研究领域
Successful conservation of tropical biodiversity requires that we understand the mechanisms controlling habitat and species distributions. Two potent forces induce changes in these distributions: climate change and human activities. My research uses paleoecology to understand the changing patterns of tropical biodiversity. Through the study of fossil pollen, diatoms and charcoal, we reconstruct the history of habitats in tropical South America. These paleoecological records allow us to reconstruct climate change over the last 200,000 years and relate it to patterns of biodiversity, speciation and human occupation. From these observations, we contribute to the current debate on global climate change and species conservation.
To gain these data, we must locate and visit ancient lakes in the neotropics. The lake sediments hold a history of the surrounding landscape since the formation of the lake. A core of those sediments provides us with a complete history of that location. We raise the cores using a backpackable coring rig. As many of these lakes lie in some of the most remote locations on Earth, the ?eldwork is arduous and not for the faint-hearted. Although the coring is an important and exciting facet of our work, the great majority of our time is spent in intensive lab work counting and identifying the fossil pollen and statistically analyzing the resultant data.
Our study sites include Guatemala, Amazonia, the Andes of Peru and Ecuador, and the Galapagos Islands. Although spanning a large geographic area, the linking theme is in trying to understand how climatic events, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation, and mega-droughts in?uenced natural and human communities. Our study of Lake Titicaca has provided a 340,000 year (four glacial cycles) record of climate changes and shows how changes in Earth’s orbit around the sun caused changes in climate. Our studies reveal that modern temperature change is happening 10–100 times faster than any parallel event of the last 50,000 years. These data raise serious questions about the ability of species to migrate to counteract current and future climatic change. Studies of younger lakes have provided the earliest documented corn cultivation in Amazonia, evidence of a sequence of megadroughts within the last 11,000 years, and the collapse of native societies at the time of European contact.
I have published two books Ecology of a Changing Planet, which provides an introduction for undergraduates to applied ecology, and Tropical Rainforest Responses to Climatic Change aimed at a more specialized readership.
We use paleoecology to look at all aspects of South and Central American ecology in the Quaternary Period. Our current projects include investigating the population collapse of the Pleistocene megafauna, and the impacts of megadroughts played in the ecology of Amazonia. We are looking at climatic variability during the last interglacial and the last ice age in Central America, the Amazon Basin and the Andes. We are also engaged in investigations of the influence of the El Nino Southern Oscillation on the climate history of the Galapagos Islands. We are investigating the role that native South and Central American people played in altering their environment prior to European arrival. Lastly, we are building a bigger and better pollen database to provide a tool to improve identification of Neotropical pollen types.
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Bush, M. B. 2017. The resilience of Amazonian forests. Nature 541:167-168.
Bush, M. B., Y. A. Correa-Metrio, R. van Woesik, C. Shadik, and C. N. McMichael. in press. Human disturbance amplifies Amazonian ENSO signal. Global Change Biology.
Holden, P. B., H. J. B. Birks, S. J. Brooks, M. B. Bush, G. M. Hwang, F. Matthews-Bird, B. G. Valencia, and R. van Woesik. in press. BUMPER v1.0: A Bayesian user-friendly model for palaeo-environmental reconstruction. Geoscientific Model Development.
Bush, M. B., and C. N. McMichael. 2016. Holocene variability of an Amazonian hyperdominant. Journal of Ecology 104:1370-1378.
Bush, M. B., Y. A. Correa-Metrio, C. H. McMichael, S. Sully, C. R. Shadik, T. Guilderson, M. Steinitz-Kannan, and O. J.T. 2016. A 6900-year history of landscape modification by humans in lowland Amazonia. Quaternary Science Reviews 141:52–64.
Bush, M. B., M. A. Riedinger‐Whitmore, M. Steinitz‐Kannan, M. C. Miller, and P. E. De Oliveira. 2016b. Paul Colinvaux 1930–2016. The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 97:208-212.
Raczka, M. F., M. B. Bush, A. M. Folcik, and C. H. McMichael. 2016. Sporormiella as a tool for detecting the presence of large herbivores in the Neotropics. Biota Neotropica 16.
Rozas-Davila, A., B. G. Valencia, and M. B. Bush. 2016. The functional extinction of Andean megafauna. Ecology 97:2533-2539.
Valencia, B. G., F. Matthews‐Bird, D. H. Urrego, J. J. Williams, W. D. Gosling, and M. Bush. 2016. Andean microrefugia: testing the Holocene to predict the Anthropocene. New Phytologist 212:510-522.
Bush, M. B., C. H. McMichael, D. R. Piperno, M. R. Silman, J. Barlow, C. A. Peres, M. Power, and M. W. Palace. 2015. Anthropogenic influence on Amazonian forests in pre‐history: An ecological perspective. Journal of Biogeography 42:2277-2288.
Bush, M. B., N. A. S. Mosblech, and W. S. Church. 2015. Climate change and the agricultural history of a mid-elevation Andean montane forest. The Holocene 25:1522-1532.
