Using multi-solid wastes to prepare foam ceramics, it can not only recycle a large amount of solid waste, but also obtain products with excellent performance. In this study, foam ceramics were prepared by sintering method using recycled waste concrete powder and waste glass power as main raw material. The effect of foaming agent content on the physical properties and pore structure of foam ceramics

Predicting multiple properties of concrete using empirical models has become increasingly challenging due to the complexity of modern concrete formulations and the nonlinear behavior of their constituents. This study introduces a sequential model that integrates mix proportions with microstructural information of concrete. The model addresses the limitations of small datasets and the inherent variability

Rock wool, as an external wall insulation material, is crucial in improving the energy efficiency of structures. However, a large amount of rock wool furnace slag (RWFS) generated during the production of rock wool panels manufacturing causes environmental problems. To address these issues, this study focuses on the use of waste RWFS as a precursor in alkali-activated cementitious materials. In addition

Chloride-induced corrosion is a primary cause of performance degradation and lifespan attenuation in reinforced concrete (RC) structures in marine and de-icing salt environments. This paper focuses on identifying and modeling the uncertainty of chloride transport induced by the mesoscopic structure of concrete. Utilizing mesoscopic statistics conducted on random concrete specimens with different volume

In response to the growing demand for living environment, enhancing the physical environment of residential buildings has become an imperative priority. This study proposes an optimization and low-carbon decision-making framework. Interestingly, a multi-objective optimization model was developed by integrating a backpropagation neural network with the NSGA-II algorithm, and a carbon emission model

Daylighting studies always bring new requirements of growing sophistications, following almost identical simulation procedure that yields spatiotemporal luminous results. While these simulations require defining a complex set of input variables, architects can easily fine-tune the precision of internal inputs, but external inputs, especially Typical Weather Datasets (TWDs), remain beyond their direct

Particulate matter severely affects human health, and its migration is closely related to human walking and ventilation. It is essential to select an appropriate ventilation strategy to control the particulate matter caused by cluster passengers walking. In this study, cluster passengers walk in the narrow passage of a subway station. Large eddy simulation (LES) was used to study the influence of cluster

In the present study, the thermoelectric ventilation (TEV) system, whose electricity is supplied by a system consisting of concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) panels cooled with thermoelectric generators (TEGs), is used to supply the heating and cooling loads of a building located in Huaian city (Jiangsu, China). Two new parameters named Energy Proficiency Indicator (PIen) and Exergy Proficiency Indicator

The integration of renewable energy sources has led to notable supply-demand imbalances due to their intermittent nature. Air-conditioning systems, as significant energy consumers with considerable flexibility, play a crucial role in integrating renewable energy and regulating power systems. This paper delves into the capability of air-conditioning systems in airports to flexibly adjust, particularly

The problem of cross-infection between patients and surgeons in the operating room had been widely concerned by the international community. The purpose of this study had been to explore the potential of a Dual-loop Different Velocity Air Curtain System (DDVACS) being applied in the operating room to reduce cross-infection. In this study, the performance of the system was studied using the computational

Trombe walls have been recognized as a cost-effective solution for reducing energy consumption if designed properly. Most of the experimental studies available in the literature have been carried out to assess the thermal performance of various types of Trombe walls and to understand the impact of key parameters affecting their behavior. However, within the general framework of double-skin facade systems

Nonstructural components such as furniture, ceilings, and lighting equipment exhibit varying behaviors during earthquakes influenced by factors such as seismic waves, floor heights, friction coefficients of floors, and the proximity of other objects. These variables can differ in each scenario, rendering it challenging for individuals to understand and implement effective seismic protection measures

Due to the highly demanding energy standards in Europe and challenging weather conditions, thermal break elements, such as aerated autoclaved concrete (AAC), have become increasingly popular in modern day residential buildings made of masonry cavity walls. Furthermore, a damp-proof course (DPC) layer is also used on top of the thermal break element to prevent water seeping and eventual entrapment due

In the process of construction of large-span spatial structures, there are many control elements, which need to carry on the dual control of internal force and shape. The traditional control method cannot measure the construction deviation completely and accurately, and there is a lag in information feedback. In this paper, spatio-temporal information is integrated into digital twin and a construction

Around 40 percent of global energy is used by buildings, and in Pakistan, the building sector consumes 23 % of total energy consumption. Significant energy savings can be achieved by improving building envelope designs, operational practices, and retrofitting existing buildings. This study aims to reduce the energy and air conditioning demand of an institutional building in Islamabad's hot and humid

