To systematically explore the seismic performance of shear walls and frame-shear wall structures under multi-directional seismic actions, three shear wall specimens and one frame-shear wall specimen are fabricated and the quasi-static loading tests are carried out. The shear wall specimens are loaded in oblique direction, in-plane direction, and out-of-plane direction, while the frame-shear wall specimen

Building natural ventilation is a sustainable approach to reducing energy use and emissions from buildings by minimizing reliance on energy-intensive systems. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are often used to predict natural ventilation, enhance building design, and improve indoor air quality. However, CFD simulations are time-consuming and computationally resource-intensive due to the

Engineered geopolymer composites (EGC) have emerged as promising alternatives to engineered cementitious composites (ECC), largely owing to their low carbon emission potential. However, typical alkaline activators used in geopolymer often contribute to significant environmental impact. Sodium carbonate (SC), also known as natural alkali, is derived from abundant natural deposits and offers a potential

Wind-driven rain (WDR) changes the rain distribution on the building and rain intrusion amount into the damaged building. Severe wind-included damage and rainwater intrusion usually happen in low-rise buildings, and WDR distribution influences the vulnerability induced by wind and WDR of low-rise buildings. However, wind interference effects among buildings change the WDR distribution. This study used

Determining the optimal damping value of the isolation system in tall structures is challenging as it requires parametric studies and time-consuming nonlinear time-history analyses. Consequently, the influence of different parameters, such as displacement limitation, on the optimal damping of isolators in tall structures remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the optimal damping of isolators

The double steel plate concrete-composite shear wall has the advantages of high bearing capacity, strong ductility and reducing the amount of formwork, and has a wide application prospect. To research the seismic performance of the composite shear wall, a three-dimensional solid-shell model of composite shear wall was constructed based on the triaxial plastic-damage constitutive model of confined concrete

The brittle behavior of concrete often necessitates fiber reinforcement to improve load distribution and crack resistance. This study examines fiber orientation in steel fiber-reinforced concrete, achieved by strategically aligning fibers within the fresh composite. B-scan Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) with full polarimetric imaging is utilized for non-destructive assessment of fiber alignment in

This research explores integrating artificial intelligence (AI) in energy optimization for smart homes and buildings, specifically focusing on using Aczel-Alsina aggregation operators within an interval-valued Fermatean fuzzy (IVFF) decision-making framework. The primary goal of this study is to develop a robust method for managing uncertainty and imprecision in energy optimization tasks. Using IVFF

The building sector accounts for 39.7% of global energy consumption and 42% of carbon emissions, highlighting the need for improved energy efficiency. While data-driven energy benchmarking is vital for conservation, current approaches face key challenges: limited datasets, suboptimal prediction algorithms, and inadequate scoring systems. This study proposes an AI-driven benchmarking framework using

Unbonded prestressed slab-column (UBPS-C) structures are prevalent in civil engineering due to their advantages, including simplified construction, reduced deformation, flexible arrangement, and cost savings. However, the absence of beams in UBPS-C structures may result in weakened resistance to progressive collapse, particularly when considering the potential negative effects of material, geometric

The hospitals play an indispensable role in daily life, serving critical functions such as treating injuries and providing medical services in disaster-affected areas. In recent years, there has been increasing attention to the seismic strengthening and reconstruction of hospital buildings. However, even if the hospital buildings meet seismic safety standards through seismic retrofitting, damage to

In order to investigate the vertical coherence of the along-wind aerodynamic fluctuating force on rectangular high-rise buildings with different side ratios, synchronized pressure tests were conducted for rectangular models with thirteen side ratios (1/8-8) under two turbulent boundary layer flows in the wind tunnel. The spatial correlation of along-wind fluctuating wind loads was investigated. Results

The wind and thermal microenvironment around PV arrays play an important role on their structural safety and power output. Most existing research predominantly focuses on numerical simulation methods, which usually involve various idealized assumptions that may lead to distortions in the simulation results. This study employs field tests to investigate the wind and thermal microenvironment of distributed

Incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) into gypsum-based blocks enhances their compressive strength. However, over-reliance on GGBS is a concern due to its extensive use in the construction industry. To address this, basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS) was introduced as a substitute for GGBS in producing gypsum-based blocks. Three mixture

The pore structure plays a crucial role in the thermal conductivity of porous materials. Foam geopolymers, with their inherently low thermal conductivity, show strong potential for building insulation. However, a quantitative model correlating their multi-scale pore structure with thermal conductivity is still lacking. This study prepared six types of ground granulated blast furnace slag-based foam