Bush, M. B., A. Alfonso-Reynolds, B. G. Valencia, D. H. Urrego, A. Correa-Metrio, M. Zimmerman, and M. R. Silman. 2015. Fire and climate: Contrasting pressures on tropical Andean timberline species. J. Biogeography 42:938-950.
Conroy, J. L., A. F. Collins, J. T. Overpeck, M. B. Bush, J. E. Cole, and D. J. Anderson. 2015. A 400‐year isotopic record of seabird response to eastern tropical Pacific productivity. Geo: Geography and Environment 2:137-147.Flantua, S. G., H. Hooghiemstra, E. C. Grimm, H. Behling, M. B. Bush, C. González-Arango, W. D. Gosling, M.-P. Ledru, S. Lozano-García, and A. Maldonado. 2015. Updated site compilation of the Latin American Pollen Database. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 223:104-115. Kular, D., K. Hollowood, O. Ommojaro, K. Smart, M. Bush, and E. Ribeiro. 2015. Classifying Frog Calls Using Gaussian Mixture Models. Pages 347-354 Advances in Visual Computing. Springer International Publishing. Matthews‐Bird, F., W. D. Gosling, A. L. Coe, M. Bush, F. E. Mayle, Y. Axford, and S. J. Brooks. 2015. Environmental controls on the distribution and diversity of lentic Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) across an altitudinal gradient in tropical South America. Ecology and Evolution. McMichael, C., D. Piperno, and M. Bush. 2015a. Comment on Clement et al. 2015 ‘The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest’. Proc. R. Soc. B 282:20151837. McMichael, C., D. Piperno, E. Neves, M. Bush, F. Almeida, G. Mongeló, and M. B. Eyjolfsdottir. 2015b. Phytolith assemblages along a gradient of ancient human disturbance in western Amazonia. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3:141. McMichael, C. H., D. R. Piperno, and M. B. Bush. 2015c. Comment on Clement et al. 2015 “The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest”.
Piperno, D. R., C. McMichael, and M. B. Bush. 2015. Amazonia and the Anthropocene: What was the spatial extent and intensity of human landscape modification in the Amazon Basin at the end of prehistory? The Holocene 25:1588-1597.
Bush, M. B., P. E. de Oliveira, M. F. Raczka, W. D. Gosling, F. E. Mayle, C. H. McMichael, and D. H. Urrego. 2014. Paleoclimates of Amazonia: An ice-age view.in F. Ribeiro and I. Carvalho, editors. Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida - Paleoclimas.
Bush, M. B., C. H. McMichael, M. F. Raczka, M. B. De Toledo, M. J. Power, F. E. Mayle, and P. E. De Oliveira. 2014b. The Holocene of the Amazon. Paleoclimas - Série Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida. Interciência, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Bush, M. B., A. Restrepo, and A. F. Collins. 2014. Galápagos History, Restoration, and a Shifted Baseline. Restoration Ecology.
Conroy, J.L., Thompson, D.M., Collins, A., Overpeck, J.T., Cole, J.E., and Bush, M.B. 2014. Climate influences on water and sediment properties of Genovesa Crater Lake, Galápagos Journal of Paleolimnology. doi: 10.1007/s10933-014-9797-z
McMichael, C. H., M. W. Palace, M. B. Bush, B. Braswell, S. Hagen, E. G. Neves, M. R. Silman, E. K. Tamanaha, and C. Czarnecki. 2014. Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281:20132475.
Collins, A. F., M. B. Bush, and J. P. Sachs. 2013. Microrefugia and species persistence in the Galápagos highlands: A 26,000-year paleoecological perspective. Frontiers in Genetics 4.
McMichael, C., M. W. Palace, M. B. Bush, R. Braswell, S. Hagen, E. Neves, M. R. Silman, E. Tamanha, and C. Czarnecki 2014. Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in western Amazonia. Proceedings of the Royal Society B; 281 (1777):20132475. doi: 10.1098
Collins, A. F., M. B. Bush, and J. P. Sachs 2013. Microrefugia and species persistence in the Galapagos highlands: A 26,000-year paleoecological perspective. Frontiers in Genetics 4. 10.3389/fgene.2013.00269
Correa-Metrio, A., M. Bush, S. Lozano-García, and S. Sosa-Nájera 2013a. Millennial-Scale Temperature Change Velocity in the Continental Northern Neotropics. PLoS ONE 8:e81958.
Correa-Metrio, A., J. Meave S. Lozano-García, and M. B. Bush 2013b. Environmental determinismand neutrality in vegetation at millennial time scales. Journal of Vegetation Science DOI: 10.1111/jvs.12129.
McMichael, C. H., M. B. Bush, M. R. Silman, D. R. Piperno, M. F. Raczka, L. C. Lobato, M. Zimmerman, S. Hagen, and M. Palace 2013. Historical fire and bamboo dynamics in western Amazonia. Journal of Biogeography 40:299-309.
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