Accurate sensor measurements are important to normal operation and energy-saving control of air-conditioning systems in buildings. However, there is currently a lack of faulty sensor data recovery approach for building air-conditioning systems. This study aims to provide a robust faulty sensor data recovery approach for air-conditioning systems in different real buildings. A faulty sensor data recovery

Decentralised, wall mounted ventilation is one of alternative to typical – cross flow or “heat wheel” recovery air handling units (AHU) system when it is not possible to install it. It solves problems such as the need for more space, power consumption of fans, and investment costs. This experimental study aims to analyse the performance of the unique constructed decentralised air handling unit (DAHU)

Retractable roof structure (RRS) works optimally under varying weather, but is prone to damage due to its complexity, requiring monitoring. Given RRS's large scale, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are preferred, with dynamic WSNs better adapted to its motion than static ones. A tree-type network topology was designed for dynamic WSN, enabling fast self-routing. It is divided into subnets, each with

The insertion of rebars in masonry is a well-established repair and reinforcing technique. To this end, standard thin rebars are usually employed. In this research, the standard Spanish shape for the stainless-steel wires and rebars is optimised, from the bonding point of view, to work while both highly confined and thinly covered by mortar, thereby reproducing the conditions of rebars between masonry

This study examines recent research on mortar and concrete reinforced with natural fibers (NF). NF are a sustainable, eco-friendly alternative to conventional fibers, offering a way to reduce waste that would otherwise end up in landfills. The diversity of environments across continents provides a wide range of NF to study, and examining representative regions advances the knowledge obtained by enabling

Building upon the intricate interplay of hydration, temperature, moisture, and mechanical forces, we introduce an innovative Chemo-Thermo-Hygro-Mechanical (C-T-H-M) multi-field coupling model tailored to massive concrete structures. This model facilitates the analysis of the cracking risk index through the application of the maximum effective energy density ratio. An exhaustive inquiry delves into

Near-wall fires happen frequently in buildings and may ignite the solids on the wall, leading to a rapid spread of fire. A series of experiments and numerical simulations were conducted on near-wall and free (the same as that of near-wall fire source after mirroring) fires using propane and methane as the fuel to investigate the effect of the wall on flame attachment properties and flame height. The

Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement-based materials have high ettringite content enables heat storage, enhancing the thermal inertia of buildings. This study aims to optimize the porous network of foamed CSA material in terms of porosity, permeability and mechanical strength so that they can be effective in building applications as supporting structures with heat storage capacity. To achieve these

This study presents a novel friction energy dissipation (FED) joint designed to suspend precast reinforced concrete cladding on beams within steel frame structural systems. An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the influence of friction sheet materials on the mechanical properties, energy dissipation performance, and seismic reduction effect of these new FED joints on the main structure

Assessing the safety of concrete structures subjected to sulfate attack requires a thorough understanding of concrete deterioration degree and the depth of the deteriorated surface layer. However, the existing techniques either solely consider the depth of concrete deterioration or rely on macroscopic mechanical properties to assess the degree of deterioration of concrete, disregarding the non-uniform

Cementitious capillary crystalline waterproof material (CCCW) is a material that can react with substances inside the concrete, generating crystals that fill the pores and cracks in the concrete. This chemical reaction is expected to improve the mechanical properties of the concrete. This study investigated the effects of CCCW content and water-cement ratio (W/C) on the compressive behavior of cementitious

This paper presents a full-scale experimental research on the smoke descent and stratification in a two-storey residential building under the coupling influences of vertical connection channels and ventilation conditions. The two floors were connected by one atrium and one stair, and the fire source was located on the second floor. Wood crib and gasoline were selected as representative fuels to reflect

In this study alkali-activated concrete mixtures with a high calcium-based precursor and with prolonged workable times were developed and its site application for pumping activity was validated through a field study. This was achieved by formulating mixtures with pumpable workability and extended workable times. Sodium gluconate was used as a retarder to extend the workable time. The influence of sodium

The quality of the luminous environment in classrooms significantly impacts the performance, physical and psychological health of teenagers. This study proposes an emerging framework and improves the metrics to concurrently evaluate the visual and non-visual effects of annual lighting performance within Chinese classrooms. The year-round spatial and temporal variations of horizontal (desk) illuminance

Regional seismic loss assessment is crucial for developing earthquake emergency plans, which can significantly reduce casualties and socioeconomic losses in urban communities. Due to the complex types of building structures in a region, it is not possible to accurately measure the damage state of building structures using a single scalar ground motion intensity measure (IM). To more accurately reflect

With the increasing generation of construction waste, the rational utilization of recycled micro powder has become crucial for the efficient development of construction waste resource recycling. This study investigates the chloride ion penetration performance of Recycled Composite Micro Powder Concrete (RCMPC) under freeze-thaw conditions. By incorporating Recycled Concrete Powder (RCP) and Recycled

