The frequent detection of propranolol, a widely used β-blocker, in wastewater effluents and surface waters has raised serious concern, due to its adverse effects on organisms. UV/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) and UV/persulfate (UV/PDS) processes are efficient in eliminating propranolol in various waters, but the formation of oxidation products in these processes, as well as the assessment of their toxicity, has not been systematically addressed. In this study, we identified and compared transformation products of propranolol produced by hydroxyl radical (^•OH) and sulfate radical (SO₄^•-). The electrostatic attraction enhances the reaction between SO₄^•- and the protonated form of propranolol, while ^•OH shows non-selectivity toward both protonated and neutral propranolol species. The hydroxylation of propranolol by ^•OH occurs at either amine moiety or naphthalene group while SO₄^•- favors the oxidation of the electron-rich naphthalene group. Further oxidation by ^•OH and SO₄^•- results in ring-opening products. Bicarbonate and chloride exert no effect on propranolol degradation. The generation of CO₃^•- and Cl-containing radicals is favorable to oxidizing naphthalene group. The acute toxicity assay of Vibrio fischeri suggests that SO₄^•- generates more toxic products than ^•OH, while CO₃^•- and Cl-containing radicals produce similar toxicity as SO₄^•-. High concentrations of bicarbonate in UV/H₂O₂ increase the toxicity of treated solution.

普萘洛尔（一种广泛使用的β受体阻滞剂）在废水和地表水中的频繁检测已引起严重关注，因为它对生物体具有不利影响。UV /过氧化氢（UV / H ₂ O ₂）和UV /过硫酸盐（UV / PDS）工艺可有效消除各种水中的普萘洛尔，但在这些工艺中会形成氧化产物，并评估其毒性，尚未得到系统解决。在这项研究中，我们确定并比较了由羟基（^• OH）和硫酸根（SO ₄ ^•-）产生的普萘洛尔的转化产物。静电吸引增强了SO ₄ ^•-之间的反应和^•普萘洛尔的质子化形式，而^• OH对质子化和中性普萘洛尔种类均显示非选择性。^• OH引起的普萘洛尔的羟基化发生在胺基或萘基上，而SO ₄ ^•-则促进了富电子的萘基的氧化。^• OH和SO ₄ ^•-进一步氧化产生开环产物。碳酸氢盐和氯化物对心得安的降解没有影响。含CO ₃ ^•和Cl的自由基的产生有利于氧化萘基。费氏弧菌的急性毒性试验表明，SO ₄ ^•-产生的有毒产物比^• OH多，而含有CO ₃ ^•-和Cl的自由基产生的毒性与SO ₄ ^•-相似。UV / H ₂ O _2中的高浓度碳酸氢盐会增加处理溶液的毒性。