High-performance flexible strain and pressure sensors are important components of the systems for human motion detection, human–machine interaction, soft robotics, electronic skin, etc., which are envisioned as the key technologies for applications in future human healthcare monitoring and artificial intelligence. In recent years, highly flexible and wearable strain/pressure sensors have been developed based on various materials/structures and transduction mechanisms. Piezoresistive three-dimensional (3D) monolithic conductive sponge, the resistance of which changes upon external pressure or stimuli, has emerged as a forefront material for flexible and wearable pressure sensor due to its excellent sensor performance, facile fabrication, and simple circuit integration. This review focuses on the rapid development of the piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 3D conductive sponges. Various piezoresistive conductive sponges are categorized into four different types and their material and structural characteristics are summarized. Methods for preparation of the 3D conductive sponges are reviewed, followed by examples of device performance and selected applications. The review concludes with a critical reflection of the current status and challenges. Prospects of the 3D conductive sponge for flexible and wearable pressure sensor are discussed.

中文翻译：

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基于压阻3D整体式导电海绵的可穿戴压力传感器的最新进展

高性能柔性应变和压力传感器是人体运动检测，人机交互，软机器人技术，电子皮肤等系统的重要组成部分，它们被视作未来人类医疗监控和人工智能应用中的关键技术。近年来，已经基于各种材料/结构和转导机制开发了高度柔性和可穿戴的应变/压力传感器。压阻三维（3D）整体式导电海绵，其电阻随外部压力或刺激而变化，由于其出色的传感器性能，便捷的制造和简单的电路集成，已成为柔性和可穿戴压力传感器的最前沿材料。本文着眼于基于3D导电海绵的压阻式压力传感器的快速开发。各种压阻性导电海绵被分为四种不同的类型，并总结了它们的材料和结构特征。审查了3D导电海绵的制备方法，然后举例说明了设备性能和选定的应用。审查以对当前状况和挑战的批判性反思作为结束。讨论了用于柔性和可穿戴压力传感器的3D导电海绵的前景。接下来是设备性能和所选应用程序的示例。审查以对当前状况和挑战的批判性反思作为结束。讨论了用于柔性和可穿戴压力传感器的3D导电海绵的前景。接下来是设备性能和所选应用程序的示例。审查以对当前状况和挑战的批判性反思作为结束。讨论了用于柔性和可穿戴压力传感器的3D导电海绵的前景。