Increasing incidence of drug resistance is ascertained to be the main obstacles in limiting the virus among the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. This study investigates the drug resistance mutations (DRMs), genetic variants and origin of transmitted drug resistance of HIV-1 among the HIV-1 infected wives of intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Manipur. 44 HIV pol gene sequences were generated from 56 blood samples by viral gene amplification and sequencing. Sequences were then analysed for drug resistance, genetic variants and origin. The result revealed that among the treatment naive cases, 35.7% had Transmitted Drug Resistance Mutations (TDRMs) while among treatment experienced cases, 50% had Acquired Drug Resistant Mutations (ADRMs). These TDRMs and ADRMs conferred resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and/or protease inhibitors (PIs). Majority of the isolated HIV-1 sequences (77.3%) were subtype C while 9.1% was discordant subtype, 6.8% was subtype B, 4.5% was CRF_01AE and 2.3% was URF_BC. TDRM strains were found to be introduced from Myanmar, Vietnam and mainland India. This study also reveals the appearance of CRF_01AE for the first time in Manipur. The finding of this study indicates high prevalence of drug resistant mutations and complex molecular epidemiology in Manipur.

中文翻译：

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Manipur静脉吸毒者受感染妻子中的抗逆转录病毒耐药性，基因型特征和人类免疫缺陷病毒的起源。

已确定，增加耐药性的发生是限制人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者中病毒传播的主要障碍。这项研究调查了曼尼普尔邦（Manipur）静脉注射吸毒者（IDU）感染HIV-1的妻子中HIV-1的耐药性突变（DRM），遗传变异和传播的耐药性起源。通过病毒基因扩增和测序，从56个血液样本中产生了44个HIV pol基因序列。然后分析序列的抗药性，遗传变异和起源。结果显示，在未接受过治疗的病例中，有35.7％的患者具有传播的耐药突变（TDRM），而在经历过治疗的病例中，有50％的患者具有获得性耐药突变（ADRM）。这些TDRM和ADRM赋予了对核苷逆转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs），非核苷逆转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）和/或蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）的抗性。分离出的HIV-1序列的大多数（77.3％）为C亚型，而不和谐亚型为9.1％，B亚型为6.8％，CRF_01AE为4.5％，URF_BC为2.3％。发现从缅甸，越南和印度大陆引入了TDRM菌株。这项研究还揭示了CRF_01AE在曼尼普尔邦的首次出现。这项研究的发现表明曼尼普尔邦的耐药突变和复杂的分子流行病学很高。CRF_01AE为5％，URF_BC为2.3％。发现从缅甸，越南和印度大陆引入了TDRM菌株。这项研究还首次揭示了Manipur中CRF_01AE的出现。这项研究的发现表明曼尼普尔邦的耐药突变和复杂的分子流行病学很高。CRF_01AE为5％，URF_BC为2.3％。发现从缅甸，越南和印度大陆引入了TDRM菌株。这项研究还首次揭示了Manipur中CRF_01AE的出现。这项研究的发现表明曼尼普尔邦的耐药突变和复杂的分子流行病学很高。