The Time Constant RC is a key thermal characteristic of a building, combining the thermal resistance of the envelope (R) and the thermal mass (C). It serves as a useful indicator for ranking and prioritizing building retrofits by assessing the thermal performance of the building envelope through temperature measurements. However, accurately determining RC, especially on a large scale, poses significant

The anti-splitting property and durability are important indexes for developing structural crack damage and the bearing capacity of structures. Incorporating fiber can significantly improve the safety performance of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. However, the enhancement effect of different fiber content on the properties is different under severe corrosion environments. Therefore, durability

Traditional active-passive solar heating system face the problem of unsatisfactory installing space in densely built urban areas. Promoting solar louver for improving solar energy utilization has attracted enormous interest owing to its convenience and high efficiency. However, our understanding of thermal performance of solar louver as a passive heating method to enhance solar heat gain is limited

Engineered/Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites (ECC/SHCC) are highly attractive for tensile/shear-critical regions in reinforced concrete structures due to their high tensile ductility and excellent crack control capacity. To ensure effective stress transfer, a sufficient bond between steel bars and SHCC is crucial, particularly for high-strength SHCC. This study experimentally and numerically

Recognition of household electricity consumption pattern aims to identify household electricity consumption preferences, facilitating household electricity consumption behavioral understanding and carbon emission reduction. In this study, a novel Largest Triangle Three Buckets-Dynamic Time Warping-Kmedoids (LTTB-DTW-Kmediods) model is proposed, combining Largest Triangle Three Buckets (LTTB) for dimensionality

The degradation of interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) bars exhibits highly nonlinear characteristics when exposed to marine concrete environments. To address this phenomenon, a novel machine learning approach utilizing XGBoost algorithm was developed to predict ILSS retention (ILSSR). A comprehensive dataset was compiled from experimental results and existing literature

The growing demand for concrete, driven by population and infrastructure growth, contributes significantly to environmental degradation, as each ton of cement produced releases about one ton of carbon dioxide. Sustainable solutions are crucial, and biochar, derived from carbon-rich biomass through pyrolysis, offers a promising approach. Its carbon sequestration potential helps reduce emissions while

Poor workability is a significant issue that hinders the widespread application of geopolymers, while the effectiveness of the commonly used superplasticizers and retarders in geopolymers is often limited. To identify effective admixtures that can enhance the workability of geopolymers and promote their application, it is essential to elucidate the mechanisms by which these admixtures function within

Due to relative poverty, a low education level, and high population vulnerability, China's rural areas face challenges in preventing and controlling infectious diseases. Close contact data are essential for understanding the spread of infections, however, they are currently unavailable. This study provides the first data of close-contact behaviours in six types of indoor environment in China's rural

The Z-shaped combined bend is a critical component in pipeline systems and significantly impacts building energy consumption. Most existing research on its resistance characteristics focuses on establishing quantitative relationships between energy loss and various flow parameters, with limited attention given to the underlying flow mechanisms. Based on the resistance distribution, this study classifies

The sulfate-rich sewage sludge ash (SRSSA) could be recycling used as expansive agents in self-leveling cement mortars, and superabsorbent polymers (SAP) can effectively reduce the shrinkage of cement-based materials. Therefore, SRSSA and SAP were used as admixtures to prepare self-leveling cement mortars. The influences of SRSSA and SAP on the fluidity, strength, drying shrinkage, crack resistance

The long-term durability of textile-reinforced mortar (TRM) composites is essential for their effectiveness in masonry strengthening applications. Despite growing research efforts, the impact of prolonged environmental exposure, particularly in alkaline conditions, on TRM mechanical performance remains inadequately understood. This study evaluates the durability of TRMs subjected to dry, water-immersed

Recently, extreme weather events linked to global warming have increasingly impacted the construction industry. Global warming is primarily driven by carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, and nitrous oxide, with CO2 being the most significant contributor owing to fossil fuel combustion. Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) has emerged as a key strategy in reducing CO2 emissions. Although CO2 has

This study explores the integration of bio-inspired adaptive strategies by combining a kinetic façade with electrochromic glazing to optimize daylight performance and glare control. While existing research on kinetic façades typically focuses on the design of individual modules or the overall façade mechanism, the potential of glazing material as an adaptive element is often overlooked. As a result

Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs usually undergo large deflections without collapsing in extreme conditions, such as fire conditions. Therefore, it would be of great value if some unseen large deflection characteristics of RC slabs could be revealed and utilized from the tested data. This paper presents an in-depth study on the working behavior of the RC two-way slab under large deflection. Two identical

