this study, we employ a network approach to illustrate how a sample of Ameri...
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Pre-onset relational investments and dementia caregiver wellbeing: Comparing theorizing from the investment model and the theory of resilience and relational load Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-05-29 R. Amanda Cooper, Chris Segrin
Dementia alters relationships between family caregivers and their relatives living with dementia. Drawing from the theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL) and the investment model, this stu...
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“Living the stories of your great-grandmother”: Making sense of Russia’s war in Ukraine through Polish intergenerational family storytelling Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-05-24 Haley Kranstuber Horstman, Jennifer Bohanek, Ewelina Łapińska, Olivia Watson, Anna Cierpka, Karolina Małek
After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Polish people were tasked with making sense of war in close proximity while supporting millions of Ukrainian refugees fleeing to Poland. In times of ...
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“She takes rest as seriously as working:” Communicative resilience and professional caregivers’ meanings of rest Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-05-20 Katherine Ann Rush, Ryan S. Bisel
Are resilient employees so tough that they neglect to rest? To answer this question, eleven extraordinarily resilient professional caregivers (positive deviants [PD]) were interviewed about their m...
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Investigating 55 years of mass shooter statements in the United States: A study of perpetrators’ stated motivations and their association with attack severity Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-05-15 Katherine Schibler, Lindsay Hahn, Adam Lankford
Mass shootings are a prevalent and terrible problem in the U.S. As a foundation for communication-focused research into the media-related causes and effects of mass shooters’ stated grievances, and...
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Digital platforms, Hindutva, and disinformation: Communicative strategies and the Leicester violence Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-04-30 Mohan J. Dutta
The digital infrastructure of Hindutva seeds, circulates and amplifies Islamophobic hate, interacting bidirectionally with brick-and-mortar violence. This paper examines the circulation of Hindutva...
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On the censoring of Dr. Ahlam Muhtaseb Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-04-04 Srividya Ramasubramanian, Ahlam Muhtaseb
Published in Communication Monographs (Vol. 91, No. 1, 2024)
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Effects of acculturation stress and identity gaps on Mexican-heritage adolescent depressive symptoms and substance use behavior Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-21 YoungJu Shin, Megan Stephenson
Children of immigrant families are placed at high risk of acculturation stress due to their role serving as a cultural broker for their family members. Communication theory of identity (CTI) explai...
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“The rubber band is already broken”: An extended case study of UNDP transformative resilience framework in the context of Palestine Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Rana Elhendi, Patrice M. Buzzanell
We critically explore the resilience discourse of the website for the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the lead agency for resilience in the Palestinian context, through engagement with...
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On being nice: Conceptualizing the communication of niceness through relational prioritization, care, and adaptability Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Elizabeth S. Parks
In this article, I offer a metatheoretical conceptualization of U.S. American niceness as facework and identity performance comprised of prioritization, care, and adaptability. I integrate a theore...
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Hostile knowledge performances Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-03-04 Jared T. Jensen, Shelbey R. Call, Joshua B. Barbour
Struggles over meaning are inherent to knowledge performances – the communicative accomplishment of knowledge. This study analyzes an interdisciplinary team’s communication as they designed a novel...
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News bias perceptions as impacted by source cues, content cues, and media bias ratings Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-02-13 Jennifer Hoewe, Jessie Barton
Using three experimental studies, this research considers whether exposure to source cues, content cues, and media bias ratings impacts perceptions of ideological bias in news stories. As a possibl...
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Building resilience in response to identity-based discrimination through in person and online communication Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-24 Brooke H. Wolfe, Valerie Manusov, Kristina M. Scharp
This study investigates resilience processes in the context of identity-based discrimination through the lens of the communication theory of resilience (CTR). Participants enacted all CTR processes...
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Meanings and dilemmas of consent communication for sexual minorities Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Allison Worsdale, Kami A. Kosenko
Research on consent communication focused on the experiences and perspectives of heterosexual individuals, leaving sexual minority individuals potentially vulnerable in their communication with par...
