Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy among men between 14 and 44 years of age, and its incidence has risen over the past two decades in Western countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of testicular cancer, for which cryptorchidism is the most common risk factor. Progress has been made in our understanding of the disease since the initial description of carcinoma in situ of the testis in 1972 (now referred to as germ cell neoplasia in situ), which has led to improved treatment options. The combination of surgery and cisplatin-based chemotherapy has resulted in a cure rate of >90% in patients with testicular cancer, although some patients become refractory to chemotherapy or have a late relapse; an improved understanding of the molecular determinants underlying tumour sensitivity and resistance may lead to the development of novel therapies for these patients. This Primer provides an overview of the biology, epidemiology, diagnosis and current treatment guidelines for testicular cancer, with a focus on germ cell tumours. We also outline areas for future research and what to expect in the next decade for testicular cancer.

中文翻译：

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睾丸癌。

睾丸癌是14至44岁之间的男性中最常见的恶性肿瘤，在西方国家中，其发病率在过去的二十年里有所上升。遗传因素和环境因素都有助于睾丸癌的发展，隐睾症是最常见的危险因素。自从1972年对睾丸原位癌（现在称为原位生殖细胞瘤）的最初描述以来，我们对这种疾病的了解已取得进展，这导致了更好的治疗选择。手术和顺铂化疗相结合已使睾丸癌患者的治愈率> 90％，尽管有些患者对化疗难以治疗或复发。对潜在的肿瘤敏感性和耐药性的分子决定因素的更好的了解可能会导致针对这些患者的新型疗法的发展。本入门手册概述了睾丸癌的生物学，流行病学，诊断和当前治疗指南，重点是生殖细胞肿瘤。我们还概述了未来研究的领域以及未来十年睾丸癌的期望。