In this study, the splitting tests were conducted to examine the effect of strain rate on the splitting tensile performance of high-strength ultrahigh-toughness cementitious composites (HS-UHTCCs). Hydraulic machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) were used to investigate the tensile properties of HS-UHTCCs. The strain rates ranged from 10−6 to 10−3 s−1 for hydraulic machine experiments and

3D Printing (3DP) technology, one of the layered production methodologies where design and construction configurations can be made with increasing digitalization and Industry 4.0, is one of the leading techniques of the period. 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) also comes to the fore in the construction industry. The study aims to observe the impact of architectural design decisions on the 3DCP process by

Fly ash-based alkali-activated concrete (AAC) is renowned for its superior mechanical performance and sustainability, presenting an attractive alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. Despite these advantages, the broad compositional range of AACs presents challenges in precisely tailoring material properties. In this context, machine learning (ML) offers promising prospects to streamline

In the event of disasters, the provision of energy encounters significant challenges. Flexible photovoltaic (FlexPV) is an ideal choice for emergency shelters to supply the daily activities for displaced populations. S(P)EEDKITS is a project to develop rapid deployable emergency shelters as seeds of self-recovery. Based on the project, this study is to assess the feasibility of FlexPV on the roof of

Generally, engineered cementitious composites (ECC) have a high proportion of cement, resulting in substantial carbon dioxide emissions that detrimentally affect their environmental sustainability. In this paper, the industrial waste, extracted titanium tailing slag (ETTS), was employed as a partial replacement for cement in the preparation of high-strength ECC. The experimental results show that recycling

The construction industry generates substantial volumes of construction and demolition waste (CDW), including aggregates and fine particles classified as recycled concrete powder (RCP). This study investigates the sustainable reuse of RCP by evaluating its combined use with metakaolin (MK) as supplementary cementitious materials in both binary and ternary mixtures with Portland cement, aiming to reduce

The slow early strength development of MgO-calcined clay cementitious materials poses significant challenges in meeting industrial requirements, thereby limiting their large-scale application. To address this issue, this study employed 1 wt% of sodium bicarbonate to activate the MgO-calcined clay cementitious materials and compared its effectiveness with that of two commonly used early strength agents:

Promoting the early hydration of cement and enhancing its strength at low-temperatures can reduce the occurrence of freeze-thaw damage in concrete structures. Amorphous nano-SiO2 particles (NS) have been proven to effectively facilitate cement hydration at low temperatures. However, crystalline nano-SiO2 particles (CS), which share the same chemical composition as NS, have received little attention

Replacing a portion of cement clinker with limestone powder can reduce carbon dioxide emissions, but limestone powder with different mixing rations and particle sizes will exert varying impacts on freshly mixed cement-based materials. In this paper, the effects of different limestone powders on the sulfate attack resistance of cement-based material under the coupling of time-varying temperature and

The concrete 3D printing sector can advance sustainable development by formulating environmentally-friendly materials incorporating waste as supplementary cementitious materials. Addressing the high cement content in printed materials is crucial for the sustainability of this rapidly evolving technology in concrete digital fabrication. This article comprehensively explores utilizing waste materials

Optimizing vertical greening systems to reduce their negative impact on buildings is important to reduce energy consumption. To reduce the long-term effects of fixed living plant walls on building facades, this study proposes an optimization scheme for dynamic living plant walls (DLWS). By combining dynamic building facades with living plant walls, this study analyzes the effectiveness of DLWS, fixed

The addition of coarse aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC-CA) has the potential to reduce autogenous shrinkage and improve mechanical properties. However, it also affects the fiber distribution and crack propagation, thereby compressive relationship of UHPC. This study investigated the effects of different fiber shapes on the compressive behaviors of UHPC-CA. Three fiber shapes (straight

With the aim of facilitating the adoption of eco-friendly bamboo scrimber bars as an alternative to the widely used steel bars in concrete structures, center pull-out tests were conducted on 75 specimens to investigate the bond performance between bamboo scrimber bars and concrete. Two innovative modification methods were employed, including the sand coating modification method with varying particle

Decarbonization policies in the construction and building sector have spurred the search for materials with a lower environmental impact. Traditional techniques, such as earth-based materials (EBMs), have inspired innovative solutions, although these materials often need enhancement to meet modern performance demands. Typically, this requires reinforcement or stabilization, which can increase both