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What people do matters during intergroup communication: Immediate and delayed effects of intergroup contact via cognitive, affective, and behavioral mediators Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-23 Hyeonchang Gim, Jake Harwood
Positive intergroup communication reduces outgroup prejudice. Attempting to decompose the effect of intergroup contact more precisely, we argue that engaging in different activities during intergro...
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“It was amazing and magical, but it was not a vacation at all.”: Examining U.S. maternity leave through a relational dialectics theory analysis Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-11 China Billotte Verhoff, Patrice M. Buzzanell
Using contrapuntal analysis to explore interviews with 25 women in the U.S., we contribute to understandings of maternity leave as an ideologically laden and contested experience through multilevel...
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Patterns of disruptions: Complexities of discursive-embodied triggers and resilience responses of individuals with autoimmune diseases Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2024-01-02 Bianca Siegenthaler, Jared V. Worwood, Willow Craine
Individuals with autoimmune diseases face a multiplicity of adverse disruptions throughout their lives that can span physical, emotional, social, and financial contexts. We employed the communicati...
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Ego-centered network analysis of ethnic-racial socialization in families Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-27 Mackensie Minniear, Hannah Smith, Jordan Soliz
Ethnic-racial socialization refers to the implicit and explicit ways individuals learn about race and ethnicity from family, media, community, and peers (Hughes et al., 2016). Ethnic-racial sociali...
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A goals-plans-action model analysis of messages encouraging hesitant family members in the United States to get vaccinated for COVID-19 Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-17 Steven R. Wilson, Dennis P. DeBeck, Jared V. Worwood, Joshua M. Scacco, Andrew Anderson, Melissa McCormick, Spencer Margulies
Drawing on the goals-plans-action (GPA) model, we explore how individuals encourage hesitant family members to get vaccinated for COVID-19. We test models analyzing how multiple goals mediate assoc...
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Examining the dynamics of interpersonal communication networks for disaster coping among a multiethnic community Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-17 Xinyan Zhao, Wenlin Liu
Interpersonal communication networks serve as a critical source of disaster support, yet their dynamic role in disaster coping remains less explored. Drawing from the literature on resilience organ...
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How gay and bisexual men respond to mpox messages through risk- versus identity-based mechanisms: An integrated model Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-14 Rong Ma, Xinyan Zhao
To reduce the risk of transmission in the mpox outbreak, it is crucial to provide accurate, tailored, and culturally sensitive risk communication. In an online experiment (N = 372), we tested a the...
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Multidimensional Internet Connectedness and local civic engagement in the context of post-disaster Fukushima, Japan Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-14 Joo-Young Jung, Allison Kwesell, Lisi Mai
This study examines Internet Connectedness and civic engagement in post-disaster Fukushima, Japan. Internet Connectedness encompasses the post-access digital divide, conceptualized through intensit...
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Communication work about chronic pain: A mixed methods application and extension of the integrative theory of communication work Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-14 Elizabeth A. Hintz, Jiyoun Suk
Guided by the integrative theory of communication work, we present a computational and qualitative analysis of Reddit comments authored by patient-users living with chronic overlapping pain conditi...
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Oh my God, that pool party: Shrill and fat femininity in a postfeminist media culture Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Holly Willson Holladay
The Hulu original comedy Shrill is a communicative text for understanding fat women’s subjectivity in line with discourses of neoliberalism and postfeminism. Based on interviews with twenty-five wo...
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From Weinstein to Kavanaugh: Shifting coverage of sexual violence and the #MeToo movement across U.S. news media Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-13 Min-Hsin Su, Jiyoun Suk, Porismita Borah, Shreenita Ghosh, Christine Garlough, Dhavan Shah
This study explores the framing strategies and language features of U.S. news coverage surrounding sexual violence and gender issues across the ideological media spectrum at two pivotal phases of t...
