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"Rapid Synthesis of 3D Tissues by Chemically Programmed Assembly." Todhunter ME*, Jee NY*, Cerchiari A, Hughes AJ, Farlow J, Garbe JC, LaBarge MA, Desai TA, Gartner ZJ. (submitted) "Formation of spatially and geometrically controlled 3D tissues in soft gels via sacrificial micro molding." Cerchiari A, Garbe JC, Todhunter ME, Jee NY, LaBarge MA, Desai T*, Gartner ZJ. Tiss. Eng. Part C (2014) *co-corresponding authors "A strategy for tissue self-organization that is robust to cellular heterogeneity and plasticity." Cerchiari A, Garbe JC, Todhunter ME, Jee NY, Broaders K, Peehl D, LaBarge MA, Desai T, Thomson M, Gartner ZJ. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2015) Self-organization is a fundamental property of human cells that contributes to our developement, tissue repair, and the progression of cancer. We found that luminal and myoepithelial cells from the human mammary gland self-organize into the correct 3D structure in laminin-rich extracellular matrix (left), but self-organize into an inverted structure in non-adhesive agarose (right). We explain this phenomenon and reveal a unique strategy for tissue self-organization that can arrive at the correct structure even when cellular behaviors are highly heterogeneous or change in time. "Interrogating Stem Cell Fate Decisions with High-Throughput Arrays of Cellular Communities." Chen S, Na YS, Todhunter M, Hsiao S, Scheideler OJ, Bremer AW, Bomdica P, Maharbiz MM, Gartner ZJ*, Schaffer DV*. (submitted) *co-corresponding authors "Efficient targeting of fatty-acid modified oligonucleotides to live cell membranes through step-wise assembly." Webber RJ, Liang SI, Selden NS, Desai TA, Gartner ZJ. BioMacroMolecules (2014) "Production & Targeting of Monovalent Quantum Dots." Seo D, Farlow J, Southard K , Jun YW* Gartner ZJ*. J. Vis. Exp. (2014) *co-corresponding authors A protocol for the scalable synthesis of monovalent quantum dot imaging probes. "A Modular Approach for Assembling Aldehyde-Tagged Proteins on DNA Scaffolds." Liang SI, McFarland J, Rabuka D, Gartner ZJ. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2014) A simple method for generating site-specific DNA-protein conjugates is presented. This method provides a means of assembling antibody fragments on DNA scaffolds in precisely defined nanoscale geometries. These constructs will find utility as nanoscale probes of receptor organization at the cell surface. "Cells: Shaping tissues and organs." Rosenblatt J, Gartner ZJ. Mol. Bio. Cell (2014) "Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3406 is a type II alkyl sulfatase capable of sulfate scavenging." Sogi KM, Gartner ZJ, Breidenbach MA, Appel MJ, Schelle MW, Bertozzi CR. PLOS One (2013) "Formation of targeted monovalent quantum dot by steric exclusion." Farlow J, Seo D, Broaders KE, Taylor M, Gartner ZJ*, Jun YW*. Nature Methods (2013) *co-corresponding authors Controlling the valency of targeting elements on nanoparticles is a major challenge. Here we describe a modular and scalable synthetic strategy to generate monovalent semiconductor quantum dots by steric exclusion. Phosphorothioate DNA is mixed with ZnS coated CdSe QDs to produce targetable and highly fluorescent nanoparticles of a single valency. "Programmed Cell-to-Cell Variability in Ras Activity Triggers Emergent Behaviors during Mammary Epithelial Morphogenesis." Liu J; Farlow J; Paulson AK; Labarge MA; Gartner ZJ Cell Reports (2012) Cell-to-cell variability, or tissue heterogeneity, can arise as a consequence of noisy gene expression, microenvironmental heterogeneity, or somatic mutations. This heterogeneity becomes accentuated in disease states such as cancer, where it is hypothesized to contribute to the aggressiveness of tumors. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that sustained patterns of cell-to-cell variability in activation of the Ras oncogene are sufficient to trigger a variety of emergent behaviors at the tissue-level relevant to development and cancer. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that tissues with high heterogeneity but moderate levels of Ras activation can behave more aggressively than tissues with lower heterogeneity but higher net levels of activated Ras. "Directing the assembly of multiple cell types into spatially organized tissues." Liu, J.; Gartner, Z. J. Trends in Cell Biology (2012) "Cellular Microfabrication: Observing Intercellular Interactions Using Lithographically-Defined DNA Capture Sequences." Onoe, H.; Hsiao, S. C.; Douglas, E. S.; Gartner, Z. J.; Bertozzi, C. R.; Francis, M. B.; Mathies, R. A. Langmuir. (2012) "Chemically Programmed Cell Adhesion with Membrane-Anchored Oligonucleotides." Selden, N. S.; Todhunter, M. E.; Jee, N. Y.; Liu J. S.; Broaders, K. E.; Gartner, Z. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. (2011) "Programmed assembly of three-dimensional microtissues with defined cellular connectivity." Gartner, Z. J.; Bertozzi, C. R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 4606-4610 (2009). Read a review of this work in MIT's Technology Review. This work was also featured in a C&E news Science and Technology Concentrates and in the August 2009 issue of the HHMI Bulletin. IL-3 producing cells (green, top), but not controls (green, bottom) rescue the growth of IL-3 dependent hematopoietic progenitors (Phase). This paracrine signaling network mimics certain aspects of immune system function. "Boron Nitride Nanotubes Are Noncytotoxic and Can Be Functionalized for Interaction with Proteins and Cells." Chen, X; Wu, P; Rousseas, M; Okawa, D; Gartner, Z. J.; Zettl, A; Bertozzi, C. R. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 890-891 (2009). "Direct cell surface modification with DNA for the capture of primary cells and the investigation of myotube formation on defined patterns." Hsiao, H.C.; Shum, B.J.; Onoe, H; Douglas, E.S.; Gartner, Z.J.; Mathies, R.A.; Bertozzi, C.R.; Francis, M.B. Langmuir 25, 6985-6991 (2009). "Evolutionary Approaches for the Discovery of Functional Synthetic Small Molecules." Gartner, Z. J. Pure and Applied Chemistry 78[1] 1-14 (2006). "DNA-Templated Organic Synthesis and Selection of a Library of Macrocycles." Gartner, Z. J.; Tse, B. N.; Grubina, R.; Doyon, J. B.; Snyder, T. M.; Liu, D. R. Science 305, 1601-1605 (2004). A library of macrocyclic peptide fumaramides. "Directed Evolution of Ligand Dependence: Small Molecule-Activated Protein Splicing." Buskirk, A. R.; Ong, Y.; Gartner, Z. J.; Liu, D. R. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 , 10505-10510 (2004).