个人简介
I am an experimental evolutionary ecologist who works with insects, bacterial pathogens and symbionts. Much of my research focuses on virulence and resistance, particularly the evolution of virulence in parasites with a role in insect pest management, the evolution of resistance to the biological control agent Bacillus thruringiensis and, increasingly, the evolution of resistance to antibiotics. I have also worked on the basic ecology of biocontrol agents and beneficial bacteria, such as B. thuringiensis, rhizobacteria and insect baculoviruses. As well as testing and advancing fundamental ideas, I am particularly interested in applying theory to real world problems such as improving the efficacy and sustainability of biocontrol or managing the evolution of resistance. My work ranges from the laboratory to the field and includes a number of in vivo and in vitro experimental evolution systems that have been developed by my group.
Qualifications
1998 DPhil (University of York)
1994 MSc (University College of North Wales)
1992 BA (St John’s College, Oxford)
Career
2016- Associate Professor of Microbial Ecology and Entomology, University of Exeter
2013-2106 Senior Lecturer in Evolutionary Ecology, Imperial College, Silwood Park.
2009-2013 NERC Research Fellow, Royal Holloway University of London.
2007-2009 NERC Research Fellow, University of Oxford
2005-2007 Insect pathogen evolutionary ecology, University of Oxford
2001-2004 Evolution of resistance to insect pathogens, Imperial College
1998-2001 Insect baculovirus ecology, CEH Oxford
研究领域
1. Biology and ecology of Bacillus thuringiensis.
This bacterium is the world’s biggest selling microbial pesticide and supplies the key active proteins (Cry toxins) that are expressed in genetically modified insect resistant crops. Despite its applied importance, the fundamental biology and ecology of this bacterium has been largely neglected, although this has broad implications for the biosafety of this organism and understanding how it kills its hosts. I am interested in how selection has led to the specialized production of large quantities of virulence factors and how this pathogen reproduces in the field in the absence of substantial epidemics. Ongoing interests include exploring the evolutionary relationship between B. thuringiensis and its complement of plasmids and how environmental factors shape population structure.
2. Evolution of resistance to biopesticides and GM crops.
Applied as organic microbial pesticide, or as Cry toxins in GM crops, B. thuringiensis provides an exceptionally environmentally safe form of pest management, with no harmful effects on non-target organisms. It is therefore a technology worth preserving. This chiefly requires managing the evolution of resistance in target pests. Previously, I have explored how the fitness costs associated with resistance to B. thuringiensis could be manipulated to reduce the rate of evolution of resistance, as well as the value of biopesticide combinations in combating resistance. Current collaborations have investigated the genetic mechanisms of resistance in various Lepidopteran pests, and how insect behavior in the field might explain the very rapid evolution of resistance seen in some species. Ongoing research (with Oxitec and the University of Oxford) is investigating how the release of self-limiting genetically modified insects might be used as a tool to slow the evolution of resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella.
3. Cooperation and the evolution of virulence.
The idea that kin selection might maintain group beneficial traits in microbes has revolutionized how we see virulence in bacteria, particularly virulence that is dependent on the extracellular export of proteins. My group has been one of the first to explore the implications of this theory in naturalistic host pathogen interactions, rather than in highly controlled artificial media. While social interactions seem to be more important for some virulence factors than others, these ideas have been invaluable for understanding investment in virulence in B. thuringiensis and for understanding important and fundamental processes such as dose response. Ongoing research projects are investigating whether we can apply our understanding of social interactions to shape the evolution of biocontrol agents in the laboratory.
4. Evolution and ecology of symbionts.
Many bacteria switch between pathogenic, commensal and mutualistic lifestyles very readily over evolutionary timescales. I am interested in the evolutionary ecology of selection for virulence in symbionts. In addition, many symbionts, such as those in the gut or those associated with plant roots, can have a substantial positive impact on the health and fitness of their hosts. This has led to them being exploited as probiotics or as plant growth promoting bacteria. I am interested in exploring how environmental factors shaping the make-up of symbiont communities and whether this understanding can better shape our use of beneficial bacteria.
5. Evolution of resistance to antibiotics.
Resistance management is widely practiced in insect pest control but has had only a few successes in important human pathogens (mostly for the treatment of TB and HIV). Solutions to the current crisis in antibiotic resistance require imaginative solutions and better data. I am interested in applying many of lessons learnt in pesticide resistance management to the context of antibiotic resistance and have been developing a novel model experimental system (using Enterobacter cloacae in Lepidoptera) to test various ideas, including how best to use bacteriophage to combat the evolution of resistance.
