鲑鱼饲料中新型非人类食品投入的环境效益,Environmental Science & Technology

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鲑鱼饲料中新型非人类食品投入的环境效益
Environmental Science & Technology ( IF 10.8 ) Pub Date : 2019-01-31 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03832
Jessica L. Couture ₁ , Roland Geyer ₁ , Jon Øvrum Hansen ₂ , Brandon Kuczenski ₃ , Margareth Øverland ₂ , Joseph Palazzo ₁ , Christian Sahlmann ₂ , Hunter Lenihan ₁

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全球人口的增长和不断变化的饮食增加了减少粮食生产对环境的影响的重要性和挑战。养殖海鲜是生产蛋白质的一种相对有效的方法，已经超过了野生渔业。在水产养殖饲料中使用大豆等富含蛋白质的粮食作物代替鱼粉，将这些重要的蛋白质来源从人类直接食用中转移出来，并带来了新的环境挑战。单细胞蛋白质（SCP），包括细菌和酵母，最近已经出现，可以替代鲑鱼饲料中的植物性蛋白质。归因生命周期评估用于比较来自大豆，甲烷营养细菌和酵母成分的蛋白质的鲑鱼饲料。所有成分均以工业生产规模为模型，并根据七个资源使用和排放指标进行比较。与大豆浓缩蛋白相比，酵母浓缩蛋白在所有类别中的影响都大大降低。在七个指标中的五个指标中，细菌粉的影响也比大豆浓缩蛋白低。当将这些目标膳食添加到完整饲料中时，相对趋势保持相当恒定，但是由于非目标成分的强烈影响而削弱了新型成分的益处。特别是，由于PPR是由鱼粉和油脂驱动的，因此两种分析的所有饲料的基本生产要求（PPR）大约相等且恒定。这种以细菌为基础的饲料对气候变化的影响最大，这是因为使用甲烷来喂养细菌，然后细菌释放出二氧化碳。全面的，这项研究的结果表明，将SCP成分掺入鲑鱼饲料中可以帮助减少鲑鱼生产对环境的影响。SCP生产的持续改善将进一步提高鲑鱼养殖的可持续性。

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Environmental Benefits of Novel Nonhuman Food Inputs to Salmon Feeds

Global population growth and changing diets increase the importance, and challenges, of reducing the environmental impacts of food production. Farmed seafood is a relatively efficient way to produce protein and has already overtaken wild fisheries. The use of protein-rich food crops, such as soy, instead of fishmeal in aquaculture feed diverts these important protein sources away from direct human consumption and creates new environmental challenges. Single cell proteins (SCPs), including bacteria and yeast, have recently emerged as replacements for plant-based proteins in salmon feeds. Attributional life cycle assessment is used to compare salmon feeds based on protein from soy, methanotrophic bacteria, and yeast ingredients. All ingredients are modeled at the industrial production scale and compared based on seven resource use and emissions indicators. Yeast protein concentrate showed drastically lower impacts in all categories compared to soy protein concentrate. Bacteria meal also had lower impacts than soy protein concentrate for five of the seven indicators. When these target meals were incorporated into complete feeds the relative trends remain fairly constant, but benefits of the novel ingredients are dampened by high impacts from the nontarget ingredients. Particularly, primary production requirements (PPR) are about equal and constant across all feeds for both analyses since PPR was driven by fishmeal and oil. The bacteria-based feed has the highest climate change impacts due to the use of methane to feed the bacteria who then release carbon dioxide. Overall, the results of this study suggest that incorporating SCP ingredients into salmon feeds can help reduce the environmental impacts of salmon production. Continued improvements in SCP production would further increase the sustainability of salmon farming.

更新日期：2019-02-06

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