Insulin therapy is necessary to regulate blood glucose levels for people with type 1 diabetes and commonly used in advanced type 2 diabetes. Although subcutaneous insulin administration via hypodermic injection or pump-mediated infusion is the standard route of insulin delivery, it may be associated with pain, needle phobia, and decreased adherence, as well as the risk of infection. Therefore, transdermal insulin delivery has been widely investigated as an attractive alternative to subcutaneous approaches for diabetes management in recent years. Transdermal systems designed to prevent insulin degradation and offer controlled, sustained release of insulin may be desirable for patients and lead to increased adherence and glycemic outcomes. A challenge for transdermal insulin delivery is the inefficient passive insulin absorption through the skin due to the large molecular weight of the protein drug. In this review, we focus on the different transdermal insulin delivery techniques and their respective advantages and limitations, including chemical enhancers-promoted, electrically enhanced, mechanical force-triggered, and microneedle-assisted methods.

胰岛素治疗对于调节1型糖尿病患者（通常用于晚期2型糖尿病）的血糖水平是必要的。虽然通过皮下注射胰岛素皮下注射或泵介导的输注是胰岛素输送的标准途径，它可能与疼痛，针头恐惧症，依从性下降以及感染风险有关。因此，近年来，经皮胰岛素输送已被广泛研究为皮下治疗糖尿病的一种有吸引力的替代方法。设计用于防止胰岛素降解并提供受控，持续释放的胰岛素的透皮系统对于患者可能是理想的，并且会导致依从性增加和血糖升高。透皮胰岛素递送的挑战是由于蛋白质药物的大分子量而导致通过皮肤的被动胰岛素吸收效率低下。在本文中，我们重点介绍了不同的透皮胰岛素递送技术及其各自的优点和局限性，