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Raymond BD, Medaney F, Ellis RJ (2016). Ecological and genetic determinants of plasmid carriage in Escherichia coli. Environmental Microbiology Article has an altmetric score of 4
Shapiro-Ilan D, Raymond B (2016). Limiting opportunities for cheating stabilizes virulence in insect parasitic nematodes. Evolutionary Applications, 9(3), 462-470. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 5
Medaney F, Dimitriu T, Ellis RJ, Raymond B (2016). Live to cheat another day: Bacterial dormancy facilitates the social exploitation of β-lactamases. ISME Journal, 10(3), 778-787. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 17
Cornforth DM, Matthews A, Brown SP, Raymond B (2015). Bacterial Cooperation Causes Systematic Errors in Pathogen Risk Assessment due to the Failure of the Independent Action Hypothesis. PLoS Pathogens, 11(4). Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 28 Deng C, Slamti L, Raymond B, Liu G, Lemy C, Gominet M, Yang J, Wang H, Peng Q, Zhang J, et al (2015). Division of labour and terminal differentiation in a novel Bacillus thuringiensis strain. ISME Journal, 9(2), 286-296. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 14
Van Leeuwen E, O'Neill S, Matthews A, Raymond B (2015). Making pathogens sociable: the emergence of high relatedness through limited host invasibility. ISME Journal, 9(10), 2315-2323. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 4
Ayra-Pardo C, Raymond B, Gulzar A, Rodríguez-Cabrera L, Morán-Bertot I, Crickmore N, Wright DJ (2015). Novel genetic factors involved in resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Plutella xylostella. Insect Molecular Biology, 24(6), 589-600. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 4
Tellez-Rodriguez P, Raymond B, Moran-Bertot I, Rodriguez-Cabrera L, Wright DJ, Borroto CG, Ayra-Pardo C (2014). Strong oviposition preference for Bt over non-Bt maize in Spodoptera frugiperda and its implications for the evolution of resistance. BMC BIOLOGY, 12 Author URL.
Zhou L, Slamti L, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Lereclus D, Raymond B (2014). The social biology of quorum sensing in a naturalistic host pathogen system. Current Biology, 24(20), 2417-2422. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 11
Raymond B, Bonsall MB (2013). Cooperation and the evolutionary ecology of bacterial virulence: the Bacillus cereus group as a novel study system. BioEssays, 35(8), 706-716. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 1
Raymond B, Wright DJ, Crickmore N, Bonsall MB (2013). The impact of strain diversity and mixed infections on the evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 280(1769). Abstract.
Raymond B, West SA, Griffin AS, Bonsall MB (2012). The dynamics of cooperative bacterial virulence in the field. Science, 336(6090), 85-88. Abstract. Article has an altmetric score of 13
Garbutt J, Bonsall MB, Wright DJ, Raymond B (2011). Antagonistic competition moderates virulence in Bacillus thuringiensis. ECOLOGY LETTERS, 14(8), 765-772. Author URL. Article has an altmetric score of 1
Raymond B, Wright DJ, Bonsall MB (2011). Effects of host plant and genetic background on the fitness costs of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Heredity, 106(2), 281-288. Abstract.
Raymond B, Johnston PR, Nielsen-LeRoux C, Lereclus D, Crickmore N (2010). Bacillus thuringiensis: an impotent pathogen?. TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY, 18(5), 189-194. Author URL. Article has an altmetric score of 10
Raymond B, Wyres KL, Sheppard SK, Ellis RJ, Bonsall MB (2010). Environmental factors determining the epidemiology and population genetic structure of the bacillus cereus group in the field. PLoS Pathogens, 6(5), 1-13. Abstract.
Martinou AF, Raymond B, Milonas PG, Wright DJ (2010). Impact of intraguild predation on parasitoid foraging behaviour. Ecological Entomology, 35(2), 183-189. Abstract.
Raymond B, Johnston PR, Wright DJ, Ellis RJ, Crickmore N, Bonsall MB (2009). A mid-gut microbiota is not required for the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to diamondback moth larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, 11(10), 2556-2563. Author URL. Article has an altmetric score of 3
Raymond B, Ellis RJ, Bonsall MB (2009). Moderation of pathogen-induced mortality: the role of density in Bacillus thuringiensis virulence. BIOLOGY LETTERS, 5(2), 218-220. Author URL. Article has an altmetric score of 1
Raymond B, Lijek RS, Griffiths RI, Bonsall MB (2008). Ecological consequences of ingestion of Bacillus cereus on Bacillus thuringiensis infections and on the gut flora of a lepidopteran host. JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY, 99(1), 103-111.
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