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“She made a mean beef stroganoff”: Gendered portrayals of women in STEM in newspaper articles and their effects Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-12-06 Gili Freedman, Isabella Moutoux, Isobel Hermans, Melanie C. Green
Media articles about women in STEM often emphasize gender in ways that may reinforce stereotypes. In an archival study examining 172 articles from four major US and UK newspapers on women, Nobel la...
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When they support us: Expectations for social support from outgroup members Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-11-06 Shelby N. Carter, Jake Harwood, Stephen A. Rains
Our research examines perceptions of emotional support messages characterized by high verbal person-centeredness (VPC) when sent from an outgroup versus an ingroup member. We conducted two experime...
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Testing advocacy communication theory among undocumented college students using latent profile analysis Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-10-16 Monica Cornejo, Jennifer A. Kam, Dina Arch, Karen Nylund-Gibson
Undocumented college students face systemic oppression, which they challenge through advocacy. Often, research focuses on one type of advocacy, but Advocacy Communication Theory (ACT) conceptualize...
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Billy goats crossing the cyber-bridge: Interviews exploring the experiences, coping techniques, and intervention desires of in-game trolling targets Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-07 Christine L. Cook, Simon Yun-Chung Tang, Jih-Hsuan Tammy Lin
Research into online trolling has been continuously expanding in the past decade. However, much of this research has focused on either the person of the trolls themselves, or on specific minority g...
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Using emotional flow in patient testimonials to debias affective forecasting in health decision-making Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-09-05 Kerstin Hundal, Christopher M. Dobmeier, Nathan Walter, Robin Nabi, Courtney L. Scherr
People often overestimate the duration and intensity of emotional impact for future health events, leading to sub-optimal decision-making. Previous attempts to mitigate these affective forecasting ...
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The secret to successful evocative messages: Anger takes the lead in information sharing over anxiety Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-30 Jiyoung Han, Seung Eon Lee, Meeyoung Cha
We conducted two studies to compare how anxiety and anger influence the online spread of information. Study 1 found that tweets expressing anger reached more people and had deeper retweet chains th...
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“You unconsciously walk across the street if you see someone”: an affective containment framework for implicit bias sensemaking Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 Astrid M. Villamil, Madeline Pringle
This study explored the role of affect in U.S. potential white jurors’ experiences with implicit bias and how affect manifests in their sensemaking of jury instructions. Using interviews with 30 po...
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When a journalist and politician engage in deception detection: Effects of demeanor, refutation, and partisanship in combative media interviews Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-22 David E. Clementson, Wenqing Zhao
When journalists accuse politicians of deception and politicians return fire, how do voters decide what to believe? Grounded on truth-default theory and visual primacy theory, this paper reports ex...
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Moment-by-moment tracking of audience brain responses to an engaging public speech: Replicating the reverse-message engineering approach Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Ralf Schmälzle, Hanjie Liu, Faith A. Delle, Kaitlin M. Lewin, Nolan T. Jahn, Yidi Zhang, Hyungro Yoon, Jiawei Long
Public speaking engages and entertains audiences. Through neuroimaging, we can examine responses to speeches in real time. Replicating an earlier study, this study carries out two kinds of analyses...
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Managing disruption(s) at work: A longitudinal study of communicative resilience and high-reliability organizing Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-08-10 Arden C. Roeder, Ryan S. Bisel
This paper used communication theory of resilience (CTR) and high-reliability organization (HRO) theory to investigate the influence of resilience processes on disruption management outcomes (DMOs)...
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The importance of relationship maintenance in marriage at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-19 Allison P. Mazur, Tamara D. Afifi, Walid A. Afifi, Chantel N. Haughton
The theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL) was used to understand the disparate impact of COVID-19 on married individuals. We hypothesized that women and people of color would experience g...
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“Do you need a green card or something?” Romantic relationships, citizenship, and stigmatizing communication Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-13 Amnee Elkhalid, Ethan Morrow, Trisha Leong
Citizen/Non-citizen (CN) romantic relationships are common in American society and media. However, few studies have explored the experiences of individuals in such relationships. This study examine...