This study focused on the development of an innovative calcium carbonate (CC)-raw bentonite (RB) mortar for high temperature purposes. The main strategy proposed in this work relies on the synergistic thermal and chemical activation of CC/RB-based mortar to produce a hardened material with optimal engineering properties. Instead of calcining RB before alkali-activation, thermochemical activation was

Thermal retrofits of existing buildings offer a great potential to reduce Europe's energy use and CO2 emissions. The impact of these retrofitting strategies on the risk for degradation in building envelopes is assessed through hygrothermal simulations. Due to the lack of long term climate data, hygrothermal simulations are performed for a certain location, and the results are generalised over a large

Children with autism show unique behavioural patterns and sensitivity to spatial elements; therefore, size and furniture arrangement at rehabilitation facilities can affect behaviour. In this study, spatial adaptation during three situations (learning, playing with toys, and finding objects) was evaluated for different spatial sizes in children with autism using video data. In particular, 330 videos

This article explores fortifying cement mortars against severe sulfuric acid (SLA) attacks by studying the impact of nano-SiO2 (NS), macro-steel (ST), and micro-polypropylene (PP) fibers. The aim is to assess their effects on workability, physical attributes, mechanical properties, and durability against SLA attacks when incorporated into mortar blends. Replacing 1 % of cement weight with NS, having

This study investigates the effects of various components on the performance of aerogel-phosphogypsum (APG) thermal insulation mortar. This study investigates the effects of various components on the performance of aerogel-phosphogypsum (APG) thermal insulation mortar, with a special focus on optimizing the composition to enhance mechanical properties. The parametric range explored included phosphogypsum

The utilization of coal gangue in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) has been limited by its relatively low activity and poor carbonation resistance. This research evaluates the effects of adding Ca(OH)2 and gypsum to enhance the carbonation resistance and mechanical properties of coal gangue-based LC3. Coal gangue-based LC3 with 60 % coal gangue replacement exhibits limited carbonation resistance

The high hydrophilicity and permeability of concrete caused by many pores and hydroxyl groups produced by cement hydration are the main factors leading to dry shrinkage, cracking, and poor corrosion resistance of concrete. Giving concrete internal curing and hydrophobicity is an effective measure to solve the above problems. In this paper, a new idea and preparation method for an organic combination

Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) is the preferred material for rapid repair due to its rapid setting and early strength properties. However, its inherent brittleness renders it less suitable for use in assembled building nodes. To address the brittleness of MPC, coconut fiber (CF), a natural fiber known for its toughness, is often employed as a reinforcement. However, CF-MPC encounter difficulties

Waste glass granules are considered a cost-effective alternative material to replace aggregates in concrete. However, the bond degradation of corroded concrete containing recycled glass granules has not been explored. This study investigated the effect of glass granules on rebar corrosion and the bond loss between rebars and concrete subjected to accelerating corrosion. The compressive strength and

Incorporating phase change material (PCM) into construction materials is an effective method for modifying building energy regulations throughout their service life. However, the effectiveness of PCM is constrained by its low thermal conductivity, highlighting the need for efficient enhancement methods. This study introduces thermally conductive carbon-based additions at both the nano-scale and meso-scale

Cenospheres are low-density and hollow microspheres derived from coal-fired power plant fly ash waste. This study aims to prepare ultra-light-weight (<1000 kg/m3 wet density) concrete using fly ash cenospheres (FAC). To begin with, FAC's shell thickness and the water absorption and desorption were characterized. A mixing procedure was designed to avoid the segregation between the FAC and cement slurry

In this study, the impact of alkaline solutions composed of various Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio and NaOH molarity on the strength, chloride ingress and chloride binding capacity of fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) based alkali activated concrete (AAC) was investigated. The microstructural properties of alkali activated binders (AAB) composites was also studied to understand its influence

Reuse of undamaged steel components in new structural design offers a means to reduce construction-related waste and carbon emissions. However, designing with reused members significantly differs from conventional methods as the design must conform to a so-called stock constraint. This work presents an automated stock-constrained design algorithm for planar trusses. To promote high efficiency of the

Phosphogypsum (PG) is an industrial waste produced during the manufacture of phosphoric acid. In this study, dihydrate phosphogypsum (DPG), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA), Portland cement clinker (PCC), sulfate alumina cement clinker (SACC), water reducer, sand, and stone were combined to create a phosphogypsum-based geopolymer (PBG) concrete. Concrete mix design was carried

3D printing with concrete is primarily achieved through an extrusion process, where the material is precisely deposited layer by layer to construct structures. Proper control of extrusion ensures consistent material flow, accurate layer formation, and the overall stability of the 3D-printed structure. However, clogging during the extrusion process can occur as the nozzle size is too small relative