With the growing emphasis on carbon neutrality, the concrete industry is increasingly focusing on cement replacement technologies and modular construction. Reducing the weight of floor concrete slabs is critical in modular construction; however, this can exacerbate floor impact sound, potentially compromising acoustic performance. This study investigates the effect of lightweight aggregate and steel

The incorporation of self-healing capsules in concrete can negatively affect its mechanical properties, limiting their large-scale utilization in real world. To minimize the potential impacts, a novel method than can prepare high-strength capsules was proposed in this study. The basic performance of capsules and the influence on the mechanical performance of concrete was tested, and the underlying

Natural fiber-reinforced concrete (NFRC) has gained popularity for its renewability, cost-effectiveness, and biodegradability, making it a promising material for construction and repair. Plain concrete has low tensile strength and limited crack resistance, which can be improved by incorporating natural fibers. This research empirically analyzes the effects of low alkali-treated betel nut husk fiber

This study investigates the potential application of waste magnesite rocks (WMR) as a sustainable alternative in self-compacting concrete (SCC). SCC with WMR exhibits high workability with minimum compressive strengths of 40N/mm2. Long term durability properties like water absorption, rapid chloride penetration test, acid and sulphate attacks were performed. Bond strength evaluation using pull-out

This study presents an artificial intelligence of things (AIoT)-based framework for intelligent building indoor air quality (IAQ) prediction and management, addressing the critical need for real-time monitoring and control to ensure healthier indoor environments. Poor IAQ poses significant risks to human health and productivity, making accurate predictions essential for proactive air quality management

Textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) is widely used in the fields of reinforced structures, load-bearing structures, and formwork due to its excellent load-bearing capacity and durability. However, TRC functions in complex service environments, where it experiences deterioration due to various environmental factors and loads. Understanding the damage mechanisms of TRC and developing accurate prediction

Driven by the need for sustainable and fire-resistant thermal insulation materials in construction, this study explores the potential of red mud (RM) as a foam stabilizer in geopolymer foam concrete (GFC). Ordinary foam concrete suffers from low strength and high carbon emissions. Geopolymer materials offer a promising alternative, and this research aims to enhance GFC's performance by incorporating

This study intends to build a three-dimensional four-phase mesoscopic model consisting of mortar, coarse aggregate, steel fibers, and interfacial transition zone (ITZ) by the discrete element method to understand the effects of steel fiber content and physical properties of coarse aggregate on the mechanical properties and damage mechanism of steel fiber reinforced concrete. To calibrate and validate

Due to the local shortage of natural aggregate supply, coral reefs usually have to be used in concrete projects on islands. However, compared with natural aggregates, coral aggregates (CA) have many innate defects, such as high porosity (>50 %), low cylinder compressive strength, high chloride ion content, and high crush index (24 %–38 %), which seriously restricts the engineering application of coral

This review paper carefully examines ion-doped non-hydraulic calcium silicates' carbonation behavior and properties, notably γ-C2S, C3S2, and CS, emerging as viable materials for sustainable construction applications. The carbonation process of these materials offers the combined benefits of increased durability and CO2 sequestration, providing a potential pathway to mitigate the environmental impact

This research aims to optimize residential buildings to minimize thermal discomfort to below 1 %, achieve negative CO2 emissions, and reduce construction costs while ensuring full electrification and increased grid independence using a combination of sustainable technologies including PCMs, BIPV, and energy-efficient HVAC Systems. The study employs statistical, quantitative, simulation, and optimization

Ultralight foam concrete (ULFC) typically exhibit a complex composition, comprising Ordinary Portland cement, potential secondary cementitious materials, and a mix of admixtures to ensure mix stability, high-quality structure, desired consistency, and rapid setting. The rational selection of ULFC composition demands a comprehensive understanding of the interactions among its components and the exploration

The specific special environmental characteristics of deserts, plateaus and high latitudes with high daily temperature variations will start to act on the concrete as soon as it is poured. Therefore, experimental studies on the assessment of shrinkage and durability performance of concrete exposed to temperature variations at early ages are needed to ensure optimal application of concrete in these

Delaying ice formation and reducing ice adhesion on concrete surfaces have broad application prospects in civil engineering. Superhydrophobic coatings can effectively delay freezing, which, however, are very likely to fail after multiple freeze-thaw cycles. This study proposed a simple method for preparing superhydrophobic photothermal coatings using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Combining stencil and sol-gel

Commercial complexes face unique challenges regarding indoor air quality due to the pollutants generated by cooking processes. While most previous research has focused on individual restaurants or specific cooking methods, there is a lack of studies examining indoor air quality with commercial complexes that feature multiple restaurants. This study introduces the concept of ‘cooking intensity’, which