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How moral adaptability relates to communication and friendship with morally dissimilar others Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-07-11 Nicholas L. Matthews, Joseph B. Bayer, Daniel Sude, Walter J. Sowden
Moral differences hinder communication and relationship formation. However, perceptions and reactions to moral dissimilarity varies. Accordingly, we explored how moral adaptiveness (a flexible appl...
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Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to interability communication styles in the workplace: Perspectives of people with disabilities Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-26 Gabrielle A. Byrd, Yan Bing Zhang
This experimental study, extending the communication accommodation theory and the Communication Predicament of Disability Model, examined people with disabilities’ perceptions of four manipulated c...
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“You can be gay and straight at the same time:” Contextually contingent negotiations of gay and bisexual identifications among same-gender-loving men in Ghana Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-11 Godfried Asante
In this essay, I draw on interview discourses with 22 Sassoi – same-gender-loving men in Ghana – to examine how they discursively deploy “straight,” “gay,” and “bisexual” identifications in specifi...
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“Whatever you do, I can do too”: Disentangling the daily relations between exposure to positive social media content, can self, and pressure Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-05-09 Sarah Devos, Kathrin Karsay, Steven Eggermont, Laura Vandenbosch
The current 14-day diary study among 186 adolescents (56.1% boys; Mage = 15.62 years) examined how daily exposure to positive social media content (i.e., portrayals of individuals’ best possible se...
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Navigating entangled shame: Examining the sociomaterialities of food assistance programs Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-27 Sonia Ivancic, David Dooling
ABSTRACT In the United States, individuals in precarious circumstances navigate numerous programs to supplement their food access. These programs operate in relation to stigmatizing discourses about poverty and food insecurity. This paper explores the sociomaterial meanings of food assistance, including SNAP, food pantries, and nonprofit food distribution. Using qualitative methods, we introduce the
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White privilege critical consciousness, racial attitudes, and intergroup anxiety among parents and adult children in White families Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-25 Timothy Curran, Analisa Arroyo, Jessica Fabbricatore, Jian Jiao
ABSTRACT Prejudice and discrimination toward Black individuals in the U.S. serves to maintain White privilege. This research integrated the tenets of social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1977) and White racial identity theory (Helms, 1990) to examine intraindividual associations (i.e., within a single person) and interindividual associations (i.e., between family members) among parents’ and adult children’s
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Estimating the impact of immediate versus delayed corrections on belief accuracy Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-25 Suhwoo Ahn, Daniel E. Bergan, Siyuan Ma, Dustin Carnahan
ABSTRACT Prior work has found that early corrections are often more effective than corrections encountered sometime after exposure to misinformation. However, these studies have generally considered only brief delays between misinformation exposure and correction, and do not explore processing style as a potential moderator of correction timing. We conducted a two-wave online experiment randomly assigning
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Effects of written code-mixing on processing fluency and perceptions of organizational inclusiveness Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-20 Jessica Gasiorek, Marko Dragojevic
ABSTRACT Participants read English-based online texts from fictional organizations that either included no code-mixing, Hawaiian words without glosses (i.e., parenthetical translations), or Hawaiian words with English glosses. Relative to no code-mixing, code-mixing without glosses disrupted processing fluency, leading participants to feel less welcome in the organization. Code-mixing with glosses
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Camera perspective and skin color: Biased reactions to viral body worn camera videos of police violence Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-04-19 Rachel L. Bailey, Harry Yaojun Yan, Glenna L. Read
ABSTRACT Body-worn camera and citizen device videos capturing police use-of-force are shared and commented upon widely within social media. This study investigated how point-of-view (POV: onlooker vs. officer perspective) and citizen skin color (dark skin vs. light skin), interacted to affect emotional responses, likelihood to comment and share, and comment on content. A predominantly White sample
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The longitudinal influence of supportive messages on stress reactivity and general well-being for LGBTQ+ recipients of hate speech: Comparing the relative effects of verbal person-centered and autonomy support Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-02-14 John P. Crowley, Amanda Denes, Amy Bleakley, Katrina T. Webber, Devon Geary, Maria DelGreco, Joseph Whitt, Chelsea Guest, Emily Hamlin
ABSTRACT LBGTQ+ individuals (N = 50) engaged in a 10-minute discussion with a close network member about an experience they had with hate speech that was targeted at their sexual orientation. The relative effects of two predominant social support theoretical frameworks, verbal person centeredness and autonomy support, were compared. Discussions were rated by trained raters for the presence of each
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Latina/o/x undocumented college students’ perceived barriers and motivations for talking to a campus mental health professional: A focus on communication, culture, and structural barriers Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-02-14 Jennifer A. Kam, Suellen Hopfer, Monica Cornejo, Roselia Mendez Murillo, Daniela Juarez
ABSTRACT Although undocumented students face numerous stressors that can lead to mental health strain, they often underutilize their campus mental health services. To identify the barriers and motivations for talking to a campus mental health professional (MHP) and to extend the Health Belief Model (HBM), we conducted semi-structured interviews with 24 Latina/o/x undocumented college students. Family
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Theorizing COVID-19 information retrieving from a culture-centered lens: Communication infrastructures for challenging disinformation Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-01-30 Phoebe Elers, Mohan J. Dutta
ABSTRACT Underpinned by the notion that communication equality is crucial in developing communication infrastructures for health and well-being, this study explores experiences of COVID-19 information retrieving in a low-income suburban area in Aotearoa from a culture-centered lens. Drawing from in-depth interviews with ethnic minority residents, we reveal two polarizing experiences: at one end, residents
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Rethinking polarization: Discursive opening and the possibility for sustaining dialogue Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2023-01-09 Lydia Reinig, Renee Guarriello Heath, Jennifer L. Borda
ABSTRACT Increased polarization and divisive political speech threaten meaningful civic discussion. This study examines a campus public dialogue to understand how dialogic commitments sustained discursive openings for talking across polarizing positions. Specifically, our analysis identifies three patterns of interaction that constituted sustained openings: conceptual expansion, deliberation of meaning
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The world around us and the picture(s) in our heads: The effects of news media use on belief organization Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-12-11 Isabella Glogger, Adam Shehata, David Nicolas Hopmann, Sanne Kruikemeier
ABSTRACT Since Converse [1964. The nature of belief systems in mass publics. Critical Review, 18(1-3), 1 – 74 https://doi.org/10.1080/08913810608443650] asked “What goes with what?”, research tries to answer this question. How individuals perceive the world around them depending on media use has been an endeavor of studying societal beliefs of societal issues separately. Building upon literature on
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Mental illness disclosure from confidants’ perspective within romantic relationships: Validation and extension of the disclosure quality model Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-10-30 Emiko Taniguchi-Dorios, Heather L. Voorhees, Erin Donovan
ABSTRACT This study aimed to validate and extend the disclosure quality model (DQM) in the context of mental illness disclosure in romantic relationships. Participants (N = 217) were individuals who received a disclosure of mental illness from their romantic partner within the past year. The results provided validation of the DQM: greater openness (access to information and candor) in mental illness
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A mixed methodological examination of older adults’ psychological reactance toward caregiving messages from their adult children Communication Monographs (IF 3.1) Pub Date : 2022-10-01 Hannah Ball, Keith Weber, Alan K. Goodboy, Christine E. Kunkle, Christa L. Lilly, Scott A. Myers
ABSTRACT This study extends psychological reactance theory (PRT) to family caregiving by exploring autonomy-threatening messages adult child caregivers use to gain compliance from older adult parents. Results of focus groups and interviews with older adult care recipients (Study One) and caregivers (Study Two) corroborated three types of autonomy-threatening messages, which were used to test PRT (Study