The selection of building heating systems is critical for ensuring indoor environmental quality and energy efficiency. However, existing evaluation frameworks often focus on isolated performance parameters and lack an integrated approach. This study aims to bridge this gap through the full-scale assessment of heating terminals using both individual performance metrics and an integrated evaluation index

Ambient particles infiltrate indoor environments through cracks in the building envelope, deteriorating indoor air quality and posing risks to human health. This study investigates the factors influencing particle infiltration in controlled laboratory settings, utilizing an orthogonal experimental design. The effects of outdoor particle concentration (Cout), crack structure factor (q), indoor temperature

The probabilistic characteristics of wind pressure on the surface of glass curtain walls are analyzed. Various methods are employed to assess whether the time history of wind pressure coefficients at the curtain wall measuring points under different conditions conforms to the Gaussian distribution. Criteria for determining if the wind pressure on the surface of the glass curtain wall follows a Gaussian

Steel slag, a major by-product of the steel industry, poses significant environmental and resource challenges. Using untreated steel slag in concrete will cause cracking due to the poor volume stability of steel slag. This study employed a novel autoclave modification procedure to produce high-quality steel slag. The autoclaved steel slag blocks (ASSBs) and normal concrete (NC) were mixed pouring into

Modular Integrated Construction (MIC) shear wall structures consist of various connecting components, including rebar grouting sleeves, non-contact rebar grouting anchors, bottom grouting layers, prefabricated wall shells, and cast-in-place concrete. Due to factors such as concrete shrinkage, creep, local structural complexity, inadequate compaction, and construction processes, these structures are

K-type calcium sulfoaluminate (K-type CSA) expansive agent concrete base their expansion on the formation of the hydrate ettringite. Although this is generally accepted, there is still controversy in the determination of the mechanism responsible for the expansion, mainly the morphology of the ettringite causing the expansion and the mechanism of formation of this ettringite. The use of chemical admixtures

Determining the water content and defects in construction materials is crucial for ensuring building performance and safety. However, existing testing methods may not provide effective measurements for construction materials due to factors such as low testing accuracy, high sample surface requirements, and long testing time. In this study, terahertz non-destructive techniques were innovatively used

Cold joints, a prevalent defect in mass concrete casting, pose significant risks to the structural integrity and load-bearing capacity of constructions. Despite their critical implications, the formation mechanisms and characteristics of cold joints remain inadequately understood, potentially compromising safety in engineering practices. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive study

Developing 3D-printable (3DP) ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) represents a significant hotspot in the concrete construction field. However, conventional UHPC cannot meet the requirements of printability, and the incorporation of additives is considered an effective strategy to solve these problems. The research on 3DP-UHPC from the perspective of additives in this field is relatively lacking

The building sector accounts for approximately 40 % of global energy use, with Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems being the primary contributors. Additionally, indoor environmental quality (IEQ) is a critical factor in occupant well-being, particularly in educational buildings, where thermal comfort and indoor air quality (IAQ) significantly impact cognitive performance. The

The Ministry of Health made LEED certification mandatory for all hospitals with a capacity of 200 beds and above in 2012 in Türkiye. This study addresses the research gap in prioritizing LEED healthcare criteria for green hospitals in Türkiye, a topic that has received limited attention. The aim of this study is to develop a hierarchical framework using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to rank

Building Management Systems (BMS) play a crucial role in effectively managing modern buildings. However, conventional BMS rely on fragmented automation and manual processes, limiting their adaptability, scalability and data-driven decision-making. Despite advances in the implementation of technologies such as digital twins (DTs), blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) in BMS, their practical application

To enhance assembly efficiency, a new bolted beam-to-column composite joint with integrated precast edge composite hollow floor slab (BJHS) was proposed and its seismic performance tested were performed under column-end cyclic loading. Through test and finite element analysis (FEA), the failure mode, hysteretic curve, energy dissipation capacity, stiffness degradation and ductility of the joints were

Pre-curing is a crucial step in the carbonation curing of cement-based materials. It significantly influences the subsequent carbonation and hydration processes, carbon sequestration efficiency, and strength development. This study investigates the effects of various pre-curing methods (fan drying, oven drying, microwave drying) and curing regimes on carbonation performance in cement-based materials

High-temperature damage to concrete is one of the most common hazards to be experienced during its service life. In this study, the mechanical properties of geopolymer-based ultra-high performance concrete (GUHPC) after high temperature exposure using different cooling methods were investigated. The specimens were heated to 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C, followed by air and water cooling